Thin-shell pecan fruit, timber, landscaping forest cultivation technology
Wang Yongyou
Thin-shell pecan is an excellent tree species with both wood and fruit, fruit, timber, landscaping are suitable, its kernel is delicious and delicious, can be directly eaten or squeezed oil, is the world's famous high-grade nuts, oil tree species, its tree trunk straight, rapid growth, wood toughness, is a good material in the production of many industries. Anhui Jianghuai region has always existed in the optional afforestation tree species less this problem, the current large-scale planting of poplar trees although it has a wide range of adaptation, rapid forest, high material value advantages, but every spring and summer will produce a large number of Yang Shu, floating in the air, seriously affecting people's health, and Yang Shu in the local accumulation of fire hazards. Therefore, the vigorous development of thin-shell pecans can gradually replace poplar trees, which not only solves the problems that the majority of people are concerned about, but also obtains economic benefits through fruit harvesting and high-quality wood supply.
1 Afforestation land selection
First of all, according to the principle of suitable land and suitable varieties, afforestation land requires soil thickness of more than 1 m, loose and moist soil, fertile soil, river banks and plains are the most suitable, and can also be planted in the scattered starry sky land such as village front houses, on both sides of roads, parks and residential areas.
2 Woodland clearing and land preparation
Completely cut down weeds and shrubs on the forest land, dig up trees, and clean up rubble, garbage, etc. Seedling colonization completed the preparation of the land and digging holes a month ago to facilitate the full decline of the cave soil. The preparation method includes full reclamation, strip or burrowing, deep turning of more than 80 cm, and reserved forest paths and work paths. The flat land should be trenched and ridged, the depth of the ditch is 1 m, and the water retention measures should be taken to prevent soil erosion. According to the standard of 4 m×5 m or 4 m×6 m, the sample font cloth hole is placed, and the hole specification is 1.2 m× 1.2 m× 1.2 m.
3 Variety configuration
Thin-shelled pecans are homophomores and wind flowers, and the male and female flowers have a first and a second in the mature stage, and the self-flower pollination effect is poor. Therefore, when planting, select 2 main planting varieties, pollination varieties 2 to 3, to ensure that male and female flowering period meet, the configuration ratio of 8:2 or 9:1, is conducive to mutual pollination results, pollinator trees should choose a large amount of pollen, pollen germination of strong varieties, the specific variety configuration see Table 1. For sporadic cultivation of thin-shell pecans, varieties with certain self-flowering pollination capabilities can also be selected, such as Boni.
Table 1 Common configuration types
4 Planting techniques
4.1 Planting time
It can be planted after autumn leaves fall and before budding in spring, but it is best planted after leaf fall and early spring. Spring planting takes place from mid-March to before budding, and autumn planting takes place from late October to late December. Before planting, the moisture should be good, and it is best to choose to carry out after a rain.
4.2 Planting density
According to the characteristics of the variety and the purpose of the business, the planting density is determined taking into account the soil, economy and other factors. The initial density of the wood-fruit combined forest was 27-33 plants/667m2, and the final density was 14-17 plants/667m2. The single row plant has an initial spacing of 4 m and a final plant spacing of 8 m.
4.3 Planting methods
4.3.1 Seedling selection
The selection of seedlings requires seedlings aged 4 to 6 years, the seedling height is more than 3.5 m, the chest diameter is more than 6 cm, there are 2 to 3 plates of main branches, and the first plate of branches is as high as 2 m or more (in line with the standard specifications of the log) The tree has good momentum and robust growth. In addition, in order to achieve the purpose of afforestation of both timber and fruit, pay attention to the selection of varieties with straight trunks, good tree shape and excellent materials.
4.3.2 Seedling transport
According to the diameter of the seedling root 6 to 8 times to determine the size of the soil ball seedlings. After seedlings, cut off the root system of 0.5 to 1.0 cm at the apex of the root, and then treat it with abt rooting powder, by using 70% alcohol 100 to 150 g to powder the 1 gabt No. 3 rooting powder, add 10 to 13 kg of water and dilute it, spray the outer root system of the soil ball evenly with a sprayer, and then wrap the soil ball into a net with grass rope. Before loading the big seedlings, they should be pruned, remove broken branches, diseased branches, large saws are coated with wound protection agent, the seedlings are neatly arranged when loading, the canopy part is pulled well, and the seedlings need to be covered for long-distance transportation.
4.3.3 Apply foot base fertilizer
Before colonization, apply 20 to 30 kg of farmhouse fertilizer, 0.8 to 1.0 kg of superphosphate, 0.5 kg of potassium fertilizer per hole, backfill 30 cm topsoil, mix well with fertilizer, and then cover 20 cm of fine soil to avoid direct contact between fertilizer and seedling roots and cause root burning.
4.3.4 Planting
First, put the trees into the hole and straighten them; second, fill the soil, fill it to the same level as the ground, step on the soil, ensure that the root system of the tree is in close contact with the soil, and when the soil is solid, surround the soil around the exposed soil ball, until it is full; finally, play the fence along the edge of the soil ball to facilitate irrigation. It should be noted that it is advisable to plant high cultivated soil shallowly, and it is not advisable to bury the seedlings too deeply, especially in the case of loose cave soil, the planting depth should consider the degree of soil sinking.
4.3.5 Watering
Trees should be watered in time after transplanting, the first watering is also called rooting water, pour the water into the beaten soil fence, fill the soil again after watering, fill the fence; the next day water again, wait for the water to seep out, and then cover a layer of fine soil, at this time can not be compacted with feet, to prevent soil compaction. On dry days, 10 to 15 days, it is necessary to make up 1 permeable water.
4.3.6 Soil coating
After watering, the soil is cultivated on the periphery of the tree tray in time, about 30 cm high, in the shape of a steamed bun with a low middle and a high circumference, and then covered with mulch film, and then covered with more than 80% with soil, which plays the role of anti-grass insulation and moisturizing.
4.4 Erect supports
In order to avoid the impact of soil settlement or strong winds on the seedlings, it is necessary to support the newly planted seedlings, and more tree poles such as fir trees are selected to be erected as cross bracings or flat bracings.
4.5 Fixed drying height
After planting, the seedlings should be dried at the right time, the height of the drying should be more than 3 m, and the shear should be coated with grease.
5 Grafting technology
Start by choosing a dish to keep the branches. Generally choose about 2 to 3 discs, the height between the discs is more than 1 m, the angle between the main branches and the trunk is about 80 °, the angle between the main branches of the same disc is about 120 °, and the main branches between the upper and lower discs are staggered for ventilation and light. Secondly high branches are grafted. The grafting time is from the end of August to the beginning of September, and the excellent scion is selected according to the requirements of the variety configuration map, and the main branches of the planted solid seedlings are fed
Row buds.
Specific methods: First, use a grafting knife to take a 3-5 cm long and 0.8-1.2 cm wide bud flakes on the annual branches (the buds should be in the upper center of the buds) as scion; secondly, in the smooth place near the trunk of the main rootstock branch 80 cm, remove the width of 0.9 to 1.3 cm, 3 to 5 cm long or short 0.3 to 0.5 cm to form the outer cortex, and carve a vertical line of more than 2 cm long and deep to the xylem on each side of the rootstock cut to make a wound flow mouth; finally, paste the bud piece on the rootstock cutout. Keep the upper end and one side tight, leave a gap of about 0.1 cm on the other side, and the lower end is tightly or inserted into the rootstock skin layer, and wrap with plastic film bands, hurting the mouth and buds
Exposed.
After grafting, do a good job of management and care, and organize a make-up in April of the following year to ensure the grafting effect and survival rate.
6 Parenting management techniques
6.1 Water and fertilizer management techniques
6.1.1 Timely irrigation
Young trees before fruiting need a lot of water in May to August, and in case of drought, they should be watered every 1 to 2 weeks. Trees in the fruiting period have two peaks in water demand. 1 time is the expansion period of the fruit, sufficient rain in May to June can make the fruit volume increase rapidly; the other time is the fruit filling period, in case of drought in July to August, it should be watered once in 1 to 2 weeks to reduce fruit drop.
6.1.2 Scientific fertilization
After entering the growth and fruiting stage of young trees, if the leaves are found to have symptoms such as leaflets, deformed leaves, yellow leaves and obvious poor growth of the tree body, it is necessary to judge the missing elements through soil analysis and leaf observation, and then adjust the nutritional status by soil application and foliar spraying to supplement the missing elements. Fertilization methods include radial fertilization, ring fertilization, cave fertilization, strip fertilization, and extra-root topdressing.
6.2 Shaping and trimming techniques
6.2.1 Shaping and pruning of young trees
Cultivate a fertile tree shape within 4 to 5 years, and the tree shape of the abundant tree generally has a trunk, evacuation, and stratification, and the main side has a clear division of labor, and the resulting branch distribution is reasonable.
6.2.2 Pruning of trees at the fruiting stage
Entering the full fruit period, it is necessary to continuously update the fruit branches, improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions, adjust the contradiction between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and maintain stable growth and yield. Gradually clean up over-dense branches, overlapping branches, intersecting branches, diseased and insect branches, etc., reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption, and improve ventilation and light transmission conditions.
6.3 Pest control techniques
Based on forestry measures to enhance the resilience of trees to stress, according to local conditions, rational application of biological, physical, chemical and other comprehensive control measures to effectively control pests and diseases.
The main diseases of thin-shelled pecans are root rot and black spot disease. Root rot can be controlled by 50% carbendazim wettable powder 600 times liquid or 70% methyl tolbuzin wettable powder 800 times liquid; nigra can be prevented and controlled by copper sulfate, hydrated lime and water in the ratio of 1:1:100 when new leaves grow and inflorescences are just exposed, and do a good job of garden hygiene. The main insect pests are scarab beetles, stinging moths, star cows, coffee wood beetle moths, peach borers and so on.
Scarab control measures: 50% octyl thiophosphorus emulsion can be sprayed in combination with base fertilizer to control scarab larvae; when adults occur, the foliar spray of 50% dichlorvos emulsion or 90% crystalline dimethoate 800 to 1 000 times.
Control measures for the stinging moth: mainly spray 20% rapid exciter emulsion 2 000 to 2 500 times liquid at the end of larval hatching, and spray 90% crystalline dichlorvos or 80% dichlorvos and 50% malathion emulsion at the end of larval hatching for control. Xingtian cattle control measures: mainly adult insects before spawning at the base of the trunk with a 50 cm high belt; during the peak of spawning, use dichlorvos or borer thiophosphate emulsion 40 to 50 times to apply the egg laying slot; during the larval stage, use 50% dichlorvos 50 times liquid, 50% octyl thiophosphate emulsion or 90% crystal dimethoate into the borer holes, 10 ml per hole, and then seal the mouth with wet mud.
Prevention and control measures of coffee wood beetle moth: mainly to clean up the diseased dead branches in time and burn them intensively; the use of black light to trap adult insects; and the spraying of 50% octylthion emulsion 1 500 times liquid during the adult occurrence period for control.
Peach borer control measures: mainly timely picking up fallen fruits, picking insect fruits, and burning them in a concentrated manner; in april to August, use black light or sweet and sour solution or peach borer borer pheromone attractant to trap adult insects in or around orchards; in the early September larval incubation period, the use of "bt emulsion + 2.5% avermectin" 1 000 to 2 500 times spray.