Editor's Note:
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the People's Republic, Chen Guangqian, a native of Lizhou (Xichang), Sichuan, wrote "Dishan Diary" by the Sichuan Provincial Local History Work Office and published by the China Literature and History Publishing House in October 2016. The diary records a large number of social and cultural historical materials in Sichuan Province and Xikang Province at that time, and has high folk culture value, literary research value, historical research value and calligraphy appreciation value. Luo Jin, former director of the History Office of Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, conducted a serious study of the "Dishan Diary", and since July 4, the "Sichuan Provincial Love Network" and the "Fangzhi Sichuan" new media matrix (WeChat public account, People's Number, Surging Number, Toutiao Number, Sohu Number, Penguin Number) have launched the first article of Comrade Luo Jin's "Dishan Diary" series of research articles, "How good were the books read by Liangshan people more than 100 years ago?" ——One of the studies of "Dishan Diary", welcome to pay attention to and leave your reading testimonial at the end of the article.
Books read by Liangshan people
What books did the Liangshan people read more than 100 years ago? Chen Guangqian, a native of Xichang Lizhou at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, is recorded. Xichang Lizhou, located in the Anning River Valley, where humans have been active in the Neolithic Age, set up counties and counties began in the sixth year of the Western Han Dynasty (111 BC), placing Sushi County. Synchronized with the fourteen counties of Qiongdu, Suijiu, Lingguandao, Taideng, Dadi, Gufu, Dingdi, Huiwu, Qin, and Sandi, it belongs to Yueyue County. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Shu Han Dynasty, Sushi County was changed to Suqi County, and during the Northern Kingdom, Lizhou set up Liangshan County to lead Suqi County, and the Yuan Dynasty set up Jianchang Road to administer Lizhou, which belonged to Luoluo Xuanwei Division, and the name of Lizhou began. The Qing Dynasty set up Ningyuan Province, under the jurisdiction of Xichang County, Jianli Prefecture Branch County, County Cheng Branch Stationed, the Republic of China followed. In May 1935, the Long March of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army passed through Lizhou.
Suqi Community, Lizhou Town (Photo by Zou Sen)
Comrade Zhou Enlai's stay in Lizhou during the Long March (Photo by Lai Wenjiang)
Lizhou Red Army Square (Photo by Zou Sen)
As an important town on the Silk Road in ancient southern China, and also an important node in the Tibetan-Qiang-Yi Corridor, Lizhou has been bustling with people and merchants since ancient times, and the trend of re-teaching and learning and passing on poetry and books has prevailed.
Pedestrians in Lizhou Town (Photo by Zou Sen)
Lizhou character Kuta (photo by Zou Sen)
Chen Guangqian, Zi Dishan, Yao Xian, born in Xichang, Shiju Lizhou, was born in The Qing Dynasty, and held up filial piety and honesty. He once taught at Liangshan College and was employed by Lizhou County. After liangshan college was officially changed to Lizhou Primary School, Mr. Chen Guangqian was the first principal and served as a Chinese language teacher. Chen Guangqian also taught in Langhuan and Lizhou private houses, and devoted his life to the cause of education. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, more than a dozen students in Lizhou studied in Japan, most of whom were his protégés.
Lizhou Wenchang Palace, the current location of Lizhou Primary School (Photo by Zou Sen)
In 1936, Chen Guangqian revised the "Xichang County Chronicle" of the Republic of China, and died of illness on October 13 at the age of 73, and his deeds were included in the county chronicle. He was upright, poor, filial to the old and young. Good at calligraphy, Zong Zhao Mengfu body, more stretched and flowing, reflecting the characteristics of Zhao body round and square, well-known near and far, more book seekers. Chen Guangqian has written many plaques for Lizhou temples, and often helps villagers and neighbors to write Spring League, Bang Lian, Tomb Link, Tomb Link, Tomb Seal, writing folding fan, house covenant, family god hall stele, medical hanging plate, wooden board stove god plate, etc. Chen Guangqian "loves poetry and wine, and his hands can't release the volume", and his poetry is quite literary, and he often sings and harmonizes with wenyou poetry.
Chen Guangqian began to keep a diary from 1906 until 1932, and for 27 years, he kept a daily note, basically without interruption, called "Dishan Diary". The diary is rich in content, showing the folk customs of southwest Sichuan in household affairs, reflecting the turbulent situation in the late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. As the only personal diary found to reflect the social situation in Liangshan more than 100 years ago, "Dishan Diary" depicts a condensed precious picture of Liangshan's social folklore.
"DiShan's Diary" book shadow (photo by Zou Sen)
Inside page of "Dishan's Diary" (Photo by Zou Sen)
On the 17th day of the fifth lunar month in 1907, Chen Guangqian recorded in his diary: "Hu Huanzhilai has eight books, listed after the catalog: a map of new China, a map of oriental history, a map of Kunyu, the end of the war in European countries, the physics is easy to understand, the words of educators, the world exploration, the tragedy of Egypt, and the biography of Nelson." This list of books, the content involves both domestic and foreign, one by one to consult the information, "new China map", "physics easy to understand" and "educator's words" have nowhere to find information, the exploration of the rest of the books, eye-opening, of which, the "bull gas" of "Kun Yu FangTu", especially people have to sigh the great charm of traditional Chinese culture.
The Treasure of the Nation - "Kunyu All Nations Map"
The "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" is currently in the Nanjing Museum, which is the treasure of the town hall of the hospital and the treasure of the country. Whether the "KunYu Square Map" recorded by Mr. Chen Guangqian in the "Dishan Diary" is this full map, or only which part of the map, is now untestable. However, as the treasure of the Nanjing Museum, the color facsimile picture book of "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu", several miracles have been created, and some of them still leave suspense for posterity.
"Kunyu Wanguo Full Map" (picture from the Internet)
First, it set a precedent for China to map the world.
The Nanjing Museum's "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu", 380.2 cm long and 168.7 cm wide, is a colorful picture book of the court in the 36th year of the Ming Dynasty (1602). As China's first complete painted world map of longitude and latitude, it was modeled on the Western world map at that time, changing the prevailing pattern of Europe in the center of the map at that time, and according to the traditional Chinese concept, China was placed in the center of the world map as much as possible (our world map today has followed this pattern). The whole map has a total of 6 banner screens, and the content is divided into three parts: the main map is an oval world map, an astronomical map and a geographical map with four corners, and the text of the inscription explanation, which is the most complete, most scientific and most accurate world map in the world at that time.
Second, it reflects the achievements of cultural exchanges between China and the West.
The Complete Map of all nations was created by the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci in collaboration with Li Zhizao. Matteo Ricci (Italian: Matteo Ricci), Chinese name Matteo Ricci, also known as Xitai, also known as Qingtai, Xijiang, Catholic Jesuit Italian priest, missionary, scholar. Matteo Ricci came to Live in China in 1583 and was revered by scholars during the Ming Dynasty as the "Taixi Confucians". He was one of the pioneers of Catholic missionary work in China and the first Western scholar to read Chinese literature and delve into Chinese classics. In August 1582, Matteo Ricci arrived in Macau and lived in Zhaoqing, Shaozhou, Nanjing, and Beijing (Beijing spent his last 10 years).
As a missionary, in order to successfully spread Catholicism in China, he showed the scientific and cultural achievements of Europe to the scholars and officials of the Ming Dynasty, which deeply shocked them and broadened their horizons.
In 1584, Matteo Ricci arrived in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, and established friendly and equal relations with Wang Pan, the prefect of Zhaoqing. In the twelfth year of the Wanli Calendar (1854), Wang Pan funded the publication of his "Complete Map of Mountains and Seas".
Wang Pan prefect statue (picture from the Internet)
Wang Pan is a clean and honest official, with remarkable political achievements, and the people of Zhaoqing have built a "Wang Pan Sheng Ancestral Hall" for him (picture from the Internet)
In 1601, Matteo Ricci arrived in Beijing and became one of the first Westerners to be allowed to enter the Forbidden City. He dedicated the "Whole Map of Mountains and Seas" to Zhu Yijun, the Emperor of Wanli Mingshen Sect, and was deeply loved by Mingshen Sect. In Beijing, he formed a friendship with Li Zhizao, the young secretary of the Taibu Temple. In 1602, with the support and assistance of Li Zhizao and other Chinese officials, Matteo Ricci repainted this map, and the Chinese part of this map was provided by Li Zhizao with detailed geographical information of the Ming Dynasty and assisted in drawing it, renamed "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu", which Li Zhizao funded and published, and engraved in Beijing. In 1608, Emperor Myeongshinzong issued an edict to paint twelve copies, which were passed down to the present world, and according to expert research and analysis, it was originally possible to bury the Ming Ding Mausoleum. ([He Xin Miscellaneous] The Drawing and Circulation of Matteo Ricci's "Kunyu All Nations") (with pictures of Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao and the 20180204 short videos of "National Treasures")
Matteo Ricci (image from the web)
Li Zhizao (Image from the Internet)
Third, it subverts China's traditional conception of nature.
First, it subverts the concept of a round place. The traditional Chinese understanding of heaven and earth is that "the heavens are as round as Zhang Gai, and the places are like chess games", although zhang heng's "Notes on the Atlas of Armillary Heaven" of the Eastern Han Dynasty says that "the heavens cover the earth, and the shell is wrapped in yellow", and after Zheng He went to the West, the "Ming Shi Astronomical Chronicle" also has a record of "the circle of the earth", but whether it is politics, culture or faith, all of them are triggered by this and go deep into life. For example, altars, mausoleums, palaces and other buildings are born from the concept of the round place, the ancient currency is the outer circle and the inner square, and the ancients paid attention to the outer circle and the inner square in their handling. Matteo Ricci also described this idea of the Chinese at that time in his notes: "They thought that the heavens were round, but the earth was flat, and they were convinced that their country was in its center... They could not understand the argument that the earth was spherical, made up of land and sea, and that the nature of the sphere was headless and tailless. "The earth represented in the "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" is a round ball, and the small map explains the concept of the earth as a star, completely subverts the traditional Chinese cognition, and intuitively shows this spherical space to the Chinese people.
The word "Earth" first appeared on this map (Credit: National Geographic Chinese Network)
Second, it subverts the concept that China is the "center of the world." Traditionally, China is regarded as the world, the sea, the liuhe, the four yi outside the world, and the four seas outside the four seas as zhuyi, but in the Kunyu Map of All Nations, China is no longer dominated by the center of the world—although in order to cater to the concept of Chinese, the map moves the prime meridian 170 degrees to the left, so that China is in the center, but it is clear that China is scattered on a round ball like many other countries. (Fang Wei's "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" China's earliest painted map)
Part of "Kunyu Wanguo Full Map" (picture from the Network)
Fourth, it shows the achievements of the geographical astronomical discoveries of the time.
The Kunyu Map of All Nations reflects a map of the knowledge gained from the discovery of European voyages in the 15th and 16th centuries. Five continents are shown: Europe, Libya (Africa), Asia, the Americas, and the rumored land of Magellan, the southern continent, and four oceans: the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Oceans. Matteo Ricci added elaborate Chinese annotations to the map, reflecting Western information about the various countries of the time, including misleading information. For example, he described the Nile as "the longest river in the world." It takes seven months for it to flow into the sea. There are no clouds or rain in this country all year round, so the inhabitants are proficient in astronomy. In addition to annotations to specific places, the map contains very accurate and elaborate geographical and astronomical information, including a narrative of the size and shape of the Earth, an explanation of the variation in the length of day and night, a table showing the distance from the planet to the Earth, and a projection map of the Earth from the poles (including the north and south poles) inserted to show that the earth is round.
The map is extremely detailed for the depiction of China's geography, Li Zhizao added a lot of geographical information about China, beyond the depiction of other countries, for China's provinces, important cities have been detailed labeled; the map also depicts China's major mountains, rivers, such as the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, detailed performance of its origin, flow through the provinces. In addition, the world's famous rivers are also mentioned, such as Euphrates, Nile, Volga, and Indus, which are the first world map of the Americas. These geographical information is rich, concentrated in the most advanced research results of China and the West at that time, in the absence of aerial photography and satellite positioning in ancient times, basically reflected the actual situation at that time, can be called the world's most accurate world map at that time. How this miracle happened has left a suspense for posterity, so this map is called "the impossible black tulip" by the West.
Fifth, the information contained is very rich.
"Kunyu Wanguo Full Map" is 380.2 cm long and 168.7 cm wide. The upper right corner of the picture is titled "Kunyu Wanguo Full Map" 6 characters. The main picture is an oval world map, and the four corners are accompanied by a small astronomical map and geographical map: the upper right corner has the nine-fold heaven map, the lower right corner has the heaven and earth instrument map, the upper left corner has the map of the equator's northern hemisphere and the sun and moon eclipse map, the lower left corner has the map of the southern hemisphere of the equator and the middle gas map, as well as the text of the inscription explanation; and the measuring scale map is attached to the lower left of the main map. There are 9 sailing ships of various kinds painted in each ocean, 15 marine animals such as whales, sharks and sea lions, and 8 land animals painted on the Antarctic continent, including rhinos, elephants, lions, ostriches and so on. The mountains use three-dimensional images, and the ocean depicts dense ripples. The text of the whole map can be roughly divided into five categories: one is the place name, there are 1114 place names; the second is the inscription, which has a total of 6 articles, such as Matteo, Li Zhizao, Wu Zhongming, Chen Minzhi, Yang Jingchun, and Qi Guangzong; the third is the explanation, including the full map, the nine heavens, the four elements, the length of day and night, the heaven and earth instrument, the measuring ruler, the eclipse of the sun and the moon, the middle gas, the north and south hemispheres, etc.; the fourth is the table, which has a table of general horizontal degrees and the table of the latitude of the sun entering and leaving the equator; and the fifth is a note to explain the physical geography and human geography of each continent.
Sixth, the impact is extensive and long-lasting.
The "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" was originally 6 paintings, and later framed as 1 painting. This map has an important position in the field of geography and cartography, and has been copied and copied many times, and has a far-reaching impact.
There are 7 original engravings of Li Zhizao's "Kunyu Pankomber", all of which are currently preserved abroad: the Vatican Holy See Library, Kyoto University in Japan, the Miyagi Prefectural Library in Japan, the Cabinet Library of Japan, the former Clément Institute in France, and the Bologna Observatory in Italy. The Japanese facsimile picture book is in the Kano Bunko Library of the Tohoku University Library in Japan.
There are three copies of the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu in China: the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu in the Collection of the Nanjing Museum, which is a color facsimile picture book in the court of the thirty-sixth year of the Ming Wanli Calendar (1608); the 1603 engraving of the "Two Yi Xuanlan Map", now in the Liaoning Provincial Museum; the Thirteenth Year of Kangxi (1674) The Belgian missionary Nan Huairen produced the "Kunyu Quantu", which was stored in the library of Hebei University.
Read "Dishan Diary", see the "world map" of the Ming Dynasty, perceive the journey of world civilization 400 years ago, and lament the infinite charm of Chinese civilization!
Completed on June 23, 2020
References 1. "A Condensed Picture of Social Folklore in Western Sichuan", Ma Xiaobin; 2. "Xichang City Chronicle"; 3. "Overview of the Historical Evolution of Lizhou", Zhang Zhengning; 4. "CCTV "National Treasures" New Interpretation of "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu"" "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu", Li Zhaoliang; 5. "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu: China's Earliest Painted World Map", Fang Wei; 6. "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu: A World Map of the Ming Dynasty", Sharp Ruler; 7. "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu - The Truth That Should Be Returned", Qingdian Think Tank; 8. "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, The earliest map of the world in China, which made the Ming Dynasty boil but was abandoned by the Qing Dynasty, pushed the window to look at the moon.
Source: Sichuan Provincial Local History Work Office Text/Photo: Luo Jin (former director of the History Office of Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province) Fang Zhi Sichuan Some pictures, audio and video are from the Internet, only to disseminate more information. The copyright of the pictures, audio and video contained in the article belongs to the original author or media.
Source: Cover News
Statement: This article has indicated the source of the reprint, if there is any infringement, please contact us to delete! Contact email: [email protected]