The Government of the Ming Dynasty basically followed the basic official title system of "Nine Pins and Eighteen Grades" since the Han Dynasty, with strict ranks and clear rules for dress. Ming officials all wore black gauze hats, round neck shirts, and belts; the front chest and back of the official uniforms were decorated with a square pattern, commonly known as "complements", which were strictly different according to the size of the official position.
According to the Ming Huidian (明会典), the Ming Dynasty officials used birds and military officers used walking beasts. Civilian officials' complements: one pint of crane, two pins of golden chicken, three pins of peacocks, four pins of cloud geese, five pins of white wagtails, six pins of herons, seven pins of pelicans, eight pins of yellow orioles, nine pins of quail.
The military attaché's complements: one and two products with lions, three products of tigers, four products of leopards, five products of bears, six products, seven products of Biao (that is, small tigers), eight products of rhinoceros, nine products of seahorse.
In the Qing Dynasty, the official's complement basically followed the pattern of the Ming Dynasty, the civilian official basically remained unchanged, and the military attaché changed slightly: one pin qilin, two pin lion, three pin leopard, four pin tiger, five pin bear, six pin Biao, seven pin, eight pin rhinoceros, nine pin seahorse.
Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the biggest difference between Qing officials is in the top wearing (that is, the official hat). From the first product to the nine products, the top wear of officials at all levels is different, reflecting the further intensification of the social hierarchy of the Qing Dynasty, and also reflecting the regression of social civilization from another angle.
According to the season, the top wear is divided into two types: one is bucket-shaped, which is worn in summer, which is called a cool hat; one is disc-shaped, which is worn in winter, which is called a warm hat. According to one pin to nine pins, the top beads at the top of the official hat are reflected in the official rank, and the materials of the top beads are different for different official positions.
According to the rank of officials, the top beads of one to nine pins are: one poinsettia ruby, two pin corals, three pin sapphires, four pins of lapis lazuli, five pins of brick stones, six pins of crystals, seven pins of plain gold, eight pins of yin pattern wisps of gold, and nine pins of yang pattern skeletonized gold.
In addition to the top beads, Qing officials also had "flower plumes" on their official hats, which were generally rewarded by the emperor to those who had meritorious service or who had made special contributions to the imperial court. ''Flower Plume'' is divided into two types, one is blue plume and the other is flower plume. The blue plume is made for the bird feathers, and is generally only rewarded to officials under six pins and low-level officers; the flower plumes are peacock feathers, divided into one eye, two eyes, and three eyes, and the more eyes on the feathers, the more prominent the status.
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