Southeast shape sheng, three Wu metropolis, Qiantang has been prosperous since ancient times.
Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, midnight bell to the passenger ship.
Almost every historic Chinese city has its own ancient name. For example, in Liu Yong's "Wanghai Tide", this prosperous "Qiantang" from ancient times refers to Hangzhou; in Zhang Ji's "Fengqiao Night Berth", "Gu su cheng" refers to Suzhou.
Just as Jinling is to Nanjing, Guangling is to Yangzhou, and Huiji is to Shaoxing, since ancient times, literati and inkers have also liked to use ancient names to refer to their place of origin or second hometown with close relations.
As a famous historical and cultural city, Wenzhou has also had a number of ancient names over the past thousand years and has been widely used:
The "Dong'ou Famous Town" hanging high above the tower, and the "Dongou" of the "Dongou Guyi" that newly appeared on the wall of the ancient city at the intersection of the Park Road in the Park Road renovation project, are one of the ancient names that Wenzhou people are most familiar with;
◎ Mai Lang pen drawing: Yu Lou
The Eastern Jin Dynasty Ming Emperor Taining established the name of "Yongjia" when he established Yongjia County in the first year (323), which accompanied the ancient city for nearly 1900 years, "Yongjia Master" was famous at home and abroad, the "Yongjia School" had a far-reaching influence, and "Yongjia predecessors read a lot" is often quoted to praise the profound cultural heritage of this ancient city.
"Dongjia" is the most popular ancient name in Wenzhou, although it is called "Dongjiazhou" in just 5 years, but from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the present, from the Southern Song Dynasty Yuanwang Shipeng, the Yuan Dynasty painter Wang Zhenpeng, to a generation of great Confucian Sun Yaorang, they all like to use Dongjia Laiya to call their hometown. Gao Zecheng, the originator of Southern Opera, is more revered as "Mr. Dongjia".
The oldest ancient name: Dongou
Turning to the "Wenzhou Fuzhi" during the Ming Dynasty, the first sentence is "Wen, Ancient Dong Ouye." ”
Wenzhou was named Ou in the Xia Dynasty, and the Shang Dynasty was named 沤, and the history was called "Ou Yue" or "Yue Yue", and its common "haircut tattoo". During the Western Zhou Dynasty, it is recorded that during the reign of King Cheng of Zhou (c. 1063 BC - 1027 BC), the Ou people paid tribute to the Zhou royal family with sea clams, cicada snakes, etc.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was under the jurisdiction of the State of Yue and belonged to a branch of the "Baiyue". After the defeat and murder of the seventh Sun Wujian of Yue, the state of Yue was devastated, and the sons of the royal clan migrated to the southeast coast, and one of the descendants settled in the Oujiang River Valley, merging with the native residents to become the Ouyue people, and in present-day southern Zhejiang, wang autonomy was called, and the kingdom of Dong'ou may have been founded at this time.
◎ "History of East Vietnam"
In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms, abolished the division of feudalism, and set up counties, and the State of Dong'ou was assigned to Minzhong County. In the third year of Emperor Hui of Han (192 BC), the imperial court was crowned as the King of the East Sea because of his great support for Han Gaozu during the reign of Emperor Gaozu of Han, and the Chronicle of the Eastern Yue Dynasty records that "Nai Li Was the King of the East Sea, the Capital of Dong'ou, and the secular name of "King of Dong'ou".
Scholars believe that before the Shaking, there were generations of Dong'ou Kings in this land, and The Donkeys should be descendants of the Dong'ou Kings.
◎ Shake
The State of Dong'ou was the first administrative establishment in the history of Wenzhou to be recorded, and Dong'ou became the oldest ancient name for Wenzhou.
Guo Pu, a famous scholar and feng shui master of the Jin Dynasty, commented on the "Classic of Mountains and Seas, Hai Nei Nan Jing" "Ou Ju Hai Zhong" Yun: "Now Linhai Yongning County is Dong Ou, in the Qi Sea. ”
Dong'ou was often used by the ancients to refer to the ancient city of Wenzhou, in addition to the aforementioned "Dong'ou Famous Town" and "Dong'ou Guyi", such as the late Song Dynasty politician and patriotic poet Wen Tianxiang's "Jiangxin Temple" poem, there is "Yan Nian came to Dong'ou with his feet, and the first Kun axis floated southeast".
◎《Wenzhou Fuzhi》
In the "Wenzhou FuZhi" of the past dynasties, "Dong'ou" often appears: such as "After the Great Chaos in the Han Dynasty, Dong'ou was alone", "The Eastern Jin Dynasty and Haojie rose up, and it was not heard that Dong'ou was gained or lost".
For thousands of years, some Wenzhou celebrities have also been named "Dong'ou", such as the three enlightenment thinkers of Wenzhou in the late Qing Dynasty, Chen Qi, Chen Dichen, and Song Shu, known as "Mr. Dong'ou San"; Huang Tifang, one of Rui'an's "three grandchildren and five yellows", signed himself as the old man of Dong'ou Mountain in his later years. And the books named "Dong Ou" in the past are also innumerable, such as "Dong Ou Shi Cun", "Dong Ou Zhi", "Dong Ou Anecdotes" and so on.
The most commonly used ancient name: Yongjia
In the third year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (138), Dong'ou Township, Zhang'an County, yongning County. This is the beginning of the establishment of a separate county in the history of Wenzhou. However, Yongning did not become a commonly used ancient name in Wenzhou later, but another similar name appeared more than a hundred years later, accompanying the ancient city for thousands of years.
About 600 years after the establishment of the Kingdom of Dong'ou, in the first year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (323), the land south of Wenyaoling in Linhai County was divided into Yongjia Commandery, which belonged to Yangzhou, under the jurisdiction of Yongning, Angu, Hengyang, and Songyang, and the administrative office was in Yongning.
This is the beginning of the name "Yongjia".
"Eternal blessing" is an auspicious phrase of the ancients, and the Book of Han and Li Lezhi records: "Eternal blessing." The constant of the promise, the wisdom of the emperor. The people are happy and blessed without boundaries. Nowadays, the Palace Museum and the Shaanxi Provincial History Museum both have collections of "Yong yu Jiafu" West Han Wadang.
Just a dozen years ago, during the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty (307-311), after the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, the northern ethnic minorities fought in the Central Plains. In order to escape the chaos of war, the northern soldiers and people crossed the river to the south, which was called "Yongjia Nandu" in history. In 317, Sima Rui of Zhenshou Jiankang (present-day Nanjing) rebuilt the Jin Dynasty in Jiangnan, known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, a large number of northern scholars and people crossed south to have an important impact on the society, politics, economy and culture of the southern region, and the Wenzhou area at that time also welcomed many northern immigrants. "Yongjia" got its name, or is related to it.
By the ninth year of Emperor Wen of Sui 's reign (589), Yongjia County was abolished and the original county name was taken as the county name, and Yongning County was also renamed Yongjia County, which has been used ever since.
Since then, the name "Yongjia" has accompanied Wenzhou to this day, sometimes referring to the concept of Wenzhou area, sometimes referring to the urban area of Wenzhou, until after the founding of New China, it specifically refers to the current Yongjia County area.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the "county" was abolished and set up as a "prefecture", and in the second year of Emperor Gaozong of Tang (675), the name "Wenzhou" finally appeared, and the ruling office was set up in Yongjia.
In the following millennium, Wenzhou was occasionally renamed Yongjia County, and most of the time, Yongjia became a county name in Wenzhou, as the seat of the prefectural office.
Even so, "Yongjia" has become the most commonly used ancient name to refer to Wenzhou.
Mr. Nan Huaijin, a famous villager and master of traditional Chinese studies, once said, "Before the Tang Dynasty, the culture of Wenzhou did not produce any great figures, only one, that is, the Buddhist Family's Yongjia Xuanjue Zen Master." "Tang Dynasty Xuanjue Zen master occupies a place in the history of Chinese Buddhism and cultural history, and is revered by posterity as "Yongjia Master", and his heirloom works have been named "Yongjia Sermon Songs" and "Yongjia Zen Collection", and more than 100 versions of "Sermon Songs" have been circulated around the world.
◎ Master Shan hand-copied the "Sermon Song"
In the Song Dynasty, Wenzhou was known as "Wen Duoshi, the most in the southeast", and the "Yongjia School" formed and developed in the Wenzhou area, and stood on the basis of Zhu Xi's Taoism and Lu Jiuyuan's mental learning, and was an important school in the history of China's ideological scholarship. Chen Fuliang and Ye Shi, representative figures of the "Yongjia School", were both revered as "Mr. Yongjia" at that time. Subsequently, far-reaching "Yongjia Medical School" and "YongjiaYi School" and so on have been produced in various fields.
"Yongjia" has also become a synonym for the governors of Wenzhou in successive dynasties. From the Wei and Jin dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, Wenzhou ushered in many famous cultural sheriffs, who were often named "Yongjia", such as Mao Xi, a generation of famous ministers and chancellor of the Southern Dynasty Chen, who served as the internal history of Yongjia and was called "Mao Yongjia" by friends.
"Yiluo Weiyan held a respectful beginning; Yongjia's predecessors read a lot", in the poem "Inscription HuiWen Academy", Sun Yiyan, a servant of the late Qing Dynasty, used "Yongjia predecessors" to pay tribute to Xue Jixuan, Chen Fuliang, Ye Shi and other representative figures of the Yongjia school.
The most elegant ancient name: Dongjia
In the fifth year of Tang Gaozu Wude (622), Wenzhou ushered in its new name, Dongjia Prefecture, which administered the four counties of Yongning, Angu, Lecheng and Hengyang.
Only 5 years later, in the first year of Emperor Taizong of Tang's reign (627), "Dongjia Prefecture" was withdrawn and became history.
A short-lived ancient name similar to "Dongjia Prefecture" is "Ruian Province". In the first year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1265), zhao yu, the former king of Yongjia County, was the emperor of Song Duzong, with his hidden residence in Rui'an, and Shengwen was promoted to Ruian Province (the government was still in Wenzhou). "Ruian Province" is the beginning of Wenzhou's name. After Song Duzong ascended the throne, he also renamed the Great South Gate of Wenzhou to "Ruian Gate". In the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1276), Ruian Province fell and was changed to Wenzhou Road the following year.
But the name Dongjia has been left by Wenzhou people for a long time, perhaps it sounds more elegant and is especially loved by celebrities.
In July 1964, someone found a stone stone in the hometown of Shi Peng, the king of Wenzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the bottom of the stone was engraved with a four-line inscription:
It is the only prince's stone, entering and leaving the square after hundreds of battles. Qiandao changed to Yuan, and one day after Chongyang, the king of Dongjia shi pengming.
The content of the inscription is exactly the same as that contained in the Complete Works of Meixi, and it is believed to be the authentic work of Wang Shipeng.
In addition to Wang Zhuangyuan's fondness to sign "Dongjia" people, the Yuan Dynasty painter Wang Zhenpeng also left a drop of "Dongjia Wang Zhenpeng" in his paintings. Wang Zhenpeng is known as "the first person to paint in the Yuan Dynasty", and his "Jiangshan Shengguan Map" is known as the "Qingming River Map" of the Yuan Dynasty, which was auctioned for hundreds of millions of yuan in 2012. Wen Zhengming admired him even more, and once wrote in a poem, "Who is the most skilled in the history of painting in the first dynasty?" Dong Jia Virgin Lonely Cloud Weng".
◎ Part of Wang Zhenpeng's "Wei Mo Bu Di Tu"
Ye Shi, a master of the Yongjia School of the Southern Song Dynasty, was also a fan of the ancient name of "Dongjia", and his "Ye ShiJi" included the "Records of Dongjia Kaihe", which is a famous historical book in Wenzhou.
Dongjia is also the specific name of the "national" celebrities in Wenzhou at that time, such as Gao Ming (about 1305-1359), who is revered as the "originator of Nanqu", the character Zecheng, is respected by posterity as Mr. Dongjia, and his "Pipa Record" represents the highest achievement of Chinese southern opera.
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the society was very respectful of Go, and the three major Schools of Go, Yongjia, Xin'an and Jingshi, stood on their feet, and even once called the first in the chess world. Among them, Wanlijian Yongjia Chess National Hand Fang Risheng, the person number "Dongjia Xiaofang".
As for the title of the book, there are also many people, such as the "Examination of dongjia bibliography" edited by Jiang Zhun of yongjia in the late Ming Dynasty, the "Dongjia Poetry" by Sun Zhenming in the late Qing Dynasty, and the "Dongjia Hsin bamboo branches" by Hong Bingwen in the early Ming Dynasty.
Whether it is called Dongou, Yongjia, or Dongjia, Wenzhou, as long as it is called softly, the warmest memory of this thousand-year-old city of life will always arise in our hearts.
Author: Lu Zhizhe Tang Yanyan
Reference materials:
"Lucheng Cultural Landscape" by Shen Kecheng and Tang Zhanghong
"Wenzhou Historical Chronology" Shen Kecheng
"Wang Shipeng Zhiyan" Yang Wuxi was originally published in "Wenzhou Daily" and so on