On June 27, 1956, when Premier Zhou met with the Japanese delegation, he said the following sentence:
"We are very grateful to some Japanese who participated in the Liberation War as doctors, nurses and technicians during the Liberation War, which has strengthened our confidence in forging friendly relations with the Japanese people. Japanese militarism is indeed cruel, but there are many people who have assisted us. ”
The War of Liberation is a war of national unity in our country, in which thousands of revolutionary martyrs were sacrificed, so why are there Japanese in this war?
I. The History of Japan's Invasion of Northeast China
After the Meiji Restoration, Japan's national strength gradually grew, and it began to expand abroad. According to the Tanaka Recital, there are three steps to Japan's invasion of China:
If you want to conquer the world, you must first conquer China. If you want to conquer China, you must first conquer Manchuria. If you want to conquer Manchuria and Mongolia, you must first conquer Korea.
”
After the end of the Sino-Japanese War, the Qing government was unable to protect Korea, resulting in the occupation of Korea and China's Taiwan and other places by the Japanese invaders. After the occupation of Korea, Japan's next target of aggression was China's northeast region. In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese army occupied China's Liaodong Peninsula, established administrative districts in the Liaodong Peninsula, set up administrative bodies, and stationed troops that were the predecessors of the later Japanese Kwantung Army.
After the end of the Xinhai Revolution, the warlords in the northeast competed for it, and finally Zhang Zuolin took control of the situation in the northeast. Although Zhang Zuolin was born in the grass, he was very good at governing the northeast.
Mines were opened in the northeast, railways were built, and factories were built, and the largest heavy industrial base in the country at that time, as well as the largest arsenal in China, were in the northeast region.
Of course, the Japanese were not idle, in order to further invade the northeast, they sent a large number of spies to the northeast, and Chinese mainland to conduct exploration and mapping. Later, at the beginning of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Map of China used by the Invading Japanese Army was more accurate than that used by the Chinese army.
Many of the senior generals of the Japanese army invading China had experience in intelligence work in China, such as Okamura Ninji, Itagaki Seishiro, Kenji Toihara, and others, all of whom were well-known Chinese and had lived in China for more than ten years, or even decades.
In the September 18 Incident, the Northeast Army retreated without a fight, causing the great rivers and mountains in the northeast to fall into the hands of the Japanese Kou. During the Japanese occupation of Northeast China, it wantonly plundered the rich agricultural products, forest resources, coal and iron, and various rare minerals in the Northeast region to meet the needs of its own economic development and huge war consumption.
The resources of the northeast also fed the Kwantung Army, so that the Kwantung Army developed from a mere 20,000 people at the time of the September 18 Incident to a million troops at the outbreak of the Pacific War, becoming the largest, best-armed, and most powerful army among the four major Japanese fronts, and gradually gained the strength to invade China in an all-round way.
Second, after the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the chaotic situation in the northeast
In the early morning of August 9, 1945, 1.5 million Soviet Red Army marched in four directions to northeast China to fight the Japanese Kwantung Army stationed there. The Soviet army advanced quickly, the Soviet Guards Sixth Tan Group Army, on the first day of the advance of 100 kilometers, the Soviet air force also began to bomb Changchun, Harbin and other areas of the Kwantung Army headquarters.
On August 15, the Emperor of Japan announced his unconditional surrender, and Tohoku was liberated. When the northeast was just liberated, the Eighth Route Army led by Li Yunchang quickly sent troops to the northeast, among them
The 16th Military Subdistrict of the Eighth Route Army's Jireliao Military Region was the first unit to enter the northeast, and Zeng Kelin received a large amount of weapons and equipment in the northeast, and in just two months, the 4,000 people of the 16th Military Sub-district were expanded to 80,000 troops.
Later, Zeng Kelin took a Soviet plane to Yan'an to report on his work, and the Yan'an side quickly issued an order to dispatch 20,000 local cadres and 100,000 elite troops to the northeast region to establish base areas and armed forces. He also said that he would rather give up all the bases in the south and occupy the entire northeast region.
In fact, the Kuomintang army also saw the importance of the northeast region, but when the War of Resistance was just over, the Kuomintang army shrank in the southwest region, not to mention going to the northeast, even to south China, east China is very difficult. At the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Su Yu led his troops to surround Nanjing. It was not until early 1946 that the Kuomintang army began to march northeast.
On February 8, 1946, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Du Yuming to command the Northeast Kuomintang Army to launch a large-scale attack on the Northeast Democratic Coalition Army, and the First Part of the New Sixth Army, the Fifty-third Army and the Thirteenth Army marched in Jinzhou along the sides of the Beining Road to Shenyang. The southern road was the 22nd Division of the New Sixth Army, attacked by the line of Goubangzi and Dahushan, occupying Panshan and Tai'an on the 10th, and occupying Liaozhong on the 14th. The 52nd Army, which was in the areas of Black Mountain and Beizhen, continued to advance to the outskirts of Shenyang with its 25th Division after occupying Xinmin. The north road was the 89th Division of the 13th Army, which was dispatched by Fuxin and Zhangwu and successively invaded the Xiushui River between Luhuanchi and Zhangwu and Faku in the northeast of Fuxin.
Although the Eighth Route Army was advanced in the northeast, the Kuomintang army at that time was fully equipped with American weapons and equipment, as well as strong air support, and its firepower was very powerful. The Northeast Democratic United Army (later the Northeast Field Army, the Fourth Field Army) had just been reorganized from the Tu Eighth Route Army.
Although a large number of weapons of the Japanese Kwantung Army were captured, the weapons of the Japanese army were simply not enough to see in the face of powerful American weapons.
At that time, there were many factories in the northeast that had been demolished by the Soviet army and needed to be built quickly, and at that time, the cultural penetration rate of our country was very low, and there were very few skilled workers. In this case, we looked at the Japanese prisoners of war of the Kwantung Army who had already surrendered.
3. The Japanese army of the Northeast Field Army
In fact, it was not only the Northeast Field Army that absorbed a part of the Japanese army, but also a part of the Japanese army within the Kuomintang at that time, such as Okamura Ningji, the former commander of the dispatch army for invading China, who became Chiang Kai-shek's guest of honor. After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, in order to deal with the People's Liberation Army, Yan Xishan incorporated more than 6,600 of the most elite personnel of the Japanese First Army and reorganized it into the Army's provisional independent Tenth Column, which was later discovered, partially abolished, and reorganized into the Taiyuan Appeasement Office Teaching Corps.
In 1949, after Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan, in order to strengthen Taiwan's defense forces, he spent a lot of money to recruit 20,000 Japanese soldiers from Japan, and also invited many Japanese instructors to train Taiwan's Kuomintang troops. To this end, Sun Liren also quarreled with Chiang Kai-shek, but because the training effect of the Japanese army was indeed stronger than that of the US military instructors, Sun Liren had no way.
Compared with the Kuomintang troops, the Plaster did not incorporate the combat units of the Japanese army, but mainly engineers, technicians, drivers, doctors, and nurses. thereinto
The Ministry of Health of the Northeast Field Military Region has the largest number of recruits, with nearly 10,000 people, more than 2,000 people in the Military Industry Department, more than 2,000 people in the quartermaster department, and of course, some other personnel, such as car drivers, train drivers, ordnance engineers, flight instructors, accountants, etc.
The Battle of Montenegro was a very crucial battle during the Liaoshen Campaign, and the Tenth Column of the Northeast Field Army blocked the crazy attack of six armies of Liao Yaoxiang's Western Advance Corps and more than 200,000 people in 18 divisions, and the Tenth Column of Dongye paid huge casualties for this.
At that time, the field military hospital rescued more than 2,000 wounded in three days and three nights, many Japanese doctors and Japanese nurses did not close their eyes for three days and three nights, and they ate on the operating table. Almost all of the Hospital's Japanese doctors and nurses had transfused blood to the PLA wounded.
When Masako Honma, a Japanese doctor who had participated in the battle, later returned to China, he said: "At that time, after three days and three nights, everyone lay down unconscious, and people were tired like dead people, looking at the wounded who had broken limbs and legs, bloodied, and dying, and immediately struggled to get up and rescue their comrades who were living and dying." ”
There are many outstanding meritorious officers and men among the Japanese officers and men of the Four Wilds, and Hayashi Yaichiro,Motoyasu, who was formerly the Fourth Training Brigade of the Second Air Corps of the Japanese Kwantung Army, is a typical representative. After the outbreak of the War of Liberation, the Yan'an side drew up a large number of capable forces to establish aviation schools in the northeast and an air force belonging to the PLA itself. But in that era, we did not have our own technical talents, and it was impossible to establish an aviation school, and this flying group of the Japanese army played a great role.
When the ace group of the Kwantung Army joined the Northeast Democratic United Army, there were 20 pilots, 24 mechanics, 72 mechanics and nearly 200 other ground support personnel. The Old Northeast Aviation School, composed of these Japanese officers and soldiers as the backbone, has become the cradle of the Chinese Air Force. A total of 160 pilots were trained here, of which 23 participated in the military parade of the founding ceremony.
Wang Hai, commander of the Air Force at that time, Lin Hu, deputy commander of the Air Force, Liu Yudi, commander of the Air Force of the Beijing Military Region, and Zhang Jihui, who had shot down the Ace Pilot of the US Army, Davis, and others all came out of here.
At that time, many Japanese technical engineers were assigned to all parts of the country, and in the autumn of 1950, Gansu was going to build a railway, but there was a shortage of relevant engineers and technical workers.
800 Japanese railway technicians and their families were sent to Tianshui, Gansu Province, to be responsible for the construction of the railway from Lanzhou to Tianshui, and the Japanese railway technicians who arrived in Tianshui, in addition to building the Tianlan Line, some personnel were also transferred to build the Lanxin Railway and the Shanxi Railway.
Fourth, the life of Shino Japanese veterans
Since 1953, these Shino Japanese veterans have returned to China as Japanese expatriates. Of course, there are also many people who do not want to return to China, because these Japanese expatriates have lived in China for many years and have no relatives or friends in Japan.
After returning to China, these Japanese veterans who had participated in the People's Liberation Army were immediately monitored by the Japanese Police Agency and relevant security services, and it took a long time to restore their freedom. However, after these people regained their freedom, they were generally discriminated against by the Japanese people, some could not find jobs, and some found jobs and were discriminated against by colleagues or superiors.
In 2002, the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan, Japan's NHK television broadcast a feature film entitled "The Japanese Who Were Retained", and this history was known to more people.