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In 1978, we ushered in a historic turning point - reform and opening up. This movement is not only a profound change in the economic system, but also a re-examination of the future direction of the country.
In this process, the shackles of the planned economy were gradually broken, the market mechanism began to play a role, and the introduction of enterprise autonomy led to innovation and vitality.
In the agricultural field, the household responsibility system has ignited the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of peasants, and the rural economy has been revitalized. At the same time, reform is not only an internal adjustment, but also an opening up to the outside world.
We have relaxed restrictions on foreign trade and set up special economic zones to attract foreign investment. This series of measures has allowed us to gradually integrate into the global economy and enhance the country's international status and competitiveness.
It is precisely in this wave of reform and opening up that we have embarked on the road of rapid development and gradually started the great journey of modernization. So what about these details? Let's take a look!
The continent before the opening
Before the reform and opening up, we experienced an era dominated by a planned economy, and the state's comprehensive intervention in economic activities made the allocation of resources and production decisions subject to strict planning control.
This economic system originated in 1949 after the establishment of the new company and gradually took shape in the 1950s, becoming an important model for influencing agriculture, industry and social life.
The implementation of the planned economy has to a certain extent improved the organizational capacity of the state and concentrated the allocation of resources under the control of the state. However, the lack of market mechanisms has led to the inability of enterprises to adjust their production according to market demand, and many factories and farmlands produce blindly under the guidance of national plans, resulting in waste of resources and imbalance between supply and demand.
At that time, farmers were often required to produce specific crops and could not make reasonable adjustments according to market demand or climatic conditions, and this rigid management model seriously restricted the development of the rural economy.
In the 1950s, our countryside experienced a large-scale collectivization movement, the peasants were organized into people's communes, and collective agriculture replaced individual business.
Although collectivization was intended to improve production efficiency and the living standards of the peasants, it actually led to the opposite effect. The disappearance of self-employment has deprived farmers of the right to make their own decisions, and agricultural production efficiency has dropped significantly.
In the people's communes, the peasants' enthusiasm for labor was suppressed, there was a lack of competition and incentive mechanisms, and the inefficient operation of the collective economy led to a shortage of agricultural products, and the rural living standards were generally low.
Although the government has been increasing its investment in agriculture, farmers are still facing food shortages and living in hardship due to policy mistakes. In the context of the Cold War, China's foreign policy was relatively closed, international exchanges were restricted, and we were out of touch with the international community in terms of technology, management experience, and market resources.
The policy of self-sufficiency has limited our development potential, and many advanced production technologies and management concepts cannot be introduced into China, making our development in science, technology and culture lag behind.
Before the reform and opening up, the basic living standards of our people were generally low, materials were scarce, infrastructure was weak in many areas, and the living conditions of peasants and workers were difficult.
Although the government advocates fairness and sharing in policy, due to the rigidity of the economic system and the uneven distribution of resources, the gap between urban and rural areas and regions is becoming increasingly significant.
Many people are facing difficulties in life, their basic needs are not met, and the lack of public services such as health care and education has reduced people's quality of life, and social problems have become more and more prominent.
This generally low standard of living made the people question the country's economic policies, and laid the groundwork for the later reform and opening up.
Under the planned economic system, our government regards heavy industry as the focus of economic development and implements a series of policies to promote the rapid development of heavy industry.
However, the policy of over-emphasizing heavy industry has led to an imbalance in the economic structure, and the development of agriculture and light industry has been seriously neglected, resulting in a waste of resources and a shortage of consumer goods.
The priority development of heavy industry has accelerated the process of urbanization, but the corresponding agricultural and rural economies have not received the support they deserve, and the decline in agriculture has not only affected rural living standards, but also posed a threat to national food security. The insufficient development of light industry makes it impossible to meet the consumption needs of the people in their daily lives, which further aggravates social contradictions.
Reform in the midst of reform and opening up
The reform of our economic system is a profound change since 1978, marking the transition from a planned economy to a market economy. This process involves many fields and has promoted the rapid development and modernization of the country.
First of all, the reform of the economic structure is the core of the reform, and the control over prices and production should be gradually relaxed, so that the market can play a greater role in the allocation of resources.
The government's introduction of corporate autonomy and allowing state-owned enterprises to be self-financing have stimulated the vitality and innovation of enterprises, and improved overall economic efficiency.
In the area of agricultural reform, the implementation of the household responsibility system has enabled peasants to gain more autonomy. Farmers can decide on their own production and marketing according to market demand and their own conditions.
This has not only increased the enthusiasm of the peasants, but also significantly promoted the development of the rural economy. The vitality of the rural economy has rebounded, laying the foundation for national food security and rural revitalization.
At the same time, the reform of state-owned enterprises is also deepening. Through the introduction of competition mechanisms and market-oriented operations, the management efficiency of state-owned enterprises has been improved.
The reform has promoted the structural adjustment and technological upgrading of enterprises, made state-owned enterprises more competitive in the market, and contributed to the sustainable development of the economy.
In the financial sector, the reform of the financial system has established a multi-level financial system and developed financial markets such as banks and securities. This reform not only provides more options for corporate financing, but also creates opportunities for individuals to invest. The improvement of the financial market has improved the efficiency of resource allocation and promoted the all-round development of the economy.
Finally, important progress has been made in the reform of the social system in the fields of education and public health. The reform attaches great importance to personnel training and social security, and has improved the living conditions of the people and enhanced the overall well-being of society by improving the quality of education and medical services. The cultivation of qualified personnel has provided strong support for the further development of the economy.
Opening-up in the midst of reform and opening up
Our reform and opening up is not only the transformation of the economic system, but also covers foreign trade, foreign investment, international exchanges, technology introduction and cultural opening, which has greatly promoted the development and progress of the country.
First of all, in terms of foreign trade, we have relaxed restrictions on foreign trade, allowed foreign investment to enter, and set up special economic zones, such as Shenzhen and Zhuhai.
These special zones have become a testing ground for reform, attracting a large amount of foreign investment and promoting the rapid development of the regional economy. Through the opening of trade, we have gradually integrated into the global market, improved our export capacity, and laid the foundation for the country's economic take-off.
The introduction of foreign capital is also an important part of the reform. Our government encourages foreign enterprises to invest in us, and provides a series of preferential policies, such as tax exemptions and land use rights.
These measures have not only attracted the arrival of foreign-funded enterprises, but also promoted the upgrading and transformation of domestic industries. The entry of foreign capital has brought us capital, technology and management experience, and promoted the diversified development of the economy.
In terms of international exchanges, we have strengthened cooperation with other countries and actively integrated into the international economic system. Through participating in international organizations and signing free trade agreements, we are increasingly connected with the world. This kind of exchange not only promotes the growth of trade and investment, but also strengthens our voice and influence in international affairs.
In addition, through the introduction of technology, we use joint ventures, cooperation and other forms to introduce foreign advanced technology and management experience. This process has accelerated our industrialization and modernization process, enabled the transformation and upgrading of many traditional industries, and enhanced the overall competitiveness. The introduction of technology has laid the foundation for our independent innovation and promoted the optimization of the economic structure.
Finally, cultural openness is an important aspect of reform and opening up. We have gradually relaxed the restrictions on cultural exchanges and dissemination, introduced foreign cultures and ideas, and enriched the cultural vision of the people.
Through cultural exchanges, we have not only shown our own cultural charm to the world, but also absorbed the excellent culture of other countries and injected new vitality into the development of society.
summary
To sum up, the reform and opening up in 1978 was a milestone turning point in our history, marking the country's profound transformation from a planned economy to a market economy.
The reforms involved various aspects of the economic system, including the deregulation of prices and production, the introduction of corporate autonomy, and the promotion of the competitiveness of state-owned enterprises.
The agricultural reform has stimulated the vitality of rural areas through the household responsibility system, and the reform of the financial system has established a multi-level financial system and improved the efficiency of resource allocation.
In terms of opening up, by relaxing foreign trade restrictions and introducing foreign investment, we have effectively integrated into the global economic system and promoted international exchanges and cooperation.
At the same time, the introduction of technology and cultural openness have enriched our social development and promoted the process of national modernization. These reform and opening up measures have not only enhanced economic strength, but also improved people's living standards and strengthened the country's international status.
参考资料：
中国政府网：改革开放的伟大成就与深刻启示
人民网：人民日报整版阐述：历史和人民怎样选择了改革开放
新华网：深刻认识改革开放的伟大成就和重要启示