In June of the tenth year of Shaoxing (1140), Emperor Gaozong of Song made Yue Fei a Shaobao with Wusheng, DingguoJun Jiedushi, Kaifu Yi tongsansi, Hubei, and Jingxi Xuanfu as Shaobao, and concurrently solicited envoys from Henan and Northern Roads, and several roads simultaneously held the Northern Expedition. All sides fought against the Jin people, especially Yue Fei's troops, and it was only forty-five miles away from the old capital Kaifeng. History said: "". This is the origin of the famous "straight pounding yellow dragon". However, in June, the situation changed suddenly, because Qin Juzheng was negotiating peace, in order to isolate and force Yue Fei's class division, he first ordered all the roads to return to the army, and then ordered Yue Fei's class division. "Continuation of the Zhizhi Tongjian, Vol. 123". Yue Fei was later taken over as a privy councillor and soon imprisoned. In November of the eleventh year of Shaoxing, the "Shaoxing Peace Conference" was formed, and the Song and Jin were bounded by the middle stream of the Huai River, and from then on the Central Plains completely belonged to the Jin State. In December, Yue Fei died in the name of "false accusations" at Dali Temple, and was wronged by thousands of years.
Emperor Gaozong certainly had many private reasons for killing Yue Fei: for example, the problem of Yingqinzong; for example, Yue Fei was unwilling to surrender military power; for example, Yue Fei's matter of placing a beak on the throne; for example, Yue Fei publicly praised Emperor Xiaozong, who had not yet been made crown prince, as a zhongxing hope. All this touched Emperor Gaozong's taboo, and it can be said that Yue Fei was an excellent professional soldier, but he was really not a qualified politician. But the main reason for killing Yue Fei may still be that Yue Fei has become the main obstacle to the strategic choice made by Emperor Gaozong. The strategic choice made by Emperor Gaozong was to abandon the restoration of the Central Plains and operate the existing half of the country. That is, the "partial security" policy that has been criticized by posterity. However, from an objective geopolitical point of view, however, this strategic choice of his is not necessarily without reason.
At that time, the geostrategic choices that the Song could make were nothing more than three: (i) to restore the Central Plains, that is, to restore the territory of the Northern Song Dynasty; (ii) to directly attack the Yellow Dragon, that is, to destroy the Jin Kingdom; and (iii) to operate half the wall, that is, to maintain the status quo. Among them, those who hold the first (i) and (second) choices are called the "main war faction" in the Gaozong Dynasty; those who hold the (third) will are called "main and factions". The representatives of the "main battle faction" are: Zhang Jun, Zhao Ding, and Yue Fei, two phases and one general; the representative of the "main war faction" is of course Qin Jun, and perhaps the backstage boss Gaozong himself.
From another point of view, perhaps the lineup of the "main and factions" will be more powerful: the first (first) of the "main war faction" is actually also the "main and faction", but the "he" they advocate is not in the eleventh year of Shaoxing, but after the restoration of the Central Plains. "Song Shi Gaozong Benji": "". Zhang Jun was the most important minister of Emperor Gaozong's early days, this person was not militarily capable enough, and several times he was basically defeated, but his political courage and determination to resist Jin were great, and he was a famous "hawk", and Shaoxing was demoted to Fujian and Hunan after the peace. However, it was Zhang Jun, the leader of the main war faction, who had no objection to the envoy Jin Guo when he was prime minister, and said: "After that, the land will be restored, and it will eventually return to peace." That is to say, the strategic goal of this faction of the "main war faction" is only to restore the territory of the Northern Song Dynasty, after which it should be reconciled with Jin and defend its own territory. That is, they are the future "Lords and Factions." If Yue Fei really restored the Central Plains, he would immediately turn from a political ally of this faction to a political enemy. Therefore, Yue Fei, who shouted "straight to the Yellow Dragon", was indeed a "lone minister" politically, and his political liquidation should be a fate.
When Yue Fei's armies won a great victory in Henan, the imperial court actually immediately faced a paradoxical situation, and it seemed that wherever they went any further, it meant a danger: First, if according to the wishes of Zhang Jun's faction, the territory of the Northern Song Dynasty was completely restored, then the "heavenly remnant" situation still existed, and the Song would continue to survive in the geopolitical danger; second, if Yue Fei's wishes were to "directly pound the Yellow Dragon", then first of all, it would face the military task of recovering yanyun sixteen states, and whether it could be done or not would be bottomless. The nightmare of the Yongxi Northern Expedition should be stored in the body of the Great Song Emperor like a gene. When the Song and Jin dynasties returned to Henan in the ninth year of Shaoxing, Yue Fei had the saying "Spit on Yanyun" ("Continuation of The Zizhi Tongjian Scroll: One Hundred and Twenty-One"), but who can guarantee that Yue Fei is not Cao Bin. Cao Bin's military achievements were much more brilliant than Yue Fei's, and the famous generals at the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty were also much higher in military quality than the "Zhongxing Generals" during the Shaoxing period. Looking at it this way, I am afraid that the "direct smashing of the Yellow Dragon" will not succeed and repeat the mistakes of Yongxi, and then I am afraid that the Song Dynasty will directly perish.
Therefore, Yue Fei's "straight smashing of the Yellow Dragon" was something that Emperor Gaozong would never choose. So, what about the geopolitical situation that preceded the restoration to Jingkang? Obviously, the Jin people are still condescending, and although Yue Fei and others have won great victories, the strength of the Jin Kingdom has not been significantly exhausted, otherwise it will not be twenty years later, Yan Liang will once again go south like a sea, then Song may repeat the "Difficulty of Jing Kang" at any time. If the Central Plains were abandoned, the forefront of the Song Dynasty was the Jiangsu and Huai regions. The experience since Jianyan proved that every time the Song army mainly fought with the Jin people in this area, and eventually repelled the Jin people. Therefore, placing the front in this area would make the Song Dynasty safer. The analysis of this geopolitical structure is estimated to be an important factor in Gaozong's final (third) strategic choice.
Under this strategic choice, the Southern Song Dynasty, which restored its economic strength during the Shaoxing years, began to restore the political and cultural achievements of the Northern Song Dynasty in half of the country, so southern porcelain quickly ushered in a revival and created a new height in the history of Chinese porcelain.
In the jingkang disaster, the Song Dynasty suffered heavy losses, not only losing two emperors, but also losing all the material civilization of the temple. "Song Shi Qinzong Benji": "". The clothing civilization is gone, the picture books are gone, and the ceremonial instruments are gone, which makes it impossible for the imperial court in Nandu to support the structure of "ceremony". What's even more annoying is that even the people and crafts (craftsmen, craftsmen) who can make these things are gone, and it becomes difficult to make them again.
The late Northern Song Dynasty was the last glorious era of ancient Chinese bronze ceremonial vessels. Huizong's good ancient name is famous in history, and his love for ancient jade need not be said again, and the ancient jade industry should be born from him (see humble work "Jade to See China"). Emperor Huizong loved ancient Yi ware and was even more obsessed, so even the court jade in the Song Dynasty had heavy tools that imitated bronze. During the reign of Emperor Huizong, Emperor Huizong ordered a large number of bronze ceremonial vessels of extremely high level. But with their captivity to the Northern Kingdom, they became the masterpiece of bronze ceremonial vessels of China's Central Dynasty. At the same time, the jade ceremonial vessels of the Song Dynasty were also taken away. This made it impossible for the imperial court in Nandu to carry out a series of sacrifices, such as the Worship of the Heavenly God and the Shrine of the Divine Prefecture. Without these rituals, the legitimacy and regularity of the imperial court would be a problem. Therefore, it is imperative to make a new batch of ceremonial vessels as soon as possible.
The casting of bronzes and the craftsmanship of jade have been dominated by official workshops since ancient times, and the raw material resources required to be used are extremely demanding. When half of the country is gone and the official craftsmen are lost, it is difficult to quickly restore these two types of ceremonial vessels. Fortunately, the resources required to make porcelain are far less demanding than those of bronze and jade, and the base camp of porcelain production for hundreds of years has been in the south. Therefore, making ceremonial vessels with porcelain has become the most realistic choice.
"Zhongxing Lishu Vol. 59 Mingtang Sacrifice Vessel": ""
In April of the fourth year of Jianyan, Emperor Gaozong of Song, who had been adrift at sea for several months, was stationed in Yuezhou and finally settled down temporarily. After that, the situation gradually developed in a good direction, and the lost land in Jiangnan was gradually recovered. In the tug-of-war with Kim, more and more victories began to emerge. The Jin gradually retreated to Jiangsu and Huai, and finally retreated to the Central Plains in February of the following year (the first year of Shaoxing). At this point, Emperor Gaozong had finally gained a respite after four years on the throne, and the imperial court had finally settled down initially. Therefore, Emperor Gaozong, who took Yuezhou as his way, changed his name to Yuan Shaoxing and ordered him to make ceremonial vessels in April. The imperial court wanted to resume the ceremony and declare that it was an upright successor to the power of the Great Song Zhengshuo. Among them, a large number of porcelain ceremonial vessels used to replace bronze and jade ceremonial vessels were fired by the declining Yue kiln.
It can be seen from the phrase "according to the firing of bamboo and wood sacrifice vessels" that the firing of porcelain ceremonial vessels this time is a typical "sample making whiskers" model. Objectively speaking, this political task can fall on the Yue kiln, not necessarily because the level of porcelain making in the Yue kiln is still very high, but more likely because of the urgent use, and the Yuezhou as a line can directly monitor the firing, and can be exempted from transportation. Of course, it is undeniable that the Yue kiln has a long history of firing secret color porcelain, which is certainly also an important factor. In October of the first year of Shaoxing, Yuezhou was upgraded to Shaoxing Province, and since then the name of shaoxing has appeared in history.
In the fourth year of Shaoxing, the porcelain kiln in Shaoxing Province once again undertook the task of firing porcelain ceremonial vessels. Zhongxing Lishu Vol. 59 Mingtang Sacrifice Vessel: "(". This time, the historical records already have the phrase "firing in Yuyao County, Shaoxing Province under the command of the lowering command", indicating that the intervention of the imperial court in the firing process of porcelain ceremonial vessels has been greatly strengthened, and it has exceeded the limit of "making samples and suso" and implemented direct supervision. This seems to imply that the results of that firing three years ago did not satisfy the imperial court.
The Shanglin Lake Yue Kiln Site Museum houses Yue kiln azure glazed bowls
So the two firings of porcelain ceremonial vessels in the first and fourth years of Shaoxing were completed by the kiln mouth of the Yue kiln system? From 1998 to 1999, archaeological excavations at the Silongkou kiln site in the north of Silong Village, Kuangyan Town, Cixi City, Zhejiang Province, proved that this area and the nearby Low Ridge Head were the firing sites of the two porcelain ceremonial vessels. Or rather, this is the place where the Yue kilns are sung.
According to the relevant conclusions of the "Zhejiang Yueyao Temple Longkou Kiln Site Excavation Briefing": ".
This also proves that although the Southern Song Dynasty court handed over the firing task of porcelain ceremonial vessels to the Yue kiln, the new standard of "azure blue" celadon glaze color laid by the Henan kilns in the late Northern Song Dynasty has not changed, and the former "Qianfeng Cui Color" of the Yue kiln has been officially eliminated by the court. Nowadays, in the Ningbo Cixi Shanglin Lake Site Museum and the Hangzhou Zhejiang Museum, there are Azure Glazed Porcelain in the Yue Kiln, and most of the collections are marked as northern Song Dynasty, but from the above historical logic and archaeological evidence, it seems that it is more reasonable to determine these Azure Glazed Porcelain as the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty, or directly as the early Southern Song Dynasty.
Zhejiang Museum Collection Yue kiln celadon peony pattern turtle button lid jar: the museum logo era is "Northern Song Dynasty", but from its azure glaze color should be the early Southern Song Dynasty.
Since the Yue kiln had to produce its own not good at, apply emulsion glazed azure glaze porcelain. Natural Yue kiln can not reflect the previous level of tribute porcelain production, after all, some Ru kiln processes are not good at Yue kiln, or even unfamiliar. For example, the Ru kiln uses a mantou kiln firing, while the Yue kiln porcelain system has been using the dragon kiln since the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Another example: the Ru kiln is full of glaze support firing, while the Yue kiln has been fired for gaskets since five generations. The non-azure glaze porcelain excavated at the Silongkou kiln site is all gasket firing, while the azure glazed porcelain is partly branch firing and partly gasket firing. This shows that the Yue kiln was somewhat unable to complete the political task of firing azure glazed porcelain.
Presumably, the porcelain ceremonial ware produced by the two Yue kilns could not be satisfied with the imperial court, so the opportunity given by history to the Yue kilns to turn around was also lost. After the kiln was crossed, it disappeared into obscurity and completely withdrew from the stage of history. However, the firing of porcelain ceremonial vessels in the Yue kiln these two times officially opened the curtain on the revival of Southern Porcelain. Soon, because of dissatisfaction with this batch of Azure glazed porcelain produced by the Yue kiln, the imperial court accelerated the speed of restoring the Northern Song Dynasty official kilns. The competition for new official porcelain orders also gave birth to the great revival and development of the entire southern porcelain system. At the same time, the spurt development of foreign trade in the Southern Song Dynasty also led to the rise of a new porcelain production base camp, and the concept of "porcelain capital" began to appear in history.