If the author asks, how many dynasties there are in Chinese history, I believe that not many people can answer correctly, in fact, this question is not accurately answered at all, because there is no accurate concept of dynasties at all, in the end how to count dynasties, no one can say clearly, according to the mainstream view of the current historical circles, the concept of dynasties is: a family ruling a country under the same national name is a dynasty, called "a certain dynasty".
At the beginning of the example, the unification period does not need to be introduced, China's historical unified dynasties include the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty, a total of nine.
But there are three points to pay special attention to.
The first point is that before the Qin Dynasty, there were Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasty, although the Xia Shang Zhou monarch is not the emperor is the king, but the Xia Shang Zhou is still a dynasty, so whether the dynasty is not related to the emperor or the king.
The second point is that there were many large and small princely states under the Zhou Dynasty, and according to the mainstream view, those princely states were not dynasties.
The third point is that not all of them were founded by the Han Chinese, and in ancient Times, the Han Chinese were regarded as foreign tribes, and the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty were regarded as the two foreign dynasties established in China by the Mongols and the Manchus.
In addition, it is not the unification period that is a dynasty, the division period is also a dynasty, such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty in the north, and the Liu Song Dynasty, the Southern Qi Dynasty, the Southern Liang Dynasty, and the Southern Chen Dynasty in the south, even the Liao, Western Xia, Jin, Dali, etc. that have confronted the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, according to the mainstream view, they are all dynasties, that is, the Liao Dynasty, the Western Xia Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty, the Dali Dynasty, and so on.
However, not all separatist forces can be counted as dynasties, for example, in the last years of the Sui Dynasty, the world was in chaos, the masses were divided, and Liu Wuzhou, Wang Shichong, Dou Jiande and other people with strong strength all established the state and claimed the emperor, but according to the mainstream view, they certainly cannot be counted as dynasties, but can only be regarded as divided regimes. In the same way, Chen Youyi, Zhang Shicheng, Ming Yuzhen and others in the last years of the Yuan Dynasty all divided one side to establish a country and became emperor, but these were not dynasties, but could only be regarded as political power.
In addition, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was of course a dynasty, but the Sixteen Kingdoms established by the northern foreign tribes were not counted as dynasties? Personally, I don't think so, these are separatist regimes. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the orthodox Five Dynasties of the Central Plains, Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou were all dynasties, and the Ten Kingdoms outside the Central Plains, Former Shu, Later Shu, Southern Wu, Southern Tang, Wuyue, Minguo, Southern Chu, Southern Han, Southern Ping, and Northern Han were counted as dynasties? The author thinks so.
In addition to the above, the Huangchao Rebellion, the Chuangwang Uprising, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, etc. can certainly not be counted as dynasties, and they are all some divided regimes.
So in fact, the concept of dynasties is very vague, it is not clear at all, then according to the author's summary, the number of dynasties in Chinese history is about fifty dynasties, and the total time is as long as 4,000 years (2070 BC - 1912 AD).
The reason why I want to introduce Chinese dynasties at length is because I believe that the country with the most dynasties in the history of the world is not China, but the African country of Egypt, which has more than 60 dynasties in history, with a total time of more than 5,000 years (3100 BC - 1953 AD).
Egypt, the official name of the Arab Republic of Egypt, a country in northern Africa, with a territory of more than 1 million square kilometers, is a coastal country adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, the main ethnic group arabs, the population of more than 100 million, the implementation of the president as the head of state and head of government of the presidential republic system, the capital Cairo.
Egypt was the first country in the history of the world, the first country in the history of the world to give birth to a monarchy, and the first country in the history of the world to have a dynasty. In 3100 BC, the Egyptian tribal chief Menis unified the whole of Egypt, turned the tribe into a state, ascended the throne as a monarch, and created a monarchical system and hereditary model, so that the first dynasty in world history was born, known as the first dynasty of Egypt.
Beginning with the First Dynasty of Egypt, Egyptian history has successively replaced thirty-two dynasties, all named in increasing numerical increments, namely the Second Dynasty of Egypt, the Third Dynasty of Egypt, the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, and all the way to the Thirty-second Dynasty of Egypt, which is collectively known as Ancient Egypt during this period.
Among the thirty-two dynasties of ancient Egypt, some were not founded by Egyptians, such as the Twenty-eighth Dynasty and the Thirty-first Dynasty, also known as the Achaemenid Dynasty, in fact, the Achaemenid Dynasty of Iran destroyed the Twenty-seventh Dynasty and the Thirty-First Dynasty, conquered Egypt twice, and was regarded as a dynasty established by the foreign Persians twice in The history of Egypt, and the other Thirty-second Dynasty, also known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty, was established after the foreign Greeks destroyed the Thirty-first Dynasty, and the dynasties of the other numbers may also be established by foreign tribes , I will not go into detail here.
In 30 BC, the Thirty-second Dynasty of Egypt was destroyed by the Roman Republic, ancient Egypt fell, Egypt became the territory of the Roman Republic, at that time Rome was not a monarchy, so there was no dynasty ruling Egypt, but only 3 years later, in 27 BC, the supreme ruler of the Roman Republic, Octavian, ascended the throne as emperor, the Roman Republic became the Roman Empire, establishing the first dynasty of the Roman Empire, the Julia Claudius Dynasty, and since then Egypt's history has begun to be dynastic again, but it is foreign rule.
Egypt was ruled by the Roman Empire for many years, and in 395 AD the Roman Empire split into the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, Egypt was the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire, so in other words, all the dynasties of the Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire were dynasties in the history of Egypt. Since the Roman Empire had a period of division, there were seven dynasties, not counting the period of division, which were the Julia Claudius, the Flavius, the Antony, the Severus, the Constantine, the Valentinian, and the Theodosius.
Then the Eastern Roman Empire had twelve dynasties, successively the Theodosius dynasty, the Leo dynasty, the Justinian dynasty, the Heraclius dynasty, the Isurian dynasty, the Phrygia dynasty, the Amorya dynasty, the Macedonian dynasty, the Komunin dynasty, the Dukas dynasty, the Angelos dynasty, the Valleolos dynasty, most of the previous dynasties ruled Egypt, and then the Iranian Sassanid dynasty invaded Egypt and failed to recover, and then the Arab Empire rose strongly and destroyed the Iranian Sassanid Dynasty to rule West Asia. Expanding its territory across Asia, Europe and Africa, Egypt became the territory of the arab empire of the two dynasties of the Umayyad dynasty and the Abbasid dynasty, and it was also from the Arab Empire that Egypt was influenced by Islam to this day.
In the late Abbasid dynasty of the Arab Empire, Egypt was divided into three Islamic dynasties, namely the Fatimid dynasty, the Ayyubid dynasty, and the Mamluk dynasty, and in 1517, the Ottoman dynasty of Turkey rose strongly and destroyed the Mamluk dynasty, and Egypt was ruled by the Ottoman dynasty established by foreign Turks.
The Turkish Ottoman Dynasty ruled Egypt for nearly three hundred years, until the early 19th century AD, 1805 AD, because of the decline of the Ottoman Dynasty, Egypt appeared an Islamic dynasty called the Mohammed Ali Dynasty, founded by the Egyptians, egypt began to be occupied by the British in 1882 AD, reduced to a British protectorate and colony, but the Mohammed Ali dynasty continued.
In 1922, after the end of World War I, Fouad I replaced the Muhammad Ali dynasty and established the Farouk dynasty, the last dynasty in Egyptian history that survived World War II. In 1952, the Free Officers' Organization headed by Nasser launched the July Revolution, which overthrew the Farouq dynasty the following year, in 1953 AD, abolished the monarchy, and used a republican system until today, thus ending Egypt's dynastic history completely.
In summary, from the establishment of the First Dynasty of Egypt in 3100 BC to the fall of the Farouk Dynasty of Egypt in 1953 AD, there were more than sixty dynasties ruled before and after, except for the ancient Egyptian period for nearly three thousand years, most of which were established by the Egyptians themselves, followed by Romans, Arabs and other foreign tribes ruled for nearly two thousand years, until the modern era returned to the Two Dynasties of muhammad Ali and Farouk established by the Egyptians themselves, with a total time of more than 5,000 years.
Therefore, Egypt is the country with the largest number of dynasties (more than sixty) and the longest dynasty (more than 5,000 years) in the history of the world.