Su Dongpo has a poetry cloud: "The two corners grow up in vain, and the empty fly does not obey the box." What good is it for cattle? Sharp kiss hole dry mulberry. It can be seen from this that the harm of the Tianniu has long been known to people. Tianniu life is hidden, in addition to supplementing nutrition in the adult stage, foraging for mates to find breeding places and other activities are more easy to find, are hidden in the plant body hazards, so that the tree branches are full of holes, it is easy to lead to wind folding branches, the harm caused by the tree branches wounds not only hinder the normal delivery of nutrients, so that the branches of the trees dry up, very easy to infect and breed diseases and secondary pests; but also affect the greening effect, when the whole tree has a devastating hazard, therefore, the tianniu can really be regarded as a deadly pest of trees, but also seedling planting, The old and difficult problem in green maintenance.
Celestial bull type
According to the hazard characteristics of Tianniu, it can be divided into four types: hazard trunk type, hazard shoot type, hazard bark log type and hazard dry wood type. Most of the Tianniu species are secondary pests, and only a few species directly endanger the health of living trees. These few insect species have brought huge losses and become the main targets of control, such as the bare-shouldered star tianniu, the yellow-spotted star tianniu, the mulberry tianniu, the cloud-spotted tianniu, the qingyang wedge tianniu and the thick sheath double-striped fir tianniu that harms the cedar trees. Let's take a look at several common species of celestial cattle in gardens!
Star Cow
Hosts: poplar, willow, elm, plane, neem, cherry blossom, begonia, loquat, citrus, etc.
Morphological characteristics: Adults are 19-39 mm long and pitch black. The antennae are very long, the female is slightly longer than the body, the male is more than 1 times the body length, the base of the elytra is densely granulated, and the surface is scattered with many white spots. The eggs are oblong and milky white. The larvae are pale yellow, the dorsal plate of the forethia is light yellow, and there is a yellow-brown bird-shaped stripe on the left and right, and there is a large "convex" glyph of the same color behind it, without feet. The pupa is milky white with slender curls of the antennae.
Life habits: Occurs in 1 generation per year, with larvae overwintering at the base of the trunk or in the main root. Pupates in the following spring and feathers in adults from May to June. Spawning occurs within 5 cm of the trunk from the ground from late May to early June, with incubation peaks in mid- and late-July. The larvae feed downward under the bark of the trunk, generally within 17 cm below the ground, and the larvae go deep into the xylem after 3-4 months of subcutaneous mothing, turning to the exit as a feathering hole. Adult activity occurs from late May to late July.
Bare-shouldered star Celestial Bull
Hosts: poplar, willow, elm, luan tree, maple tree, locust, etc.
Morphological characteristics: adult body black, shiny, 20-35 mm long, 8-12 mm wide, antennal whip,12 segments; 1 spike on each side of the anterior thorax, about 20 white velli spots of different sizes and unordered arrangements on the elytra, and dense blue-gray villi on the abdomen. The eggs are milky white, oblong-oval, 6–7 mm long, slightly curved at both ends, turning yellow near hatching. The hatching larvae are milky white, pale red after feeding, and become creamy yellow after adulthood, the old mature larvae are about 50 mm long, white, the posterior half of the dorsal plate of the forebreast is dark and convex spots, and there is no obvious longitudinal ridge stripe on the leading edge (different from the Star Cow).
Life habits: Adults of the bare-shouldered star Tianniu overwinter with 1-3 year larvae for 1 generation per year, and most of the larvae with eggs or complete development overwinter in the egg shell for 2 years and 1 generation. From early May to late June, the pupal period of the larvae is observed. Adult worms begin to appear in the last sentence in June, peaking in late June to late July, and adult activity is available until October. Adults begin to lay eggs in mid-June, and spawning peaks occur in July and August. The larvae begin to appear at the end of June, and by November the temperature drops below 6 °C and begins to overwinter. It is mainly eaten by larvae in the trunk and branches, mothting the phloem of the trunk and mothting into irregular curved and disorderly worm lanes in the xylem, and brown feces and wood chips are discharged from the borer holes.
Mulberry cow
Hosts: Begonia, cherry blossom, fig, mulberry, tree, poplar, willow, elm, maple poplar, etc.
Morphological features: adult body black brown, dense dark yellow fine villi; antennae whip-like; the first and second segments are black, the rest of the segments are grayish white, the end is black; the base of the elytra is densely bred with melanoma protrusions, and there is a black thorn at the shoulder angle. The larvae are 60 mm long, milky white, the head is yellowish brown, the anterior thorax segment is extra-large, the dorsal plate is densely covered with short yellow-brown hairs, and the auburn dots are faintly visible, and the "small" glyph groove is faintly visible. The eggs are oblong, slightly curved, milky or yellowish-white. The pupal is initially pale yellow and later turns yellowish brown.
Life habits: 2-3 years in the north, 1 year in Guangdong. The larvae overwinter in the branches, and the host begins to infest after germination, and the leaves fall dormantly overwinter. After 2 or 3 winters, the northern larvae pupate and feather in early June and mature from mid-to-late June to mid-July. Adult spawning occurs from mid-June to early August and spawning peaks in late June. The hatching period for the larvae is from late June to mid-August and the incubation period is in full bloom in early to mid-July.
Cloud-spotted celestial cow
Hosts: ash, privet, plane, paulownia, maple poplar, poplar, willow, elm, etc.
Morphological characteristics: Adult insects are about 50 mm long, and the body is black and densely covered with light gray villi. There is a nearly kidney-shaped yellowish-white spot in the center of the dorsal plate of the anterior thorax, with spikes on both sides. There are granular neoplasias on the surface of the elytra. The eggs are 7 to 9 mm long, milky white at first birth, and then gradually turn yellowish-white, oblong and slightly curved. The larvae are slightly flattened , milky white to yellowish white , with a slightly flattened head , dark brown , rectangular , 1/2 retracted into the forebreast. The dorsal plate of the anterior thorax is nearly square, orange-yellow, with a concave longitudinal groove on each side of the middle and posterior part, a fine incision on the front, a dark brown granular protrusion in the middle and back, and a white on both sides of the dorsal plate, with an orange-yellow half-moon spot on it. Posterior thorax and 1-7 local vesicles of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the ventral segment. The pupae are 40 to 90 mm long, with colostrum white and a semi-yellowish brown posterior.
Life habits: The worm occurs in 1 generation in 2-3 years, overwintering in the moth tract as larvae or adults. Adults fly out 4-6 feathers the following year, replenish nutrition and lay eggs. Eggs are mostly laid in ovary grooves in the trunk of trees 1.5-2 m above the ground, with an egg period of about 15 days. The larvae hatch in July, when the ovary grooves are sunken and wet. After the hatching larvae are infested in the phloem for a period of time, they feed on the xylem, and the bark of the injured area is longitudinally cracked outwards, and filamentous fecal debris can be seen until the autumn overwinters. The following year continues to be pest, the larva matures in August, and the adults feather in the pupae chamber from September to October, overwintering in situ without leaving the hole.
Peach-necked celestial bull
Host: cherry blossoms, cherries, begonias, peaches, plums, plums, etc.
Morphological characteristics: Adults are about 28–37 mm long, shiny black, and most of the dorsal back of the thorax are shiny brownish red or completely black. The head is black with many transverse wrinkles on the ventral surface, and there are deep concave holes between the eyes at the top of the head. The antennae are bluish-purple , with a leaf-like protrusion on each side of the base. There is one spur on each side of the chest and four on the back. The surface of the elytra is smooth, the base is wider than the anterior thorax, and the posterior end is narrower. The male is smaller than the female, the anterior thorax ventral surface is densely marked, and the antennae exceed the insect body by 5 segments; the female has many transverse wrinkles on the ventral surface of the anterior thorax and abdomen, and the antennae exceed the two segments of the insect body. Ovoid, milky white, about 6-7 mm long. The mature larvae are about 42–52 mm long, milky white, and have a broad foret. The anterior half of the body is flattened and rectangular, the posterior half is slightly cylindrical, and the sides of the body are densely covered with fine yellow-brown hairs. There are 4 yellow-brown patches in the anterior half of the dorsal plate of the anterior thorax, with a concave defect in the center of the anterior margin, and a longitudinal wrinkle on the back of the posterior half; the yellow-brown patches located on both sides are slightly triangular. The back and ventral surface of each segment of the carcass are slightly raised and have transverse wrinkles. The pupal is about 35 mm long and begins as milky white and then fades to yellowish brown. There is a spike on each side of the chest.
Life habits: This insect generally occurs in two years (a few three years) in l generations, overwintering with young larvae (year 1) and mature larvae (year 2). Adults appear between May and August, and the adult occurrence period is postponed from south to north. Adults occur in Fujian and southern provinces in late May; in Hubei, the most adults occur in early to mid-June; and adults finally occur in early July. Adults in Hebei emerge in early to mid-July, adults in Shandong emerge from early July to mid-August, and adults emerge from mid-July to mid-August in Beijing.
Double-striped fir tengu
Hosts: Acacia, locust, sheepshoe beetle, cypress, peach tree, etc.
Morphological characteristics: adult body length 9 to 15 mm, broad flattened, black, the whole body is densely covered with brownish yellow short villi; the sides of the forebreast are curved, there are 5 smooth small tumors on the dorsal plate, arranged in a plum-shaped shape; elytra have 2 brownish yellow or camel transverse bands. Egg, oval, white. Larvae , the end-of-life body is about 19 mm long , cylindrical , slightly flattened , milky white ; the dorsal plate of the forebreast has a " small " glyph depression and 4 yellow-brown markings. Pupae are about 15mm long, pale yellow, and naked pupae.
Life habits: 1 generation occurs in 1 year, with adults overwintering in the pupal chamber of the xylem of the trunk; a few 2 generations occur in 1 generation, and larvae overwinter in the worm path of xylem sapwood. Adult overwintering adults feather between March and April of the following year, with an egg stage of 10 to 20 days. The hatching larvae harm the phloem and sapwood parts in May, forming a pronounced flat worm path, and the damage to the trunk is mostly below 2 meters. Between July and September, the larvae moth into the xylem and the worm path is nearly circular. Between August and October, the larva pupa pupates in the pupal chamber. The pupal period is 20 to 25 days. It usually feathers into adults between September and November.
Other Celestial Bulls
Integrated prevention and control techniques
For the control of pests such as tianniu, it is often more difficult because of its hidden activities, and a single method often cannot achieve the desired control effect, so on the basis of understanding its main species and living habits, it is particularly important to take comprehensive use of quarantine, conservation management, forecasting, artificial, chemical, physical, biological and other measures for prevention and control.
First, do a good job in inspection and quarantine work
A quarantine system should be strictly implemented between the severely affected areas of Tianniu and the protected areas. Nurseries should be strictly controlled, and no nursery with insect seedlings should be carried out; when planting greening, strict quarantine should be carried out, and insect seedlings should not be planted, and at the same time, trees, shrubs and other trees should be planted together to reduce the spread of pests such as tianniu.
Second, strengthen garden management
(1) Select resistant tree species and resistant strains. Such as the creation of woolly poplar, ailanthus, paulownia, locust and other resistant tree species to prevent the spread of the bare-shouldered star tianniu and the yellow spot star tianniu.
(2) Combine winter and autumn to prune the whole branch, and remove the seedlings and branches with insect galls in time to eliminate the larvae and prevent the continued spread of the insect source. In addition, the cut off dead branches with insects are removed from the garden or destroyed in the greenhouse. And combined with reasonable fertilization, reasonable irrigation.
(3) Protect the trunks of flowers and trees before the adults of the Tianniu feather out of the holes (may) to prevent the adults from laying eggs. The specific measures are as follows:
(1) Whitening. Whitewash with Dr. White. When controlling the Celestial Bull, apply it to the trunk of the tree, from the rhizome to 30 cm above the ground. When preventing other tianniu, it should be applied within 2 meters of the ground in the lower part of the trunk according to the height of the spawning site, and do not leak.
(2) Bandaging. Control the Xingtian cattle to cover the main trunk of the plant from the rhizome to 50 to 100 cm above the ground with brown flakes or brown hairs. Adults lay eggs on brown hair, and none of these eggs can hatch. For other Tianniu, it is also possible to use woven bags or sacks, cut into 20 cm wide straps, wrap around the trunk for 2 to 3 weeks, or spray on woven bags or sacks.
Third, physical prevention and control
(1) For tianniu, which is accustomed to the "suspended death" trick, in the peak period of adult tianniu from May to July, artificial shock fall hunting is the most effective method, and some tianniu can also be used to organize artificial hunting and killing in the characteristics of dry base habitat.
(2) Bait wood booby trap. Use the severely damaged, unusable pine tree as bait tree, inject ethylene or chlorphenesin to stimulate the increase in pine resin secretion, lure the adult pine bovine to lay eggs on the bait tree, and then peel the bait tree. A newly cut side cypress with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 20 cm is used, and five piles of them stand on the ground to lure the double cedar tianniu to lay eggs, and after late May, the bait trees are flooded to kill the eggs. Red-skinned spruce trees are used as bait trees in late May, luring bare-chested and severed-eye cattle to lay eggs, and peeling the bark and burning them at the end of July. In addition, it is also possible to use the mulberry sky cow to structure trees, garnet trees and mulberry trees, star sky cow to bitter neem and plane tree, bare shoulder star sky cow to maple tree, cloud spot tianniu to rose plants (such as tang pear, etc.) and white wax, peach red neck sky cow to elm trees and so on have a strong tendency this habit, planting a certain number of bait trees to trap adult tengu, pharmaceutical control or artificial control, and monitoring during the adult occurrence period. It can also be used during the adult occurrence of Tianniu, the branches and leaves of the bait that have been sprayed or soaked with the medicinal solution can also be put into the garden flowers and trees for booby traping.
(3) Use asphalt, varnish, etc. to coat the shears and saws of forest trees to prevent spawning. Or hammer the eggs and small larvae, or scrape the blisters. Soak the insect infested wood for 1 to 2 months, or peel the insect pest wood and expose it to the hot sun.
4. Biological control
(1) Protect and attract woodpeckers. Woodpeckers and celestial bulls are two types of co-evolving organisms, and the bird's natural control over pests should be protected and utilized to obtain good control results. In the 15~20ha woodland, there are 4~5 sections of nesting wood, the nest spacing is about 100m, and the cleaning and maintenance is carried out once a year in autumn, and the woodpeckers are artificially attracted to settle. For example, the large spotted woodpecker is attracted to control the bare-shouldered star tianniu and the mulberry tianniu.
(2) Use of natural enemies. For small tianniu such as coarse sheath double-striped fir Tianniu, red-edged Tianniu, pseudo-Jiding Tianniu, multi-belt Tianniu, Qingyang Wedge Tianniu, and domestic tianniu, guan's swollen-legged bees can be released in the forest during the larval stage of Tianniu, and the amount of bees released and the number of tianniu larvae in the forest are grasped by 3:1; Guangdong, Hunan and Zhejiang use the spotted shield cocoon bees to control the thick sheathed double-striped fir tianniu, and the amount of bees released and the number of forest tianniu larvae are counted as 1:1, and the effect is more than 90%; the use of natural enemy flower velvet nails distributed in Hubei, Shandong, Henan, Hebei and Shaanxi is used. It has a parasitic rate of up to 60% in the larvae of the bare-shouldered star Tianniu and the Spiny Horned Tianniu, which can protect and assist in metastasis and spread. In addition, the larvae of the yellow-spotted star tianniu and the cloud-spotted tianniu also have parasitic ability.
(3) White zombie fungus and green zombie fungus control tianniu larvae. During the growth period of the larvae of the Macular Star Celestial Bull and the Cloud-spotted White Striped Celestial Bull, the temperature reaches above 20 °C, and a mixture of a little bacterial powder plus silvine can be dipped in wheat straw and inserted into the worm hole, or sprayed with 160 million spores/ml of bacterial solution into the invasion hole. In addition, the use of nematodes to control the Tianniu has been tested on the Macular Star Celestial Bull and the Bare-shouldered Celestial Bull, and the interforest control effect is more than 70%.
5. Pharmaceutical prevention and treatment
It can be selected with a special water additive with 15g of uniform spray with water, which can effectively control dry garden moth pests, especially through infiltration, kill the internal pests of the trunk.
Sixth, the rescue method of the victims of flowers and trees
After many flowers and trees are endangered by the celestial cow, the root neck bark is cut by moths for a week, if no timely measures are taken, the flowers and trees will die, and rescue measures should be taken in time. In early to mid-May, during the vigorous growth season of the roots of the flowers and trees (which can also be carried out from early August to late September, but the soil should be fully moistened), dig out the soil near the roots of the plant on sunny days, expose the neck of the damaged root, scrape off the remnants of the wound with a sharp knife, make the wound surface appear fresh color, and apply rooting powder to the wound. Loose, humus-rich and nutrient-rich sandy loam soil prepared in advance is mixed with a small amount of fertilizer, piled around the wound, gently pressed and covered with agricultural film. The upper end of the membrane is tied to the trunk with rope, the lower end is covered with a mound of masculine soil, and finally the excavated soil is covered and pressed tightly, and soon the plant can grow new roots.