1. Qiaoshan in Huangling County, Shaanxi Province
The "History of the Five Emperors" records: "The Yellow Emperor collapsed, buried bridge mountain. But Sima Qian did not say where Qiaoshan was, so there were many opinions throughout the ages. The prevailing view is that Qiaoshan was located in present-day Huangling County, Shaanxi Province. According to the Huangling County Chronicle, the county can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty, and after repeated name changes, the Central County was established during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and it was long known as Huangling County until 1944.
According to the article "Some Questions on the Yellow Emperor and the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum", the sacrifice activities of the early Yellow Emperor's mausoleum lack sufficient documentary records, so it must start from the Tang Dynasty: From Song Lifang's "Yellow Emperor Temple Stele Sequence", it can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty Emperor's calendar, because the mausoleum was placed in the western foothills of the north bridge mountain, the Song Taizu Kaibao was moved to the present site in the fifth year (972 AD). ...... It was not until the fourth year of The Ming Emperor Hongwu that the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum was further examined in The Bridge Mountain of Huangling in Shaanxi Province, daxing the worship of the Hundred Gods, and repaired the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum at the time of the special official's memorial service (see Ming Liu Shi's "Yellow Emperor Temple Except for Tax-Free Grain", and the stone stele is found in the Yellow Emperor Temple Stele Gallery).
According to research, the stele in the Qing Dynasty altar is the "Ancient Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor Bridge Mausoleum", which was inscribed by Bi Yuan, the inspector of Shaanxi Province. In 1939, the Shaanxi provincial government set up a management office in the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum, and Jiang Dingwen's "Monument to the Reconstruction of the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum Temple" (now in the Xuanyuan Temple Stele Gallery) records this past. The restoration work continued from the autumn of that year to February of the following year, and "all the gates, the temples, the walls, and the plaques were added to make up for them." In 1942, a draft plan for the construction of the Yellow Tombs was drawn up, including the following 18 items. This plan is to build Huangling County with the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum as the center, involving the cemetery itself, municipal foundation, surrounding transportation, etc., quite forward-looking, but unfortunately because of the environment of the times, the plan has only completed a few of these tasks. In 1944, the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum rebuilt the cemetery altar pavilion, and in the middle of the pavilion there is a stele of Chiang Kai-shek's inscription "Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum" (the existing stele pavilion).
After the founding of New China, the famous overseas Chinese Chen Jiageng wrote to Mao Zedong proposing to renovate the Yellow Emperor Mausoleum Temple. In 1956, the yellow emperor's mausoleum sacrifice pavilion was renovated, so the Huangling county government asked Mao Zedong to write an inscription. Mao Zedong entrusted the inscription to Guo Moruo, so Guo Moruo's handwritten "Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum" has survived to this day.
During the Cultural Revolution, the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum was under management and was destroyed. After the reform and opening up, the renovation was gradually carried out, and the infrastructure and surrounding supporting projects were strengthened and improved. In 1991, the Shaanxi Provincial Government set up an office for the renovation of the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum, which was specifically responsible for the renovation of the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum. After the completion of the sacrificial compound, many national-level sacrifice activities have been held. At this point, it is the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum that we are currently seeing.
2. Xinzheng City, Henan, China
According to the "Records of History", "The Yellow Emperor lived in Xuanyuan's hill, and married the daughter of Xiling for the sake of his ancestors. Changzu was a concubine of the Yellow Emperor and had two sons, after whom they all had the world. "Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, is considered to be the clan residence of the Xiong clan recorded in the Han history books, so there is the Ruins of the Bear Kingdom, which is the hometown of the Yellow Emperor. The Han Dynasty began to build the Xuanyuan Temple here, and the history has been destroyed and repaired. In the fourth year of the Ming Dynasty (1570), Longqing repaired and built the "Xuanyuan Bridge" in front of the temple; in the fifty-fourth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1715), Xu Chaoshu, the governor of Xinzheng County, erected the "Xuanyuan Hometown" monument in front of the temple. Later, after two major expansions in 2002 and 2007, the current Yellow Emperor's hometown scenic spot was formed.
In September 2000, Xuanyuan Temple was announced as the third batch of Henan Provincial Key Cultural Relics Protection Units. In June 2006, it was announced by the Quality Rating Committee of Henan Provincial Tourist Attractions as a national AAAA-level tourist attraction. On June 7, 2008, the "Yellow Emperor's Hometown Worship Ancestral Ceremony" was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage expansion project list. The city commemorates the Yellow Emperor, the ancestor of humanities, on the third day of the third month of the lunar calendar every year. Xinzheng City's 13th Five-Year Tourism Development Plan (2016-2020) will build the Yellow Emperor's hometown scenic spot into a national 5A-level scenic spot.
3. Zhuoluqiao Mountain, Hebei Province
Sima Qian's History. The Five Emperors Benji says: "The Yellow Emperor collapsed, buried bridge mountain." "Where is Bridge Mountain?"
Before the Warring States, there was no bridge building, and there was no word "bridge" in Chinese characters. Zhuoluqiao Mountain is named "Qiongshan Mountain" because of its naturally formed arched dome on the east peak. The Classic of Mountains and Seas records that Zhuoluqiao Mountain is a "poor mountain". The book takes the coordinates of the south of Zhuolu County and the northwest of Beijing, and the north of Lingshan Mountain is the "Hill of Xuanyuan". To the north of Xuanyuan Hill is the Poor Mountain. The poor mountain has a platform of regulus, "the shooter does not dare to shoot westward, afraid of the platform of regulus." There is a similar record in the Spring and Autumn Chronicles. The Song Dynasty's Taiping Huanyu Records clearly states that Xuanyuantai in the Great Wilderness was located at Qiaoshan In Huairou County (present-day Zhuolu County) in Yanzhou. The Ming Dynasty's "Ming Yi Tongzhi", "Xuanfu Zhenzhi", and the Qing Dynasty's "Qifu Tongzhi" also believe that the Xuanyuantai in the Shan Hai Jing is on Zhuolu's Qiaoshan Mountain.
Sima Qian recorded that emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (110 BC) in the winter of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (110 BC) "toured Shuofang in the north, and more than 100,000 soldiers were also sacrificed to the Yellow Emperor Tsuka Bridge Mountain." (8) Sima Qian was sacrificed to Zhuolu from the Yellow Emperor's mausoleum during his northern tour of the first year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the "Chronicle of Emperor Wu of shi", he describes yun: "Yu tastes the west to Kongtong, the north passes through Zhuolu, the east gradually flows from the sea, the south floats the river Huaiyi, and the elders are often called the Yellow Emperor, Yao, and Shun. The "north" character of "Sima Qian", "north through Zhuolu", can not be more clear to show that the "Zhuolu" is now Zhuolu County in Hebei Province, and it is absolutely impossible to run to Shaanxi, Henan and other places.
As for the Northern Wei Emperor, the number of times he went to Zhuoluqiao Mountain to sacrifice the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan was even greater: Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei "Xing Zhuolu, sent emissaries to the Yellow Emperor (Yellow Emperor), Di Yao, and Di Shun Temple" on the may day of the third year of Tianxing (400); in June of the second year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (415), Emperor Mingyuan sent envoys to the Yellow Emperor Temple, "To Guangning, climbing The Mountain, offering sacrifices to the Shun Temple"; emperor Ming Yuan, in September of the seventh year of Taichang (422), "Xin You, Xingqiao Mountain, sent messengers to the Yellow Emperor and Tang Yao Temple, In August of the first year of the Shen Dynasty (428), Emperor Taiwu "toured Guangning in the east, linguan hot springs, and sacrificed the Yellow Emperor, Yao, and Shun Temples with the Ether prison"; Emperor Wencheng in the first year of peace (460) "Emperor Dong tour calendar, Qiaoshan, Qi (Tang Yao, Yu Shun), Yellow Emperor".
In the last years of the Tang Dynasty, Zhuolu was called Xinzhou, five generations and ten kingdoms, and the world was in chaos, and Shi Jingyao recognized yelü Deguang, who was younger than him, as his father. Wanting to become a "child emperor", in November of the first year of Tianfu (936), he gave the Sixteen Prefectures of Youji to his young father as a gift, along with the ancestral mausoleum. At that time, the ancient Zhuolu Land had been renamed Xinzhou Alum Mountain County at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and after the Khitan received it, because Zhuolu was a place where the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan and the Second Emperor of Tang Yao and Yu Shun were worshipped, they took the meaning of worshipping the ancient sages and changed the name of Xinzhou to "Fengsheng Prefecture". In August of the thirteenth year of liao unification and (995), the Liao shengzong Yelü Longxu ordered the temple to be built to be sacrificed from time to time, and the Yellow Emperor Temple, Lishan Yao and Shun Temple of Shengzhou Qiaoshan were repaired. This matter later reached the ears of Zhao Heng, who had just ascended the throne of the Northern Song Dynasty, and this Northern Song emperor, who was not only unable to recover the lost land, but also always wanted to be orthodox, was greatly stimulated. Therefore, they engaged in the farce of "heaven out of the clouds", "the earth long zhi grass", the "great middle auspicious symbol", Confucius, the repair of temples, and the revival of Zen. He also ordered Wang Qinruo and Yang Yi to quickly compile the book "Deeds of The Kings and Subjects of All Dynasties" to create a place in the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum on Qiaoshan Mountain under the jurisdiction of the Song Dynasty, so as to build a temple for sacrifice. However, the compilation of books cannot be completed in one day, and the construction of the temple does not know what year and month to wait? Therefore, the impatient Zhao Heng solved this problem by dreaming--one day in November of the fifth year of the Great Zhongxiang Fu (1012), Zhao Heng said to his assistants: He dreamed of seeing a god and six other gods descending into the palace, "I want to worship six people, and the heavens are honored, and lingyi is stopped." Before the death of the emperor, he said: "One of the nine emperors of our people is the ancestor of Zhao, and then descends to the Yellow Emperor of Xuanyuan... Later Tang Dynasty, on the orders of the Jade Emperor, it fell on July 1, and below the general rule, the clan of the lord Zhao clan has been a hundred years now..." Therefore, a tablet was set up in the imperial palace to sacrifice the Yellow Emperor. However, in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty Yuan Zhen, "sacrifice xuanyuan yellow emperor clan, with the wind queen, the god of the Limu clan" is still in Zhuoluqiao Mountain, the Yuan Dynasty poet Rare YuShu wrote the poem "Qiaoshan Mountain", which is also Zhuoluqiao Mountain, and its poem asks the arched stone bridge on the east peak of Qiaoshan Mountain, "At that time, chaos knew who chiseled?" He is a strong self-proclaimed man. ”
Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty regime, and in the first year of Hongwu's reign, he "ordered the province of Xia County, visiting and responding to the emperor... The Holy Emperor Ming, the loyal martyrs, and all those who have contributed to the country and loved the people, wrote in the ceremony", Hongwu two years, three years, and "sent envoys to visit the tombs of the ancestors, but ordered the provinces to make plans to advance." In December of the third year of Hongwu's reign, "Gengwu sent envoys to sacrifice the tombs of the emperors of previous dynasties and repair them", but did not sacrifice xuanyuan to the Yellow Emperor. Why? Because, the ancient Zhuolu died several times due to the earthquake, although it was renamed Baoan Prefecture at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, but there has been no official office to set up, and no official figures have been reported; and the "Yuangui of the Book" is attached to the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum in Fangzhou, Shaanxi, but in the end which county under the jurisdiction of Fangzhou is Luochuan, Central, and Yijun? It was not certain, so there was no intention to advance, until December of the fourth year of Hongwu, where to go to sacrifice xuanyuan yellow emperor, still could not be determined, and finally had to be decided by the "Ministry of Rites ... The Central Sacrifice of the Yellow Emperor "Because there was no address, no mausoleum, and no temple in the central county at that time, it had to set up an altar to sacrifice, and after that, after three changes of land, it was determined that the stone mountain in the north of the city was determined. Until the thirty-fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty (1695), when Yijun County Ling FanLu, Zhixian Li Xuan of Central County, and Luochuan County jointly repaired the Yellow Emperor Temple, they all felt that the Yellow Emperor Temple was in Central County, and its basis was based on the Western Han Dynasty Fangshi Gongsun Qing's yellow emperor ascending to heaven by dragon, and the ministers pulled off the yellow emperor's clothes and buried it funny, and all wrote "Qiaoshan" poems and engraved them in the "Central County Chronicle". In the thirty-third year of the Republic of China (1944), it was applied for by the central county, reported to Shaanxi Province for approval, and reported to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of China government for the record, and the name of the central county was changed to "Huangling" County.
In the spring of 1983, a group of ten scholars from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, headed by Professor Hou Renzhi, went to Zhuolu to investigate and confirmed that the area around The Town of Zhuolu in Zhuolu County was the location of the "Yellow Emperor and Xuan You fought in the wilderness of Zhuolu" recorded by Sima Qian, Li Daoyuan and others. In June 1984, Archaeologist Gao Kun'an of Huangling County and others made a special trip to Zhuolu County from Henan and Shandong to confirm that the "Zhuolu Wild" mentioned in the history books was here.
In summary, Zhuolu is a well-established special place name, which is the Zhuolu deer of "the Yellow Emperor and Xuanyu fought in the wilderness of Zhuolu". The history books call "Yiyu Zhuolu Zhi'a" is the ancient city on the west side of the town of Lushan in present-day Zhuolu County, also known as the Yellow Emperor City, and the ruins of this city still exist. Legend has it that it is the capital of the Yellow Emperor of Xuanyuan, which is the hill of Xuanyuan recorded in the Classic of Mountains and Seas.
It can be seen that the mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor of Xuanyuan should be Qiaoshan in present-day Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, rather than in the north of Huangling County, Shaanxi. Because the Yellow Emperor fought in Zhuolu and lived in Zhuolu, after his death, there was no reason to transport the body to Shaanxi thousands of miles away for burial. As for whether the Yellow Tomb in Shaanxi is the tomb of the Yellow Emperor or other forms of mausoleum, this requires further examination.
Zhuolu County Guqiao Mountain, its east peak arch stone bridge stands as before; in the southern foothills of Qiaoshan Xiangyang slope, found at least 14 ancient architectural sites, covering an area of more than 100 acres, these architectural sites on the brick fragments piled up with sand coarse red pottery, dark pattern black pottery pieces, there are pottery bristles, pottery bean fragments, Han Dynasty Jomon bricks, plate tiles, barrel tiles, stone building components, etc., combined with the dragon-shaped brick carvings on the base site of the Yellow Emperor Temple, the exquisite stone axe found 12 meters west of the base site of the Yellow Emperor Temple, the famous archaeologist Zheng Guang speculated, This ancient building complex should be built after the Yellow Emperor buried Qiaoshan, and was built by later generations to worship the Yellow Emperor, and some architectural relics can be as early as 4,000 years ago. The Institute of the Origin of Chinese Civilization of Hebei North University and the Sanganhe Historical Research Association of Zhangjiakou City have conducted investigations and studies on the Qiaoshan site in recent years, believing that this is a great possibility of xuanyuan Yellow Emperor family mausoleum.
Therefore, it is recommended to restore the original face of history and hold the ancestor worship ceremony of the Chinese nation in Zhuolu, Hebei Province, so that it will become a holy place for the Chinese nation to worship its ancestors. Zhuolu County is located in the economic circle around the capital, which is connected to the capital Beijing Landscape, and is the most ideal place for Chinese people across the country and even the world to seek their roots and worship their ancestors, and it is also the location of the real "Yellow Emperor Mausoleum of Qiaoshan Mountain". At the historical moment of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the favorable opportunity for Beijing and Zhangjiakou to jointly organize the Winter Olympics, if we can promote the holding of the Yellow Emperor Ceremony in Zhuolu, is not only the glory of Hebei, but also the historical opportunity for us to vigorously carry forward the root vein culture.
Author: Han Fengju, Zhang Yingchao, You Xiubin