introduction:
When we think about what's going to happen in the future, what comes to mind? None of us may guess what will happen in the future, but the ancients believed that Tan Wei could predict the future, and the Eastern Han Dynasty even regarded it as a state ideology. Let's take a look at the reasons for this!
First, the origin of the weft
In the early days of Chinese history, mysticism prevailed due to the lack of scientific understanding of the world by the ancients. By the Warring States period, different forms of mysticism had arisen in different regions of the vast land of China. The Confucians and alchemists in the land of Yan qi pursued the theory of the five elements of yin and yang, the Qi people Zou Yan put forward the five virtues of the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth, and the Confucians in the land of Han and Zhao put forward the theory of heaven and man induction; and Chu Di has always had the tradition of sacrificing immortals, monsters, witches and ghosts. These doctrines all point in one direction, that is, all human affairs in the world are arranged by Heaven. How will the instructions of Heaven be transmitted to the world? The answer given by Confucians in the Han Dynasty was to rely on Wei Wei.
(Photography of Mountain Ghost)
It's a rumor. Zhang Heng of the Han Dynasty explained the "谶" saying:
Standing before, there are signs in the back, so the wise are noble, called the book of sayings."
。 The Qing Dynasty Siku Guanchen explained:
Slanderer, devious as a hidden word, prejudged auspicious"
。 It is to use mysterious and mysterious language to predict what will happen in the future and the good fortune of things. Judging from the literature, as early as the Qin Dynasty, some rumors already appeared in real political life and had an impact on real politics. The most famous proverb is"
Hu Ye the Late Qin
”。 Qin Shi Huang was very jealous of this rumor, and always regarded the "Hu" in the rumor as the greatest threat to the Qin Empire. Therefore, he sent the general Meng Tian to attack the Xiongnu in the north, build the Great Wall, and recruit a large number of generals to defend the northern frontier. In the end, this proverb finally came true, but the dead Qin Zhihu was not a Hu person, but his younger son Hu Hai.
(Qin Shi Huang of the Great Qin Empire)
Wei is the Wei Book. Siku Kanchen believes that "
The weft, the tributary of the sutra, derives and the parading.
"The Book of Wesles is relative to the Scriptures. The scriptures are Confucian classics, and in the Confucian view, the scriptures are the classics made by the saints. But there are many contents in the scriptures that are difficult to understand, which opens the door to the creation of the book of Wei. The Weishu is generally used to explain and supplement the classics, and its content is generally mixed with a large number of theological superstitions and yin and yang catastrophes. The Confucian classics "Yi, Poetry, Book, Ritual, Music, Spring and Autumn" all have corresponding weishu to compare and extend the meaning of the scriptures.
Proverbs existed independently in the Qin and early Han dynasties. Qin Shi,"
"The sayings are derived from the immortal books that the alchemists have obtained from overseas;"
The First Emperor died and the Emperor divided", "Next year Zu Long died."
"And the sayings that cursed Qin Shi Huang were carved on large stones; Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rebelled and made"
Da Chu Xing, Chen Sheng Wang
The proverb was hidden in the belly of the fish. However, since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "deposed hundreds of families and respected Confucianism alone", Confucian classics became the highest academic authority, so the makers of proverbs generally chose weishu as a carrier. In addition, the content of the mantra and the weft has a strong mystic color, so it is gradually confused, and "weft" has become a general term for the transcendental prophecies of mysticism.
Second, the two Han Dynasties and politics
The study of Wei Wei was finalized in the Han Dynasty. Liu Bang claimed to be the empress dowager, and when he built the legitimacy of the regime, he carefully used the rumors produced by the previous generation. During the Qin Dynasty, it was popular"
There is Tianzi qi in the southeast
"The proverb. As a cloth cloth, Liu Bang held a three-foot sword to pacify the world, becoming the first heavenly son of heaven born of a commoner in Chinese history. Therefore, he tried his best to deify his origins and explain his legitimacy to the world through divine will. On the one hand, he constructed his own story of beheading the White Snake for the Qing Emperor and Liu Mu's pregnancy with Shen Longye. On the other hand, it's borrowing"
There is a heavenly atmosphere in the southeast."
The proverb comes to deify oneself to gain legitimacy to the regime. Some scholars even believe that"
The proverb was actually deliberately constructed by the Liu Bang clique, who misinterpreted the fact that Qin Shi Huang was making a chaotic tour of the southeast to suppress Chu Di, and misinterpreted it as Qin Shi Huang's intention to suppress the Tianzi Qi in the southeast.
Stills of Liu Bang
It was because of the use of rulers that Tan Wei became popular in the Han Dynasty, and many of them were closely related to politics. In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, it appeared"
Gongsun's illness has been established
"The proverb. In the later years of Emperor Wu of Han, due to the contradiction with the ruling ideology of the crown prince Liu Zhao, and the ridicule of the villains, it led to the tragic disaster of witchcraft. In the scourge of the witches, both the crown prince Liu Zhao and his mother Empress Wei Zifu were killed, and the crown prince's line, except for the infant crown prince sun, was protected by the prison lieutenant Feng Ji and was slaughtered. After the death of Emperor Wu of Han, Emperor Zhao died young. The general Huo Guangli wu Emperor Sun Changyi of Liu He, but Liu He was deposed for seizing power with Huo Guang. Huo Guang synthesized the pros and cons, and then li li lied to the crown prince Sun Liu's illness. Just right"
"The proverb. After Gongsun's illness was established as Emperor Xuan of Han (renamed Liu Qian), he was another influential lord of the Han Dynasty. However, Huo Guang's deposing of Liu He was not very legitimate, so Emperor Xuan also vigorously shaped the legitimacy of his ascension to the throne. So it may have been created by the old princelings."
The rumor has undoubtedly become an important reliance.
Stills of Emperor Xuan of Han
By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Confucianism had become the dominant doctrine. Therefore, a large number of rumors have emerged, which has a great impact on realpolitik. Various localities frantically created all kinds of rumors to please those in power, and some ministers used them to explain the disaster and criticize the government. When Wang Mang usurped the throne, he concocted a large number of rumors, most of which were that the Han fortune was over and that there would be a new son of destiny to replace the Son of Heaven of the Han family, and the signs of wei wei pointed to Wang Mang. Before Wang Mang usurped the throne, there was originally a lot of support, but unfortunately he insisted on the "Togu reform system", a series of policy mistakes, resulting in him soon lost the hearts of the people, the world appeared "people think of Han" situation, peasant rebels in various places swarmed.
In the chaos caused by Wang Mang, there were many rumors instructing the new Son of Heaven. One of the proverbs is "
Liu Xiudang was the Son of Heaven
”。 Wang Mang's state teacher Liu Xin, who was once named Liu Xiu, used this rumor to plot rebellion, but ultimately failed. Liu Xin can be said to be Wang Mang's most trusted person, and he also abandoned himself, which can be said to have broken through the last line of defense in Wang Mang's heart. Wang Mang's regime was eventually replaced by a man named Liu Xiu, namely Liu Xiu, the Emperor of Han Guangwu. In the process of re-establishing the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu also attached great importance to Wei Wei. He kept procrastinating until he got the "River Chart Chifu Charm" sent by his old classmates from taixue, which contained"
Liu Xiufa's soldiers could not catch the road, and the four Yi gathered in the dragon fighting field, and the fire was the main fire on the fourth and seventh days
The sentence roughly means that after the founding of the Han Dynasty 280 years later, Liu Xiu led his troops through a great war, defeated the rebels, and re-established the fire virtue of the Han. Liu Xiu borrowed this Weishu to claim the title of emperor, and this book also became the basis for the legitimacy of Liu Xiu's regime.
(Long song line Liu Xiu)
Because the monarchs of the early Eastern Han Dynasty always attached great importance to weiwei, the study of weiwei was also established as the official philosophy of the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty: "
It is the age of the mingtang, the lingtai, the yong, and the northern suburbs of Zhaoyu. Declare the map to the world"
。 Liu Xiu promulgated weiwei as an official ideology and became a must-read book for his subjects. When Emperor Ming of Han arrived, he further strengthened the mystical theory of Wei Wei, corresponding the twenty-eight founding heroes of the Eastern Han Dynasty with the twenty-eight residences in heaven, and emphasizing that the order of their titles and the size of their official positions had already been arranged by heaven. This undoubtedly opened the way for the stars of later generations to correspond with the haojie of the world, such as the good Han constellation of Liangshan. Emperor Guangwu once asked the famous Confucian Huan Tan for advice, and Huan Tan said: "
The subject does not read the proverb"
。 Guangwu was furious and said:
"Huan Tan is not holy, and will be beheaded." "Tan prostrated his head and bled, and for a long time he was relieved." Out of Lu'an County.
It can be seen that the vinaya has become an official unshakable doctrine.
Wen Shijun said:
bibliography:
Sun Yinggang, The Age of Shenwen: Wei Wei, Arithmetic Numbers and medieval Political Studies, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2015 edition.
Zeng Dexiong, "The Origin of Tan Wei", Academic Research, No. 7, 2006.
Huang Pumin, "A Brief Treatise on the Two Han Dynasties", Journal of Tsinghua University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), No. 3, 2008. Yipeng Wang: Mandate of Heaven and Orthodoxy: A Study of Wei Wei and Re-Appointed at the Time of the Two Clans, Master's Thesis of Central China Normal University, 2017.
(Author: Haoran Wenshi Rotten Keren)
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