<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" > Emperor Wen of Sui: Chengjiangshan unification, jueshi is unfair</h1>
As the founding emperor of the great unified country, his position in history is very strange, people's awareness of him is very low, and it is not the common "mixed praise", or sharp confrontation, it is simply an evasive attitude, a few words that roughly seem to praise him fooled the past, he is the founding emperor of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian.
To say that in the sequence of the founding emperors of this great unified country, Qin Shi Huang, Han Gaozu, Tang, Song, Ming, and Qing Taizu were not famous people, so that there was no Sui Wen Emperor in the middle, and no one seemed to care too much, so he did not feel that there was a lack of someone in it.
What is somewhat strange is that foreigners are very enthusiastic in their evaluation of him, and there are many monographs that certify his deeds, not only considering him to be one of the greatest emperors in China, one of only two of the first-level emperors in China's history, but also the other who can stand shoulder to shoulder with him is Qin Shi Huang, and he is also listed in the "List of 100 People Who Influenced the Course of Human History".
In the world's most influential book, the Cambridge History of the Sui and Tang Dynasties of China, Emperor Wen of Sui was also highly praised: "The Sui Dynasty eliminated the outdated and inefficient institutions of its predecessors, created the structure of a centralized empire, and developed a common cultural consciousness in the regions that had been politically divided for a long time; when people studied the structure and life of the great Chinese Empire that followed, they could not but see the shadow of the Sui Dynasty in all aspects." ”
To accurately evaluate Emperor Wen of Sui, of course, there is no need to follow the perspective of foreigners to pick up people's teeth and wisdom, the most powerful voice is of course the Chinese people themselves, but from the evaluation of him by successive generations, his image has long been ambiguous, and because of the different perspectives, the conclusions reached are very different.
Sui Wen Emperor Yang Jian, the founding emperor of the Sui Dynasty, a Native of Huayin, Hongnong County, established the Sui Dynasty at the age of 40 through the form of "Zen Rang" by the Hands of the Jing Emperor of Northern Zhou, and through the Eastern Expedition to the West, for the first time realized a multi-ethnic all-round integration, laying the foundation for the largest territory of the Central Plains Dynasty; large-scale institutional reform was carried out, which had a great impact on future generations, and died at the age of 63.
His ascension to the throne was really somewhat relaxed, and in history, only Zhao Kuangyin, the grandfather of the Song Dynasty, had a fight with him, he was "a relative of women, on the occasion of the early death of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, the marriage of Zheng Ze, etc., and he entered the auxiliary government, so he sat down and took the throne." ”
Yang Jian seized the throne from his 7-year-old grandson, and his son-in-law Northern Zhou Emperor Yuwen Yun died unexpectedly, so he took the opportunity to usurp the throne, and after performing a good play of Zen concession, changed Northern Zhou to Sui Dynasty, so the Qing historian Zhao Yi once said, "The emperor of Guangu is the easiest person in the world than Emperor Wen of Sui." ”
Although the road was not right, at the time of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, people had long been accustomed to "changing the banner of the great king at the head of the city", let alone whether the road was right or wrong, so after suppressing a group of forces loyal to Northern Zhou, Yang Jian became the emperor of the Sui Dynasty steadily.
After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Jian was quite accomplished, and he worked hard to rule with great efforts and martial arts to create the famous "rule of the kai emperor" in Chinese history, so it is very reasonable for later historians to regard it as the sage monarch of Wenzhi martial arts.
Militarily, he destroyed the Chen Dynasty, destroyed Western Liang, pacified Lingnan, attacked the Turks in the north, and with military backing, not only ended the chaotic division of the Southern and Northern Dynasties that lasted for hundreds of years, and established a unified Central Plains Dynasty, but also a multi-ethnic unified centralized state, which was another great achievement compared to Qin Shi Huang's han-dominated country.
Administratively, he carried out large-scale reforms of the state management system, established a three-province and six-minister system, strengthened the centralization of power, and opened up a new stage in the three-power system of China's feudal society; simplified the local official system, implemented the two-level system of prefectures and counties, and improved administrative efficiency; revised the "Kai Huang Law", abolished torture, deleted harsh provisions, and did not use extermination punishment at all.
He set a precedent for the examination of science, suppressed the corruption of officials, implemented the equalization system, straightened out the household registration, made ceremonies and music, solicited books, revived sinology, respected the three religions, and used Confucianism to build Daxing City, set up granaries, reformed currency, advocated frugality, opened righteous warehouses, "the treasury was full", and the national strength was praised. "The whole Sui Dynasty was a thriving scene.
The Book of Sui has a fairer evaluation of him, saying that he was "thrifty, peaceful and endowed, cangshi, law-abiding, gentlemanly and happy, villains are at ease, strong and weak, the crowd is not violent, the character Yin Fu, the government and the wilderness are entertained, in twenty years, there is nothing in the world, Ou Yu Nei, An Tai Yanru, meritorious deeds, and the former king, enough to participate in the grandeur." ”
Therefore, the role played by Emperor Wen of Sui in conforming to the historical trend of "great unification" and playing a very important role in the history of China's feudal society is worthy of the title of a generation of promising kings.
He can be said to be a complete workaholic, "every day in the dynasty, the sun is tireless", the ministers are tired to shout to the heavens; only in this way, after he retired from the dynasty, he approved the recital and painstakingly worked on state affairs, so that "the sun forgot to eat, and the night did not sleep", which is a rare diligent emperor in history, and in terms of diligent government and slackness, it may only be comparable to the Yongzheng Emperor of later generations.
However, like Zhuge Liang in the later period, he even had to personally approve the punishment of more than twenty military sticks, that is, he did not distinguish between big and small things, he had to do it himself, he was harsh on details, he lost his sight, and this matter brought about a bad result of excessive diligence in administration, and he plunged himself into the deep well of daily affairs and could not extricate himself, not only was he too tired to do it, but he was often in the dilemma of being stretched, left and right, and exhausted.
It was precisely because he could not grasp the big and let go of the small, "good is a small number, not up to the general, so the loyal ministers and righteous people have to do their best"; in the later stage, in the handling of government affairs, there were many places that were criticized by people, and he was extremely suspicious, which made everyone in the whole court shudder.
From time to time, he also sent his cronies to secretly visit officials in various places, and even the following three indiscriminate tricks attracted people to the bait, causing everyone in the government and the public to endanger themselves, like walking on thin ice.
Therefore, Tang Taizong looked down on him a little, saying that he was "self-determined in everything, although he was tired and bitter, and failed to make every sense." The courtiers knew their intentions, but they did not dare to speak bluntly, and the prime minister was only obedient! ”
In addition, he is too harsh, can do things, but there is no reward, he is frugal, and he is not accustomed to others living a good life, once there is something he wants, he will try his best to rectify it to the point of ruin, the so-called "no leniency, there is mean capital", so complained.
He really has some similarities with Yongzheng, especially in terms of diligence and frugality, to the point of no return, and the history records that he "lived and played, kept frugal, forbidden, and up and down." "This is, of course, a great compliment to the people.
However, if something is overdoed, it will inevitably have a negative impact, which is what people often say, "The truth has become a fallacy after one step." ”
Of course, the emperor's frugality was a great thing, but Emperor Wen of Sui's frugality was suspected of being pathological, and in the ten years under his rule, the economy was able to recover rapidly, but the people did not get much benefit, and he did everything possible to gather wealth into the state, the treasury was abundant and the people were hungry, which was very incomprehensible.
Shi Zai, at that time, in the state warehouse, the grain was layered on top of each other, and the early few inedible and tired were therefore said to be available for the whole country to eat for fifty years; and the money string was rotten, scattered in the treasury, and the people were poor and the country was rich, this huge contrast was really strange, but it was cheaper for the later Sui Emperor to squander for him.
Therefore, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi said to the point in the "Reading Through the Commentary", "Emperor Wen of Sui's frugality, not thriftiness, miserliness, not sharing his virtues but in vain and generous to his wealth." Rich in the world, seeking profit without getting tired, extravagant and hiding, poisoning the world, and only the evil is great. ”
Of course, Emperor Wen of Sui was most blamed for choosing the wrong successor, and in the hands of his son Emperor Sui, he used the large amount of wealth he left behind, exhausted his military strength, was eager to make quick gains, and made the world boil, and in just over ten years, he gave up the great rivers and mountains, and the Great Sui Dynasty, after just over 30 years, became another great unified empire in Chinese history that followed in the footsteps of the Qin Dynasty and died short-lived, which is exactly:
Young Haojie, leaning on a few storm clouds, the red sun reflects, and dreams of Kyushu opening up the world;
The boss is confused, attracting thousands of water and fire, the yellow robe is scattered, and the palace listens to the four seasons around the jackdaws.
The death of Emperor Wen of Sui is the most bizarre, although the cause of death is confusing, but most people believe that he was killed by his son Yang Guang, although this matter is also a mystery case throughout the ages, and it is certain that his death is related to his later indulgence.
Emperor Wen of Sui had a virtuous empress, that is, the famous Dugu Empress in history, and the role played by the Dugu clan in him before or after he ascended to the throne was really too great, coupled with the influence exerted by his mother's family, so Emperor Wen of Sui had great respect for the empress, and was the best configuration for a pair of empresses recognized in history.
In terms of marriage, Emperor Wen of Sui was a typical monogamous good emperor, but also an emperor with "ears", which is our Sichuan dialect, Wen Yi said that it was called "fear of the inside", and the words of the people were called "afraid of the wife"; when the lonely empress was in the mother's world, she could be described as the top Hedong lion roaring, according to the history books, "the emperor was very spoiled." "The meaning of love and fear."
Why Yang Jian was so afraid of the empress, there was also a reason, the lone empress was from the Guanlong Group family, could be outside and inside, and also helped her husband to seize his own family's Jiangshan, which can be regarded as an outside home Ha. The two ruled the world together, and the people at the time were called "two saints".
She married Yang Jian when she was 14 years old, and on the day of marriage, she forced her husband to swear a poison oath and not to marry another woman in this life. Relying on her iron fist control, this Sui Wendi also became the husband of a lonely person, even more "bitter" than the rich family at that time, because as long as they had silver, which was not a group of wives and concubines, singing and dancing in heaven and earth.
With the peace of the world, the harem beauties of the destroyed country were of course also swept away, looking at the beautiful ladies of a bunch of warblers and swallows around them, all like flowers and jade, dangling in front of them in a variety of ways, but they couldn't even touch their hands, for a normal man, it was not as anxious as a monkey, but forced by the strength of loneliness, "the harem did not dare to enter the imperial palace" to make this Yang Jian come all day like roasting on the fire.
He also made an effort to secretly spoil a lovely palace girl, but after being known by Du Lonely, he actually directly beat the beautiful woman who was lying on the bed to taste it, and yang Jian was so angry that yang Jian went to the suburbs alone to gallop on horseback, and looked up to the sky and sighed: "I am a son of heaven, and I must not be free", this is the earliest origin of the Chinese word "freedom", pitiful.
It was hard to wait for the death after being lonely, this Yang Jian was completely "free", so he ran on a horse and slipped on the mountain, let me slip and fall in love, and then at the age of more than one year old, I rose up with courage, and successively mrs. Chen Xuanhua and Mrs. Cai Ronghua.
Mrs. Chen Xuanhua was originally the younger sister of Lord Chen Hou, born of the national color heavenly fragrance, closed moon and shy flowers. Mrs. Cai Ronghua is also a beautiful woman in the southern country, just as charming. The two had already entered the palace, and Emperor Wen had already intended it, but he was not lucky because he was alone.
And with this unruly good time, from then on, Emperor Wen of Sui feasted day and day, singing and laughing all the time, more than when he was alone, he let loose a lot, but Yang Jian was old, he couldn't bear the sound of the daily bed, and soon he was sick in bed, and he died in a few days.
Old age and indulgence, this should be the most fundamental reason for the death of Emperor Wen of Sui, as for the rumors of killing his father made up by later generations to smear Yang Guang, it is enough to listen to a story, and it must not be true.
You think, Yang Guang has been hiding for so many years for accepting the throne, why can't he hold back for a few hours, so that when his father is about to swallow his breath, he will be so anxious to go to Lady Xuanhua in a hurry, which is unreasonable.
Although later generations recognized Emperor Wen of Sui's unification efforts and praised his many reform measures that were quite powerful and influential, it was very helpless that his big-headed baby Yang Guang, who was too capable of tossing, plunged the country into a new war.
Not only did the Great Sui Dynasty he had worked so hard to build go to ruin, but he also dragged himself into an embarrassing situation of infamous reputation, alas, having a child with a pit daddy was also a big trouble.
However, some people have calculated the responsibility for the subjugation of the Sui Dynasty on his head, which is not what posterity has said after many generations, but is found in the "Book of Sui" historical evaluation, at least representing the common cognition of the scholars at that time, his words:
"The source of its decay, the sign of its chaotic demise, originated from Gao Zu and became the Emperor of Ju, and its origin is far away, not overnight. It is not unruly, nor is it unfortunate. ”
However, in any case, as an emperor who has completed the great cause of the reunification of the Chinese nation and influenced the pattern of China's millennium, it is a pity that his great image has been damaged by Yang Guang's influence.
Moreover, because when the Tang dynasty was revising history, for the founding of the Zhang Tang Dynasty, at the behest of Li Shimin, he did not hesitate to tamper with historical facts and smear the Yang family father and son, and the Sui Emperor Yang Guang almost became the only protagonist of the Sui Dynasty in his memory, resulting in the result that he is ignored today.
However, in comparison, he was much lighter than the injury suffered by his son Yang Guang; today's people feel that They are in Si, so they make a joint sigh:
Zhang Siwei and liuhe, or Rui Sheng zi tian, Yinghua duxiu, how to do meritorious heroes without protection, children like enemies, three confused and dizzy, containing great chaos;
Stepping on a thousand mountains to vibrate eight hong, sighing The Jinling Emperor is old, the jade tree is singing, but the final Dingzuo is full of Tang rhymes, Qionghua becomes a masterpiece, and the ten thousand opportunities fall, which is the most bizarre.