In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty on the ruins of the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. At the beginning of the founding of the country, the entire social economy was withered, the population was sparse, and the land was barren. Some large counties are also deserted near the city.
Wucheng, a famous town in Zhejiang, is also a simmering ember of minlu, temple and bookstore. People all over the country live in peace, famine for many years, and the fields are deserted. Social production is seriously damaged. But it also provides an opportunity for development, and more people means more resources that can be allocated to everyone.
Under this premise, the Ming government adjusted the social order and restored social production through various policies in order to achieve the consolidation of political power, and these policies were closely related to the appropriation of social resources. This is because the appropriation of social resources is an important link in the process of social production and the basis for the state to transfer resources and adjust distribution policies.
The policy adjustment at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty was based on the unity of the administrative and economic functions of the government, which made it possible for the state to intervene in the social economy, so that it was possible to concentrate on social management at a low level of productivity.
In the Ariake era, the state appropriated social resources through legal and illegal means. The legal means of possession are based on effective and reasonable administrative legislation, and the material wealth and human resources are appropriated through government expropriation agencies and social grass-roots organizations. Material wealth is taxed, human resources are obtained through servitude, and illegal appropriation is the use of power in hand for unreasonable appropriation of various resources.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the state used administrative means to monopolize and allocate social resources. On the basis of the division of the feudal towns at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the government held a large amount of state-owned land, of which most of it was idle and unowned land, which constituted the main body of the land state ownership system. As the supreme emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang had a great deal of power to distribute it.
The Ming government also divided it into two major blocks, namely Guantian and Mintian, the system of Ming Tutian, and the second class: Yueguantian and Mintian. That is, there are two main categories of state-owned land and private land. The proportion and scale of official fields are very large, which is unprecedented in previous dynasties. In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu, guantian accounted for one-seventh of the country's land.
There are many ingredients in Guantian. Guantian is mainly the land of Juntun and Mintun left over from the Yuan Dynasty, as well as the land of Zhuangtian and other lands left behind by Mongolian nobles and bureaucratic landlords. The main reason for the lack of official land was that it was confiscated as state-owned land in the name of criminals.
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, land annexation was serious, and a large number of land resources were concentrated in the hands of a small number of nobles and large landowners, which was a big factor in the turmoil of the Yuan Dynasty, and Zhu Yuanzhang saw this and adopted the policy of cracking down on the large-scale occupation of land by hao landlords.
In the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the land owned by the sons of heroes and landlords and gentry in the Jiangnan region that Zhang Shicheng had divided was confiscated as official land in the early Ming Dynasty. The Songjiang government confiscated the land of several large landowners, including Lu, Cao, Qu, Tai, Tao, Jin, and Ni. In addition, monasteries also occupied more land resources, and the land occupied by monasteries destroyed during the war was changed to official land in the early Ming Dynasty.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, a large part of the official field was used as a military tun, and the size of the military tun accounted for seven-quarters of the official field. The number of military tuns is about 1.8 million people, and the amount of tun tian is about 903,313 acres and 95 acres. The land resources of Juntun are divided into units, one point and fifty acres.
Of course, this is not static, but is divided according to the degree of fertility of the land. A sergeant has one point, and at the same time grants the household, also known as the post or ticket, as a certificate granted to the tun army land, which is similar to the household post. The management of military tuns is based on tuns. Above them are thousands of households and command posts.
The government, on the other hand, is responsible for managing the affairs of the tun tian through small banners, general banners, hundred households, thousand households, tun commanders, and guan tun du commanders, and also prohibits the sale of official land through the law, and sells more than fifty acres of official land.
This should have been well enforced in the environment of severe punishment and harsh law in the early Ming Dynasty. In this way, the state firmly grasped this part of the land resources, and through the nationalization of land and important resources, this was important for the recovery and development of the social economy in the early Ming Dynasty, which was very typical in this period.
In the Jiangnan region, Guantian is also the main form of land resources. The Jiangnan region was rich and had little land and money, and was an important source of state tax revenue; Su, Song, Chang, Hu and other places were the areas of Zhang Shicheng at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. In order to have a strong control over Jiangnan, Zhu Yuanzhang had to absolutely control the land resources of Jiangnan, resulting in a large proportion of official fields in Jiangnan.
In the twelfth year of Hongwu, the total land of Suzhou Province was 66,727 hectares, while the official land accounted for 46,784 hectares, accounting for more than two-thirds of the total land in the whole province. In the fifteenth year of Hongzhi (1502 AD), it was verified that the number of acres of land at that time was 97,786 hectares of official land in Suzhou. The proportion of official fields in Matsue Province is even higher.
In the Ming Dynasty, jiangnan guantian, in addition to inheriting the official fields left over from the Song and Yuan dynasties, also had some official fields, no official fields, broken official fields, and deserted land. The land owned by Zhang Shicheng's ministry and the rich and large landlords who supported Zhang Shicheng was lost. Returning the official field is to give the field to return to the state, Hongwu ten years, suzhou province alone has more than two hundred and eighteen acres of return official land.