Kangxi was wary of his son Yin Rong, but Zhu Yuanzhang fully trusted Zhu Biao, why the attitudes of the two were diametrically opposed
Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Emperor, and Kangxi Emperor, the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, were both well-known emperors in Chinese history, but the contrast between the problems of these two emperors in the heirs was intriguing. Also father and son, Kangxi was full of wariness about his son Yin, and finally did not have any family affection at all; but Zhu Yuanzhang trusted Zhu Biao very much, and the affection between father and son was very strong.
The reasons behind this incident are complex to say, but they can be summed up in three points:
First: the political environment of the Ming and Qing dynasties
As the founder of the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang began in the late wei, attached great importance to family affection, and at the same time saw very thoroughly the problem of power breeding ambition and ambition breeding persecution, in order to prevent the cannibalism between sons, in the year when he said that King Wu, he made the eldest son Zhu Biao as the son of the world, and after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Biao was further made crown prince.
In order to create a stable and peaceful imperial succession system, after the founding of the people's republic, Zhu Yuanzhang immediately determined the feudal system of the king of the domain, with the king of the domain as the central imperial court, objectively weakening the possibility of the king of the clan and the courtiers forming a party to seize power, and reducing the pressure of the crown prince to succeed to the throne, so that the crown prince Zhu Biao had no competitive pressure, naturally did not rush to expand his power, did not rush to succeed to the throne, and there was no risk of recklessness.
The imperial succession of the Qing Dynasty was different, neither the Han chinese primogeniture system, nor the Mongol system of the youngest son shouzao system, but the establishment of the reserve at the time of death. Throughout the Qing Dynasty, there was no solid succession system, it was completely "selecting the best and the best", to put it bluntly, whoever had the big fist and the strong head became the emperor. For example, after Nurhaci's death, Huang Taiji won from the four great belles; after Huang Taiji's death, Dorgon and Hauge could not stand each other and compromised to choose the Shunzhi Emperor; and Kangxi's succession benefited from his surviving the smallpox virus, and his brothers all died...
During the Kangxi Dynasty, although he made Yinrong crown prince, ten years later he also awarded knighthoods and eight banner lords to six brothers of Prince Yinrong. Not only to give rights, but also to people. To some extent, stemming from the manchu stereotype, the bannermen of these princes also supported their lords and princes to have the right to inherit the throne, and the famous Kowloon conquest of the Kangxi period began. His sons desperately expanded their power and tried their best to increase their winning margins, so that the prince Yin Rong, who was under great competitive pressure, would stand by and naturally go down and fight with all his might, even to the point of threatening the stability of the imperial power, kangxi himself became one of the victims, and had to beware of the desperate risks of prince Yin Rong and other sons, like Tang Taizong Li Shimin, to carry out a military coup, kill his brothers, and put himself under house arrest. In this way, what is the theory of father-son affection?
Second: the personality problems of Zhu Biao and Yin Rong
In a feudal autocratic dynasty, the relationship between the emperor and the prince is both father and son and competitor, after all, one is the current emperor and the other is the next emperor. This kind of political struggle involving the succession of imperial power, it is difficult to avoid courtiers from turning to the prince out of political speculation, and when the prince has a great power, the emperor's status is threatened, and the scene of father and son killing each other is repeatedly prohibited.
Kangxi and Yinrong are a father-son combination, Kangxi first does not say, although the prince Yinrong has long been in the name of the prince, but his character defects are obvious. According to historical records, yinrong's eighteenth brother was seriously ill to death, and the other brothers were all grief-stricken, but Yinrong did not show any sadness and sadness, so he was evaluated by his father Kangxi as "
No fraternity at all."
At that time, Kangxi was old, and the pain of losing his son made him sick, at this time, Yin Rong actually "approached the cracks in Putrajaya every night to peep", to put it bluntly, he wished that his father Kangxi fell ill and died, and he succeeded to the throne as soon as possible.
From this point of view, The prince Yin Rong was quite blind and unsympathetic. Born in the royal family, no matter for the sake of fame, status and other interests, not to mention the political show failed, IQ is also worrying, even the desire for his father's early death has also been seen, if he can become the emperor, it is to laugh off the big teeth, and finally the father and son are like strangers, and it is reasonable to be deposed by the second prince.
In contrast, the feelings and ways of getting along between Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Biao's father and son were very rare in the feudal dynasties of previous dynasties. This is a true and objective evaluation, not a Spring and Autumn brushwork.
First of all, the personality of father and son, Zhu Yuanzhang is domineering and strong, Zhu Biao is lenient and gentle, this combination is just complementary, is very good, not "same-sex repulsion". In addition, Zhu Biao is not only a person with leniency and gentleness, but also dares to adhere to principles at some times, which belongs to the character of softness and inner rigidity. For example, once Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to kill a large number of heroes, Zhu Biao could not see it anymore, and persuaded his father to say that killing too many people was afraid of hurting and anger, Zhu Yuanzhang used a wooden stick with thorns as an analogy, saying that if he wanted to hand over the wooden stick to Zhu Biao's hand, he would have to pull out the thorns on the wooden sticks, and the so-called wooden sticks were the imperial power, and the so-called thorns were the heroes who were unruly and highly powerful.
As a result, Zhu Biao replied: The emperor is a virtuous monarch like Yao Shun, and the ministers will be the subjects who support Yao Shun.
It means that Father, you are not wise yourself, how can you blame the minister for having different intentions? There is no doubt that this is a political confrontation between father and son, and Zhu Biao, who has always been lenient and gentle and honest, refuses to go along with his father on such major matters, and is a person who adheres to principles. In addition, he has followed his father to rise from the chaotic world since childhood, his emotional intelligence is very high, and his father, ministers, and brothers have good relations, not only have seen the bloody rain can not be alarmed, but also has a wealth of experience in handling political affairs, Zhu Yuanzhang is naturally very satisfied with this heir, very trusting him.
Third: Zhu Yuanzhang and Kangxi's restrictions on their sons
The relationship between the emperor and the prince is not only affected by the above two points, but also has an important problem, that is, the emperor's decentralization of power to the prince, too much decentralization will be a problem.
Kangxi lied to Yinrong as the crown prince, first out of emotional tendencies, but in the relationship between the monarch and the subject, it is obvious that Kangxi did not grasp the degree of decentralization, let alone dominate the direction of Yinrong. At the beginning of Kangxi, when He established Yin Rong as the crown prince, he specially made the Ming Feng Ci Hall the Eastern Palace, and at the same time handed over the most important banner people in the Eight Banners to Yin Rong, and after Yin Rong became an adult, he also entrusted major matters such as sacrifices to Yin Rong, in addition, he arranged the best education team and the best living conditions for Yin Rong, and when Kangxi personally conquered Gardan, he also let him supervise the country, etc. In the eyes of everyone, the increasingly powerful prince Yin Rong was already the next emperor, even Yin Rong himself thought so, so his behavior became more and more obedient...
This is the so-called excessive decentralization, so that Yin Rong breeds ambition, does a lot of arrogant things, Kangxi did not teach him in time at the beginning, blindly appeased love, and finally led to tragedy.
On the other hand, in the matter of the succession of power, Zhu Yuanzhang was more far-sighted and powerful than Kangxi.
Although Zhu Yuanzhang trusted his son Zhu Biao, he was very sober in the relationship between the monarch and the subject, although in order to cultivate Zhu Biao to be a teacher for a luxurious team of founding heroes, he did not make the crown prince Zhu Biao the Zhongshu Ling, making his Eastern Palace power system independent of the imperial power, and the people who belonged to the Eastern Palace were Zhu Yuanzhang's confidants, rather than becoming a princely party. That is to say, at the beginning, Zhu Yuanzhang did not let his son Zhu Biao contact too much power, so that Zhu Biao would not breed ambition because of power, so that Zhu Biao was on the weak side in terms of personality and father-son relationship, so that the father-son relationship was very good, and the relationship between the monarch and the subject would not be excessive.