Long Yun was in charge of Yunnan for 18 years with nearly 200,000 soldiers, known as the "King of Yunnan", but overnight, he was killed
Under house arrest, he had to step down. Actively resisting Japan during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, he sent the Dian army to the front line and built the Burma Road, making great contributions to the War of Resistance, but secretly colluding with Wang Jingwei.
What kind of person is Long Yun?
01 A new generation of "Yunnan King"
In 1884, the tenth year of the Guangxu Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, Long Yun was born in En'an (now Zhaotong) in Yunnan Province.
Yanshan District
Songle Village
A family of Yi landlords in Xiayingpan. Although he was born in a landlord family, Long Yun's village was very remote, so Long Yun did not go to school to receive enlightenment when he was a child.
In June 1911, Long Yun joined the Wei Huanzhang Department of the Baolu Comrade Army in Sichuan, and in December, Long Yun joined the Aid Sichuan
Xie Ruyi of the Dian Army
Ministry, was appointed as a captain-in-waiting officer. As a result, Long Yun officially stepped into the ranks of the Dian Army.
After four years in the Dian Army, Long Yun finally saw the opportunity to come forward.
When the Patriotic War broke out in 1915, Cai Yi transferred the aide-de-camp Zou Ruoheng from the Yunnan overseer Tang Jiyao, and Zou Ruoheng was Long Yun's brother.
Zou Ruoheng recommended Long Yun to Tang Jiyao before his departure, and Tang transferred Long Yun to be a lieutenant and aide-de-camp in the deputy office of the Governor of Yunnan.
Long Yun gradually gained the appreciation of Tang Jiyao, and in 1916 Long Yun successively served as Tang Jiyao's Guards
The squadron leader of the second brigade, the auxiliary first brigade, and the captain of the Feifei Army; Long Yun also became Tang Jiyao's bodyguard.
In 1921, Tang Jiyao lost the battle with Gu Pinzhen, and Long Yun escorted Tang Jiyao to retreat. Tang Jiyao promoted Long Yun to the rank of commander of the 11th Guards Regiment, stationed in Mengzi; in 1922, Long Yun's immediate superior, Li Youxun, was killed in battle, and Tang Jiyao promoted Long Yunwei
Acting Commander of the 1st Army.
After Tang Jiyao returned to Kunming to take power,
Long Yun also became successful because of his battle achievements
Commander of the 5th Army and defender of the town of Central Yunnan (Kunming).
In just seven years, Long Yun went from a small officer to a military commander, and the speed of promotion was staggering. And the greater opportunity is still waiting for Long Yun ahead.
In 1927, Long Yun, together with Hu Ruoyu, Zhang Ruji, and Li Xuanting, launched the "February 6 Coup", which overthrew Tang Jiyao's 14-year rule in Yunnan, and then Long Yun defeated Hu Ruoyu and other forces.
In 1928, Chiang Kai-shek's government appointed Long Yun as the head of the company
The chairman of the Yunnan Provincial Government and the commander-in-chief of the 13th Route Army laid the political foundation for Long Yun's rule over Yunnan from the legal point of view at that time. In 1929, Long Yun was completely defeated
Hu Ruoyu firmly held the whole of Yunnan in his own hands.
At this point, Long Yun has become a new generation of "Yunnan King". In order to win him over, Chiang Kai-shek also regarded his eldest son as a "righteous son."
02 Transform the Dian Army
After becoming a new generation of "Yunnan Kings", one of Long Yun's highlights was to transform the Dian Army.
The predecessor of the Dian Army was the Yunnan New Army, which was built in the 34th year of the Qing Dynasty (1908) as the 19th town of the Army
。 In the hands of Tang Jiyao, the Dian army was constantly increasing in number, and it successively participated in the War of Defending the Country and the War of Defending france, which played an important role in fighting against the Beiyang warlords. However, in the later period of Tang Jiyao's reign, the combat effectiveness of the Dian army declined rapidly.
Opium consumption became common in the Dian army, and soldiers were known as "three-gun soldiers" (opium guns, smoking guns, and rifles). Such an army and soldiers, it is no wonder that they were defeated in the battle with the Gui clan.
Long Yun started with an army, and naturally knew the problems of the Dian army. After Long Yun came to power, he made three moves to enhance the combat effectiveness of the Dian Army:
Disarmament, buying equipment, training troops.
Long Yun first reduced the original 4 divisions and 15 infantry regiments of the Dian Army to only 6 infantry regiments, eliminated most of the unqualified "three-gunners", and then re-recruited strictly.
For qualified persons they are incorporated into the army, conscripted into the army, and inferior to the county standing;
At the same time, Long Yun announced in November 1930 that he would "abolish the division and change the brigade" to readjust the organizational structure and system of the Dian Army. By 1936, the Dian Army was organized into 6 infantry brigades (2 regiments each)
There are 2 directly subordinate brigades, 6 directly subordinate regiments, 4 independent battalions, and 1 aviation department, with a strength of about 36,000 troops, and the county standing teams are unified into 21 security battalions with nearly 10,000 people.
In addition to disarmament, Long Yun vigorously procured foreign weapons and equipped its own troops. Long Yun has successively purchased a large number of weapons from France, Belgium, the Czech Republic and other countries.
In 1932, Long Yun purchased ordnance from France twice
1676040 yuan, and in 1937, he purchased weapons and equipment worth 15330346 yuan (Dian yuan).
According to the data, at that time, an infantry regiment of the Dian Army had 9 infantry companies under it, each of which was "
Seventy-nine rifles, six light machine guns, three heavy machine gun companies, four counterweight machine guns in each company, one mortar company, two eighty-two mortars, two six-zero small guns, one anti-aircraft machine gun company, with twelve thirteen-meter two anti-aircraft machine guns. Among them, the 79 rifles are made in Belgium, the light and heavy machine guns are made in the Czech Republic, and the guns are made in France. ”
(Data quoted from "Dragon Cloud and the Dian Army")
In terms of military training, the Training of the Dian Army under Long Yun also adopted the practice of the Japanese Army Non-Commissioned Officer School, and the training was more stringent than before Long Yun. The Japanese training method also improved the quality of the Dian army.
After Long Yun's "three-plate axe", the combat effectiveness of the Dian Army has been significantly improved. The Dian army also became the bargaining capital of other warlords such as Long Yun and Chiang Kai-shek. After the beginning of the War of Resistance, the Dian Army left Yunnan and embarked on the front line of the War of Resistance. Du Yuming commented on the Dian Army
"With French-style munitions and equipment, the military appearance is so grand that the Central Army is inferior." And this unit will also prove itself in the smoke of the anti-Japanese war.
03 Resist or surrender?
Long Yun had two completely different manifestations in the War of Resistance,
He had both active measures of resistance and collusion with Wang Jingwei to prepare for the surrender of the Japanese Kou.
After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression in 1937, Long Yun formed the 60th Army in Yunnan, with Lu Han as its commander. Long Yun provided the 60th Army with sophisticated weapons and equipment and carried out rigorous training. The 60th Army fought bravely to kill the enemy in the Battle of Taierzhuang and suffered heavy sacrifices. In this battle, the 60th Army suffered 18,844 casualties, and the battalion company platoon commander also suffered more than half of the casualties.
Sun Lianzhong, commander-in-chief of the Second Army, said:
(60th Army)
With flesh and blood, they fought hard against the enemy's mechanized troops, and fought for eight days and nights, not only making Taierzhuang solid as a rock, or turning the overall situation of the War of Resistance into safety. Loyal and courageous, he is a model of capital
”。 Japanese media also reported that "since the beginning of the war with the Chinese army in September 18, it is rare to encounter a fierce charge of the Dian army."
During the entire Period of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Longyun sent nearly 400,000 people to participate in the Dian Army's War of Resistance, with nearly 100,000 casualties, and yunnan itself was responsible for all the equipment and most of the army supplies. In addition to directly sending troops to participate in the War of Resistance, Long Yun also organized a large number of manpower and material resources to build the Yunnan Burma Highway in Yunnan to ensure the smooth import of anti-war materials. Construction of the Burma Highway began in December 1937, and at the end of August 1938, the Chinese section of the Burma Highway was opened to traffic for a total of 959.4 kilometers.
In 1941 alone, more than 132,000 tons of military supplies were transported into China via the Burma Highway. With the development of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, China's external communication was almost cut off, and this Yunnan Burma Highway became our only external land communication line during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression.
From the above perspective, we must affirm that Long Yun had a positive and tremendous contribution to the War of Resistance; but just as the coin has both sides,
Long Yun also has a black history, and this black history is inextricably linked to Wang Jingwei.
In December 1938, Wang Jingwei and his party came to Kunming from Chongqing, and Long Yun arranged for Wang Jingwei to flee to Hanoi. After Wang Jingwei fled to Hanoi, he immediately issued a notorious telegram and openly surrendered to the enemy.
And Long Yun's role in it is not as simple as arranging the plane. In fact, when the Wang clan conspired with the Rikou, they took Long Yun into account. Japanese information shows that Wang Jingwei plans
Echoing the above-mentioned statement of Wang, Yunnan first opposed Chiang Kai-shek's independence, and secondly the Sichuan Army echoed it. Long Yun of Yunnan and the local generals of the Sichuan Army made a solid covenant as comrades."
In addition, in September 1938, the Representatives of the Wang Jingwei Group and Japan affirmed,
Long Yun will act together with Wang Jingwei, and there is already a secret contact between Wang Long.
Wang Jingwei's diary records it
"When I arrived in Kunming on the seventeenth day (according to the mistake of the eighteenth day). Long Yun, chairman of the Yunnan Provincial Government, asked me: 'I heard that the withdrawal period is two years?' I replied, 'Yes, after the armistice, the withdrawal of troops in two years is over.' Long Yundao: "Could it be earlier?" I replied, 'I wanted to do it sooner, but it wasn't easy.' 'On the eighteenth (should be the nineteenth) I went to Hanoi and sent a telegram to Mr. Chiang."
Long Yun later claimed in his later memories
He was unaware of Wang Jingwei's arrival in Kunming, but he was able to arrange a lively and high-standard welcome ceremony when Wang Jingwei arrived in Kunming. If you don't know it in advance, how can you arrange a welcome ceremony in a hurry?
After Wang Jingwei openly surrendered to the enemy, the whole country was full of condemnation, but Long Yun remained silent for a period of time. Wang Jingwei escaped from Long Yun's territory, and instead of coming out at the first time to publicly clarify, he remained silent, which had to make people suspicious.
After the military commander failed to assassinate Wang Jingwei in Hanoi, Long Yun also sent Li Hongmo with a letter and 50,000 yuan to Hanoi to comfort Wang Jingwei. Long Yun also sent people to the Japanese secret service in Hanoi to seek forgiveness.
Through intelligence, Chiang Kai-shek learned of Long Yun's letter to Wang Jingwei, which was contained in the letter
"The Japanese cabinet is reorganized, but the policy remains unchanged" "At this moment, junza (Wang Jingwei) is temporarily silent, which is very appropriate, as for junza's proposal for various sections, there will be a day of realization in the future."
All of this points to the role played by Long Yun in Wang Jingwei's escape incident is not simple. It was not until April 13, 1939, that Long Yun made it clear to Jiang:
"There is no return to the Wang clan, and this short-term contact has been known to him as a human being, neither upright nor bright, nor loyal to the rich and peaceful, after his brilliant telegram was sent, the post was not attacked, the ancients blamed the righteousness of the people, did not agree to discuss its shortness and length, and all sides are attacking the Wang clan, and there is no need to go down the well to throw stones, that is, to obey the junza and treat people with leniency, not to blame the will of the past, to leave room."
Jiang successively sent Li Liejun, Xue Yue, Tang Shengzhi, and others to do Longyun work.
Long Yun only published in major newspapers and periodicals on May 2 according to Chiang's instructions that he had broken with Wang Jingwei and fought to the end. Long Yun was also a cliffhanger and stayed in the camp of the War of Resistance.
Why did Long Yun have such a completely different move? This question, we must first return to the identity of Long Yun.
Dragon Cloud
The first is a local warlord, a local power faction
。 He was both cooperative and wary of Chiang Kai-shek, and he would not challenge Chiang's authority in the whole country, though
He also resented Chiang's forces for infiltrating Yunnan
Therefore, he will cooperate with the anti-Jiang Wang Jingwei. On the other hand, as a local warlord, he values his own territory more, his own army, and is relatively weak in the idea of unification, so he may choose to reach an agreement with the Japanese side to preserve his territory and strength, which is due to the limitations of his identity. Again, in the early days of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese army drove straight in, Shanghai and Nanjing fell one after another, and the cruelty of the War of Resistance against Japan made him waver. Combined with the three factors, Long Yun will play an important role in the Wang Jingwei incident.
Fortunately, Long Yun finally stopped his horse from the cliff and did not follow Wang Jingwei on the wrong path.
04 Step down overnight
After the victory of the War of Resistance, Chiang Kai-shek transferred the 60th Army and the 93rd Army to Vietnam to accept the surrender of the Japanese army. Long Yun may have relaxed his vigilance against Chiang Kai-shek after the victory and readily agreed. With the main force of the Dian army marching to Vietnam,
In Kunming, however, there were also the 5th Army, the 207th Division of the Central Army, the Airfield Garrison Headquarters, and the 13th Gendarmerie Regiment. In terms of the balance of forces in Kunming City, Long Yun no longer has an advantage.
On October 3, 1945, at the behest of Chiang Kai-shek,
Du Yuming
at
Kunming
Launched the "Ten.Three" coup d'état. He ordered long Yunben to be dismissed from various posts and transferred to the military senate of the Military Commission, and the chairman of the Yunnan provincial government was renewed by Lu Han. On October 4, Long Yun fled to Mount Wuhua,
There was only one guard company at his side
, refusing to accept Chiang Kai-shek's orders. After being persuaded by many people, Long Yun, who realized that the general trend had gone, finally went down the mountain and flew to Chongqing, and began a three-year career of house arrest.
Why did Chiang Kai-shek attack Long Yun at this time? Now it seems that there should be three reasons:
First of all
Long Yun has always regarded Yunnan as his territory, and all political, economic, military and personnel matters must be decided by him; and Chiang Kai-shek has always tried to truly control the whole country.
The contradictions between the two sides have become increasingly acute, and there have been constant open and secret struggles. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Yunnan was a large rear area and needed stability, and Jiang naturally would not solve Longyun at this time. After the victory of the War of Resistance, Chiang's personal prestige reached its peak. At this time, Long Yun continued to insist on the independence of Yunnan, and Chiang Kai-shek regarded Long Yun as a thorn in his eye and a thorn in his flesh, which must be eliminated quickly.
Second, the gradual close ties between Long Yun and our party also made Chiang Kai-shek intolerable.
At the end of 1944, Long Yun secretly joined the Democratic League and assigned Miao Yuntai to contact the leaders of the Democratic League and the Kunming Underground Party on his behalf to discuss the anti-Chiang Kai-shek issue.
Although Long Yun's actions were more to use multiple forces to confront Chiang Kai-shek, they caused Chiang Kai-shek's jealousy even more.
Third, in March 1945, Jiang inspected Yunnan. During Chiang Kai-shek's visit this time, Long Yun had a cold attitude. After Jiang arrived in Kunming, Long Yuntuo fell ill and did not greet Jiang. When meeting Chiang Kai-shek, Long Yun even proposed
The Central Army withdrew from Kunming and Western Yunnan. Chiang Kai-shek deeply felt that "the light insult of the Dian Dragon is cold and cold, which is really unexpected." Long Yun's move made Chiang Kai-shek think that it was necessary to completely solve Long Yun's influence in Yunnan, and his central and personal authority could be promoted in Yunnan.
In 1948, Long Yun escaped from Nanjing and arrived in Hong Kong. On August 13, 1949, Long Yun and others issued a statement in Hong Kong, breaking with Chiang Kai-shek completely. On January 18, 1950, Long Yun arrived in Beijing and served successively
National Defense Commission
Vice Chairman, Member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and other positions
On June 24, 1962, Long Yun died of illness in Beijing.
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