Cultivation technology of Fujian Changmanzi
1 Garden selection
Changmanzai is not strict in the conditions of the land, has strong adaptability to the soil, and does not have strict requirements for climate and soil quality, and can adapt to the drier and thinner soil. The suitable site conditions are the middle and upper part of the hillside, red and yellow soil, humus layer 10 cm, soil layer thickness of 50 cm, more gravel content, mountain slope below 20 °, pH value of 5. 6 About, medium water content, medium fertility. The planting land requires sufficient light, long sunshine and convenient transportation.
2. Grafting seedling cultivation
2. 1 Rootstock selection and colonization grafting rootstocks use wild hazelnuts.
The rootstock colonization period is around January 10, when the surface temperature is suitable for the growth of wild hazelnuts. Colonization plants with row spacing of 4 m × 4 m or 4 m × 3 m, dig long × width× depth of 80 cm × 80 cm × 60 cm colonization hole, plant 40 to 60 plants per 667 m2. Cover the topsoil in time after planting, and gently lift the seedlings so that the root system is fully stretched out and in contact with the soil. Then use your feet to step on it, and the height of the filled soil is about 8 cm to facilitate drainage.
2. 2 Grafting time due to the strong resistance of wild hazelnuts, fast growth,
The early growth rate is fast, and after 2 years, a single plant can be grafted into the long mango, and the middle of March in the third year of wild hazelnut cultivation is the best grafting time for the long mango. The grafting adopts the cutting method, and the scion strips are collected from the 10-year-old mother tree and the fruiting mother branches, and the female flower buds are selected to be full, 8 to 10 cm long, and 0. 8 ～ 1. 0 cm spikes.
3 Grafting seedling management
3. 1 Supplemental connection After grafting, the survival of the scion should be checked in time, and the non-living should be replenished in time to improve the survival rate of grafting.
3. 2 Timely pruning Wild hazelnut rootstock grows fast, has a good foundation, young shoots grow vigorously, and scion germination grows rapidly. Therefore, the germinating young shoots should be pruned in time, and 3 to 5 main stem buds should be retained.
3. 3 Removal and unbinding of the rootstock Because the upper part of the rootstock is completely cut off during grafting, tillers will occur at the base of the rootstock seedlings in that year, and the germination should be removed in time to ensure the growth of new branches. When the length of the new scion is about 30 cm, the plastic film belt that is bound should be loosened in time.
3.4 Heart-lifting In the first and second years after grafting, it is necessary to selectively perform the heart-lifting after the germination of new shoots. The first hearting is performed after the new shoot is up to 30 cm long, and the backbone branch is determined at the same time as the hearting, and the second and third heartings are performed when the shoot grows to 30 to 35 cm. The number of fruiting mother branches can be significantly increased after hearting, and the fruit can be borne in the second year after grafting.
4 Result tree management
4. 1 Fertilization Cone chestnut into a dormant state can be applied organic fertilizer as a base fertilizer, every 667 m2 application of 1 t, 2 years once. Topdressing 3 times a year, the first time is carried out in March-April, combined with medium tillage weeding, plant application 0. 3 kg urea to promote leaf germination and flower bud differentiation; The second was performed in July with potassium dihydrogen phosphate 280 g and potassium chloride 120 g; The third time was carried out after the fruit fall of the cone chestnut in November to restore the tree posture, the plant was applied 210 g of potassium chloride and 90 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and a circular ditch was dug at the drip line of the canopy, and the soil was covered in time.
4. 2 Medium tillage weeding twice a year after grafting, and the first time when harvesting cone chestnuts is split once (August to early September), which is conducive to harvesting cone chestnuts and can also remove weeds; The second time in the cone chestnut deciduous period into the dormant period, combined with the cone chestnut garden for medium tillage, depth of 20 ~ 30 cm, should be carried out after rain, not only weeding, but also to prevent topsoil compaction, improve soil aeration, promote the rapid growth of young trees.
5 Trimming
5. 1 Spring pruning A large number of young shoots sprout from March to April every year, at this time pruning should be carried out to cut off excess nutrient branches, young shoots and long branches.
5. 2 Autumn pruning Every year from July to August is the growth period of cone chestnut buds, when the branches have been full of fruit, some of the fruit branches will grow young branches at the top of the branches, each branch contains 2 to 4 fruit buds, in order to reduce nutrient consumption, the top branches can be cut off.
5. 3 Winter pruning Every December, the cone chestnut grows into a dormant state, which is the best time to prune, and the tree can be fully pruned, that is, the various branches left on the tree that year can be pruned. According to the requirements of the natural happy tree shape, the shaded branches, diseased and insect branches, over-dense branches and dead branches on the tree body are all cut off to ensure the growth and yield of the following year.
6 Pest control
6. 1 Chestnut weevil (1) Eliminate the source of the insect: all the damaged chestnuts should be collected and processed intensively to eliminate the source of the insect; During the fruit pile period, the chickens can be placed in the pile yard to feed the larvae. (2) Warm soup soaking seeds: The seeds can be soaked in water at 50 ~ 55 °C for 10 minutes. (3) Pharmaceutical control: Orchards that are seriously harmed by chestnut weevil can spray the canopy 2 to 3 times with 5% dichlorvos emulsion 1000 times during the adult activity period, and can be controlled to make insect pests and lay eggs.
6. 2 Pruning elephant (1) Artificial killing: During the adult occurrence period, the pruning elephant pseudo-death is used, and the method of shaking the tree is used to shake the trunk of the tree to make it fall, and it is collected and burned centrally. (2) Winter garden: Combined with nurturing, deep soil ploughing is carried out during winter garden cleaning, and the winter insect pupae are frozen to death. (3) Pharmaceutical control: In the middle of June, on a sunny day 8:00 - 9:00 a.m., or 16:00 - 17:00 p.m., with 90% of the enemy insects 800 ~ 1000 times liquid or borer pine 500 ~ 1000 times liquid spray control. (4) Medicine to kill adult insects: In the peak period of adult feathering, choose to spray iminothion emulsion 500 ~ 5000 times liquid or spray 75% octylthion emulsion 1000 ~ 2000 times liquid control in the morning and evening when there is no breeze or no wind.
6. 3 Chestnut Gall Wasp (1) Artificial Gall Tumor Removal: Artificial gall tumors are artificially picked and burned before the end of May. (2) Protection and utilization of natural enemies: Chestnut gall bees have more natural enemies, and the parasitism rate of jumping wasps to chestnut galls is high, often parasitic in the tumor galls of the cone chestnut tree that are infested with chestnut galls. Therefore, jumping wasps can be used to control chestnut gall bees, manually pick the tumors on the trees before winter, and put them into the forest in the spring of the second year to let the parasitic bees fly back into the forest, improve the parasitism rate of jumping wasps, and achieve the effect of biological control. (3) Pharmaceutical prevention and control: From late May to early June, spray parathion emulsion 1000 times liquid for prevention and control.
6. 4 Insect agent control: 50% marathon emulsion 1000 times liquid or 25% iminothion emulsion 2000 times liquid can be sprayed at the larval stage from June to August.
6.5 Scarab Beetle (1) Booby Trap: Burn a fire between the woods, and the scarab will throw itself into the net. (2) Artificial hunting: The pseudo-death nature of the scarab beetle is used for artificial hunting, and at night or at dawn, plastic film is laid around the tree, and the branches are shaken to shake it down, and it is taken out of the chestnut garden and burned.
6. 6 Yunban Tianniu (1) Hook to kill larvae: during the larval moth feeding, check frequently, with a wire hook to kill or stab the larvae. (2) Artificial culling: Artificial culling is carried out during the adult activity period between June and July, and in the trunk 1. Check for egg-laying troughs, wood chips and insect droppings below 5m, and when found, you can use a stone or hammer to smash the egg trough to destroy the eggs or hatching larvae. (3) Prevent adults from laying eggs: Brushing the egg-laying part of the trunk with white coating can kill eggs and larvae, and can also prevent adults from laying eggs.
6. 6 Powdery mildew (1) Eradication of pathogens: Remove the beech with diseased leaves in winter and burn them together with the fallen leaves to eliminate or reduce the overwintering pathogens and reduce the source of initial infection. (2) Strengthen care management: reasonable fertilization and irrigation, pay attention to the reasonable cooperation of the three elements of fertilizer, and apply more potassium fertilizer and trace elements such as boron, silicon, copper, and manganese to improve the disease resistance of the tree. (3) Pharmaceutical prevention and treatment: Spray sulfur powder during the onset of the disease from April to June, or 0. 2 ～ 0. 3 Baumedo stone sulfur compound, or 0. 5% ～ 1. 0% Bordeaux liquid, or 50% antibacterial special wettable powder 1000 times liquid control.
6. 7 Anthrax (1) agricultural control: breed disease-resistant varieties, strengthen cultivation management, cultivate and weeding, pay attention to ventilation and light transmission, and rational dense planting; Early detection of diseased fruits are removed in time, and diseased branches and seeds are burned in a concentrated manner. (2) Pharmaceutical prevention and control: 400 ~ 600 times spray control of fruit disease spirit is selected from March to April; The growth period can be selected at 1:1:200 or 1:0 in mid-to-late June. 5: 200 Bordeaux liquid, 50% sterile special wettable powder 500 ~ 600 times liquid + 0. 03% hydrogel, 65% Fumei zinc wettable powder 300 ~ 500 times liquid, dinoflagent 400 ~ 600 times liquid spray control, generally every 10 ~ 20 d spray once.
6. 8 Chestnut blight (1) Cultivation of disease-free seedlings: Produce seedlings in disease-free areas, select disease-free scion when grafting, and select a disease-resistant type of rootstock. (2) Strengthen the management of chestnut orchards: timely fertilization, irrigation, cultivation, and weeding to enhance tree potential and improve disease resistance; Cut off the diseased branches in time and burn them in a concentrated manner. (3) Chemical control: from late April to early May, apply 402 antibacterial agent 2000 times liquid or use 70% Tolbuzin powder 400 times liquid for prevention and control, apply once every half a month, apply 5 times continuously, and the prevention and control effect can reach 94. 4% or more. Yoshiyama Huayao