October 1, 1949
A grand ceremony was held in Beijing
The People's Republic of China was founded
And 2000 kilometers away from Xiamen
Liberation will not take place until October 17
October 16
Synapses, protrusions
The gunshots were getting closer
The sound of the cannons grew louder
He was taken from Xiamen University to this cell
It's been more than a month
At this time, there was a squeak
The cell door was opened
The guard said
Come out
Let you go
The Kuomintang reactionaries strangled and killed revolutionary righteous soldiers in Hongshan
He followed the guards outside
Suddenly, hands and feet were tied
A gray cloth covered his head
A rope wrapped around his neck
He struggled
The body falls backwards
Just a few hours later
Red flags were planted on the peaks
The People's Liberation Army planted the five-star red flag on Xiamen Island. On October 15, 1949, the campaign to liberate Xiamen officially began, and the People's Liberation Army landed in Gaoqi and other places on October 16, and broke through the northern part of Xiamen Island. On October 17, the whole territory of Xiamen was liberated.
Victory is the beginning of difficulties
On August 15, 1945, the Japanese army announced its unconditional surrender. The xiamen masters and students who have struggled for eight years in Changting have finally ushered in the dawn of victory.
At this moment, the same voice is haunting everyone's heart: back to Xiamen!
Principal Saben dong (fourth from the left in the second row) took a group photo with some teachers and students in front of Changting School
However, they do not know that what awaits them ahead is another struggle of oppression and resistance...
Sabendo resigned as principal due to illness. In September 1945, the burden of leading Xiamen University fell on 42-year-old professor Wang Deyao.
Wang Deyao (1903-2000), a famous biologist in China, participated in negotiations with the Beiyang warlord authorities as one of the only two representatives of middle school students in the country during the May Fourth Movement.
President Wang Deyao, the fourth president in the history of Xiamen University, made indelible contributions to organizing the post-war reconstruction of the school after the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and in protecting the safety of Xiamen's masters, students and assets during the War of Liberation.
At a time when xiamen masters and students were eagerly awaiting the demobilization of Xiamen, difficulties followed.
To return to Xiamen, the first thing that must be solved is the site problem. Xiamen University was badly damaged during the Japanese invasion of China, and the damage to the school building alone amounted to more than 4 billion yuan.
During the Japanese invasion of China, tanks were driven into the campus of Xiamen University
After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Nationalist government used the remaining Xiamen University campus as a concentration camp for Japanese prisoners.
President Wang Deyao separately sent a telegram to the Ministry of Education, He Yingqin, commander-in-chief of the Chinese Army Headquarters, and Gu Zhutong, commander-in-chief of the Third Theater
Please quickly relocate the prisoners of the enemy and return them to the school building.
The response was:
There was no suitable place in Xiamen other than Xiamen University to accommodate most of the Japanese prisoners.
He Yingqin (left) stood up to accept the surrender of the Japanese representatives.
In addition to the occupation of school buildings, another headache is insufficient funding. According to statistics, the funds required for all demobilization need at least 2 billion yuan or more, but the Ministry of Education only approved the allocation of 920 million yuan, and later the Executive Yuan subtracted more than 200 million yuan, leaving only 668 million yuan, which can be described as a drop in the bucket.
Therefore, it was not until July 1946, nearly a year after the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, that the entire school administration and most of the faculty and staff were moved back to Xiamen.
We want to live
The demobilization of Xiamen University was not yet completed, and some teachers and students had not yet had time to take a look at the post-war campus, and in June 1946, a full-scale civil war broke out.
In Xiamen, under the clouds of civil war, inflation was fierce. In July 1946, the price of rice in Xiamen was as high as 110,000 yuan per stone, an increase of more than 10,000 times compared with before the War of Resistance. Xiamen University faculty and staff "pay an average of 1,500 times the salary of more than 10,000 times the price, and the embarrassing debt cannot be sustained." ”
Newspaper clippings on hunger reports at Xiamen University
In 1948, the Nationalist government indiscriminately issued gold coupons, inflation continued to deteriorate, xiamen university students almost to the point where they could not even eat rice, and the survival of the school was difficult. President Wang repeatedly called the National Government, the Ministry of Education and the Fujian Provincial Government for help, but they were all like a stone sinking into the sea.
At the beginning of 1949, Xiamen University was almost out of cooking, and the school building was even mortgaged to borrow money to buy rice.
In order to save their lives, xiamen university students have organized various forms of self-help activities since February.
The report of Xiamen University when it was in a desperate situation can see the mortgage of the school building by Xiamen University
The water sales team transported fresh water from Wulao peak to the city by trolley, and sold it at a 20% discount at the market price, with little gain; the bazaar team went to the dock to sell, braving the cold wind and withstanding the bitter rain; doing stonemaking, selling art on the street, and wielding hoes to reclaim the land... In order to survive, Xiamen University students had to temporarily put down the books in their hands and keep running.
Photo of the anti-hunger and reclamation campaign in our school in May 1947
Not only are students exhausted, but the lives of Xiamen University's faculty and staff are also unsustainable. According to the highest standards, in February 1949, professors at Xiamen University could only receive a salary of less than 3,000 yuan a month.
According to the price calculation at that time, this money could buy more than twenty catties of rice, three tons of firewood, thirty catties of cauliflower, less than ten yards of the worst quality of the soil cloth, buy this, you can't buy that.
"We're going to eat" slogan
When the students launched the hunger campaign, the professors smiled bitterly and told the visiting students that if it were not for age and other restrictions, they would really like to go with the students to sell water or work as handymen.
Lin Huixiang, a professor of anthropology, said bluntly: "Now it is getting worse and worse, the treatment is low, and it is simply impossible to survive." ”
This is true of professors, not to mention faculty members with lower titles.
Darkest before dawn
At the end of the War of Liberation, opposition to the civil war grew louder and louder throughout the country. In order to suppress the nationwide anti-civil war movement, the Kuomintang authorities dispatched military and police agents to arrest progressives.
At 3:00 a.m. on June 1, 1947, the Kuomintang authorities sent a large number of military police to suddenly surround Xiamen University. Huang Tianjue, the mayor of Xiamen, led people to the principal's mansion and took out a list of thirteen people to go to the school to search for. Fortunately, under the mediation of Principal Wang, the police only took three people away.
Wang Yanan (left) and Lu Jiaxi (right)
After the military police left, the teachers and students of the whole school were indignant. Law school dean Wang Yanan, and chemistry department head Lu Jiaxi also made speeches, condemning the government's wanton arrest of students and saying that they would try to rescue them.
Finally, that night, President Wang personally went to the fortress headquarters and the municipal government to plead for the students' bail, and did not bring back the three arrested students until about 11 o'clock in the evening.
The next day, the Xiamen authorities declared special martial law to prevent xiamen university students from marching in the streets, and sent a large number of military and police officers to deploy defenses around Xiamen University. Some sources say that the martial law posture this time is "more than the attacks against the Japanese army in those years."
Xinhua News Agency's report on the situation of the PLA's operations in southern Fujian
By 1949, our army's liberation of the whole country was already overwhelming, and a million male divisions of the People's Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River and marched into Fujian. Chiang Kai-shek appointed Tang Enbo, a descendant of his family, to be stationed on Xiamen Island to command the operation, and appointed Mao Sen, the former "chief of the Shanghai Police Bureau," as the "commander of the Xiamen Garrison Department."
The Official Letter of Tombaugh held by Mao Sen when he went to Xiamen University to arrest people and the total "blacklist"
Late on the night of August 31, Mao Sen personally led people to surround Xiamen University and entered the school with a blacklist in hand to search for arrest. Fifteen teachers, students, and employees, including Communist Party members Xiu Sheng, Zhang Fengming, Chen Yanqian, Chen Shaoqiu, and Chen Gongren, were arrested, and they were severely tortured in prison, but they remained unyielding.
On September 1, Wang Deyao, in the name of the president of Xiamen University, issued three bail letters in succession, asking for bail for the arrested students, all of which Were refused by Mao Sen. The red-eyed "commander of the guards" even issued death threats against the respected university president.
In September 1949, the school allocated 10,000 yuan on bail to the arrested teachers and students, and the picture shows the original text of the appropriation and the registration of the receipts
After that, Tang Enbo forcibly occupied the xiamen university campus as his headquarters, along with the Kuomintang puppet Fujian provincial government. Xiamen University students were forcibly relocated by the Kuomintang to the Gulangyu Freshman College for centralized surveillance, and the faculty and staff living in Baicheng were also expelled from the dormitories.
As people everywhere welcomed the founding of New China, white terror hung over Xiamen Island.
struggle! struggle! struggle!
Despite the bad situation, the masters and students of Xiamen never stopped fighting.
As early as shortly after the outbreak of the civil war, Chen Jiageng, in the name of the chairman of the Association of Overseas Chinese in The South China, telephoned US President Truman and others, calling on the United States to stop assisting the Kuomintang government in the civil war.
The Cha Chiang government has been in power for twenty years, corrupt and arbitrary, cunning and untrustworthy, far away from the gentleman and pro-villain... Corruption and self-denial, so that the people's livelihood is miserable... I personally visited the ccp's jurisdiction in Yan'an, and democratic politics has been implemented, which is very different from the Kuomintang's jurisdiction. Moreover, the CCP has the support of the people and is deeply rooted, not only can the Kuomintang army not be suppressed, that is, any foreign money and weapons oppression cannot be softened.
——Chen Jiageng
A telegram from Chen Jiageng to the President of the United States
As Mr. Jiageng's staunchest follower, Xiamen University also waged many struggles against the decadent regime in the Kuomintang region under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the campus was forcibly used as a Japanese prisoner of war camp by the Kuomintang, coupled with the shortage of funds and the difficulty of returning to school, Xiamen University was forced to make the decision to set up a new student college on Gulangyu Island.
On April 6, 1946, Wang Deyao (10th from the left) took a group photo with the heads of various departments after guiding the selection of courses at Gulangyu New Students College
In December 1945, first-year students took classes in Gulangyu Island, and Xiamen University became one of the first universities in the country to open classes in the retaken occupied areas, and "many people came to ask for observers."
In 1947, prices soared, and the lives of Xiamen masters and students were difficult. On May 17, all students of Xiamen University issued the "Declaration on The Strike on Adjusting the Food Expenses of Publicly Funded Students in Order to Request the Ministry of Education to Increase Funds", and since then, the class has been on strike for three days, and participated in the vigorous "Anti-Civil War, Anti-Hunger" campaign in colleges and universities across the country.
Jiangsheng Bao's report on the strike of Xiamen University students
Blood stained the flag red
In May 1949, at the invitation of Chairman Mao, the school's owner, Tan Kah Kee, set off from Singapore and returned to China to participate in politics. Passing through Hong Kong, he called on the whole of Fujian to work hard and "plan for peace and usher in liberation."
In September 1949, Chen Jiageng and Mao Zedong took a group photo in Zhongnanhai
According to statistics, before the liberation of Xiamen University, there were more than 300 party members and progressive students who entered the guerrilla zone and became the backbone of the local revolutionary contingent.
In May 1949, Chen Gengshen, a first-year student of the Department of Education of Xiamen University and an underground party member, was ordered to go to Anxi to perform official duties, but he accidentally encountered the enemy and unfortunately fell into the hands of the enemy. Under the threat and inducement of the enemy, Chen Gengshen was awe-struck, sternly refused, and finally died heroically at Peng Wei, at the age of nineteen.
Poster of Xiamen University Journalists' Day event. The Journalists' Day set up the Ying Jiaji Award to commemorate the revolutionary martyr Ying Jiaji, who founded the "Ying Jiaji Review Newspaper".
Ying Jiaji, a third-year student in the Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, founded and led the Nan'an People's Guerrilla Group, and after the liberation of Nan'an, he died heroically in battle with the remnants of the Kuomintang.
Jin Jiatai, a fourth-year student in the Department of Economics, served as the deputy head of the financial group of the takeover committee after the liberation of Wenzhou. After the surrender, the Kuomintang recruits mutinied, and Kim Ka-tae was shot and killed during the retreat.
In Xiamen, teachers and students who stayed in school also actively carried out the struggle to protect the school under the leadership of the underground party.
On the night of August 31, Mao Sen, commander of the Kuomintang Xiamen Garrison, led troops to surround Xiamen University and forcibly detained Zhang Fengming, Xiu Sheng, and many other teachers, students, and workers.
The arrested teachers, students, and workers were tortured in prison, but they were always unyielding.
The cell where the progressive teachers and students of Xiamen University were imprisoned is now the former site of the Xiamen Prison Break Struggle, a key national cultural relics protection unit
On September 14, a typhoon blew. Zhang Fengming, secretary of the Gongyou Party Branch of xiamen University of the Communist Party of China, Chen Yanqian, member of the organization committee, and Xiu Sheng, a student party member of the Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, were escorted by the enemy's security headquarters to the miaoshi temple on Park East Road and executed by shooting.
The three of them were still wearing slightly worn shirts, and their hair was somewhat fluffy and disheveled. Gunfire rang out, and the three martyrs fell in response.
Zhang Fengming, Chen Yanqian, and Xiu Province bravely rebelled
Zhang Fengming and Chen Yanqian were shot twice, and Xiu Province was shot three times. The youngest was only twenty-two years old.
Repair provincial family letter, copy. Photographed at the Xiamen Revolutionary Martyrs Deeds Exhibition Hall.
In his last letter to his mother, Xiu Sheng said: "The child will not stay in Xiamen and will not return home for the time being." ...... We should now relieve the suffering of the people before we can speak of the family. ”
On December 19, 1949, people from all walks of life in Xiamen solemnly held the "Xiamen Martyrs Memorial Conference". At the meeting, a horizontal plaque of "The Cornerstone of New China" was presented to the family of zhou Jingmao martyr.
In September, due to the betrayal of traitors, Zhou Jingmao, a liaison officer of the Cpc Central Fujian-China Xiamen Working Committee and a party member of the Xiamen University Xinsheng Academy, escaped from danger in order to cover the stationed traffic officers carrying the xiamen military force deployment map, sacrificed himself to negotiate with the enemy, and was unfortunately arrested.
Before his arrest, Zhou Jingmao lived in the underground liaison station of the Xiamen Working Committee of the Communist Party of China, Lao Yuancheng Grocery Store (1st Floor, No. 177 Siming North Road).
On October 1, the founding ceremony was held, the People's Republic of China was founded, and preparations were made intensively for the liberation of Xiamen.
On October 15, the People's Liberation Army fired the guns to liberate Xiamen, and the soldiers set sail and paddled and launched a general offensive on Gulangyu Island and Xiamen Island. At noon on the 16th, the People's Liberation Army successfully landed in Takasaki.
Liberate the fleet of ships fighting in Xiamen across the sea
The gunshots were pouring out, but the party members in prison were excited, because they knew that this was the trumpet of victory, and the sun was about to illuminate this damp and dark house.
At nine o'clock in the morning of the 16th, the prison guards began to call out the detainees one by one, patted them on the shoulders, and said: "Today I want to let you out, you take your luggage out." ”
The martyrs followed the guards outside, but were taken to another place, tied their hands and feet, blindfolded, and strangled to death with a snare.
It wasn't until after two o'clock in the afternoon that the bloody slaughter, which lasted for hours, was finally over. At noon the next day, the whole island of Xiamen was liberated.
After liberation, people found a total of three caves in Hongshan and cleaned up seventeen remains of martyrs. Among them, Zhou Jingmao, a party member of the Xiamen University Freshman College, and Chen Shaoqiu, a member of the Propaganda Committee of the Workers' Party Branch of Xiamen University, were unfortunately listed.
Eight martyrs of Xiamen University who died in the War of Liberation
In the last moments before the victory, Jin Jiatai, Chen Gengshen, Zhang Fengming, Chen Yanqian, Xiu Sheng, Zhou Jingmao, Chen Shaoqiu, Ying Jiaji, and eight sons and daughters of Xiamen fell. They could not see the red flag raised on the campus with their own eyes, but the reason why the campus can look like today is inseparable from their deepest dedication.
The monument of the Xiamen Revolutionary Martyrs Cemetery has eight golden light characters written by Marshal Chen Yi in hand, "Martyrs Xiongfeng Yongzhen Haijiang"
In 1954, a martyrs' cemetery was erected from the foothills of Wanshi Mountain, and some of the martyrs who gave their lives for the cause of xiamen's revolution and construction were buried here.
Qingshan has the honor of burying loyal bones; martyrs and heroic winds, Yongzhen Haijiang!
O seniors,
You see:
Red flags, flying in the air!
bibliography
[1] Three criminals attempting to subvert the government were shot yesterday afternoon[N].Starlight Daily, September 15, 1949.
[2] The navy, army and air force cooperated to defend the imperial palace, and the defense of Xiamen Island was impregnable[N].Starlight Daily, September 30, 1949.
[3] The Ministry of Security shot three criminals yesterday, and Zhang Fengming and others were killed by drinking bullets[N].Jiang Shengbao, September 15, 1949.
Wang Deyao. The Rise and Destruction of the National Xiamen University Building and the Plan for Future Rejuvenation[Z].Xiamen University Publishing Group, 1947.
Editorial Board of History of Xiamen University. History of Xiamen University (Series 2):1937~1949[M].Xiamen University Press,1988.7.
Editorial Board of History of Xiamen University. History Of Xiamen University (Series 6) List of Students and Graduates: 1921~1987[M].Xiamen University Press, 1990.
Hong Yonghong, eds. History of Xiamen University (Volume I) 1921~1949[M].Xiamen University Press, 1990.
Liu Zhengying, Huang Shuntong. Chen Jiageng and Xiamen University[M].Fujian People's Publishing House,1994.]
[9] Editorial Committee of Party History of Xiamen University Committee of the Communist Party of China. Party History Materials of Xiamen University (Second Series)[M].Xiamen University Press,1988.]
[10] Xiamen University Newspaper Clippings, ed. , v. Student movement in Xiamen University and all over the country[M].
Lan Shuhong,Feng Weijun. just! Air defense sirens sounded throughout Xiamen! The story behind this Xiamen University you need to know! [OL].Xiamen University WeChat public account (xmu_1921), 2019.05.10.
[12] The fifth and sixth exhibition halls of the Exhibition Hall of Revolutionary History of Xiamen University, the second exhibition hall of the History Museum of Xiamen University, and the relevant materials of the Xiamen Revolutionary Martyrs Deeds Exhibition Hall.
Selected from previous periods
4 gold 3 bronze! The 5th "Internet +" College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition, Xiamen University students have achieved good results!
Red letters, the original heart shines! Dear teachers, see the letter!
One month after the start of school, what scene did you write about the story of Your Xiamen Garden?
"Me and My Xiamen University" is hotly released! In the past hundred years, which of these seven stories do you like the most?
Très bien！ My 57-year-old security guard teaches himself French and is fluent in conversation, what reason do you have not to learn the language?
Learn from Nobel Laureates! This Xiamen University professor unveiled the "Ten Military Rules" of their laboratory for you
Xiamen University
Graphic \Finishing: Zhang Mengmeng, Guo Chen
Illustration: Amber Kun
Editor-in-Charge: Guo Chen