The multiplication table is a calculation recipe that primary school students must memorize, starting from "one by one" and ending with "nine-nine-eighty-one", but in our ancient times, it was reversed, starting from "nine-nine-eighty-one" to "two-two get-four".
In the summer of 2002, the Qin Jian excavated by Liye in Hunan Province suddenly appeared in a complete "multiplication table". This earth-shattering discovery rewrote the world's mathematical history. From June to July 2002, it was found in Well No. 1 of Liye Ancient City, Liye Town, Longshan County, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, with a total of more than 36,000 pieces. The main content is the archives of Qianling County, Qindongting County, which covers a wide range of issues, including administrative setup, appointment and removal of officials, judicial documents, and material registration.
For the significance of the discovery of the Qin Dynasty Jian Mu in Liye, scholars believe that it is another major discovery in the archaeology of the Qin Dynasty after the Terracotta Warriors of Qin Shi Huang, and its research results will greatly fill the gap in historical materials. Its importance lies in the fact that it will greatly change and enrich people's original knowledge structure, and will fundamentally change the face of Qin history research.
Qin Hunan Xiangxi Longshan Liye Mujian
Collection of The Qinjian Museum in Hunan Province
On June 23, 2002, people saw the whole picture of The First Ancient Well for the first time. This is a huge well up to 17 meters deep, built at the end of the Warring States period, in the excavation process, this 2,000-year-old ancient well withstood the huge pressure of sudden emptying, in this dangerous 20 days, well No. 1 experienced a flood outbreak of severe oxygen deficiency and wellhead continuous cracking, fortunately all the archaeological team members and underground cultural relics finally returned to the surface safely. For safety reasons, when the last archaeologist evacuated the bottom of the well, the bottom of the well was closed by water injection.
The ancient city of Riez
After the final statistics, from the No. 1 well of The ancient city of Liye unearthed a total of more than 36,000 Pieces of Qin Jian, the text reached hundreds of thousands of words, all of which are the archives of the Official Office of Qianling County, Dongting County, Qin Dynasty, and the sudden appearance of these Jian Mu has injected unprecedented vitality into the history and archaeological research of the Qin Dynasty, and also provided people today with fresh samples about China's first unified era.
In the Hunan Provincial Archaeological Institute, the protection and collation of Jian Mu lasted for several years, and finally presented a huge Qin Dynasty archive. Among the huge number of Janes, Zhang Chunlong found that there was a Jane that looked very special, unlike other Janes with full of words, this Jane was full of numbers. This is the oldest "Multiplication Recipe Table" found in China, and the content on it is not much different from today's students' multiplication tips. "Two halves and one" obviously contains fractional calculations, subverting our cognition.
Qin LiyemuJian - Multiplication Recipe Table (left)
This batch of Qin Dynasty Jian Mu, which has been buried for more than 2200 years, is from the 25th year of the Qin Dynasty to the first year of the Qin Dynasty, and the records are detailed to the month and day, and the ten years are continuous. Previously, the record of the Qin Dynasty in the ancient Chinese history was less than a thousand words. Experts believe that Liye Qinjian is an extremely important encyclopedic log-like record, which is another amazing discovery of Qin Dynasty archaeology after the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, and contains great academic value.
Liyemu simplified form system is diverse, common length 23cm, width and narrowness are different, some as wide as 10cm or length 46cm, most of the text belongs to Qin Li, evolved from the small seal, and Hubei Longgang Sleeping Tiger Land Qin Jian font is similar, still exists in the seal law of the trend of change, taking the momentum is extremely strong. Professor Li Jiahao, a professor at the Department of Chinese of Peking University, said that after the Qin unified China, the "book and the same text" were implemented, and the small seal was commonly used throughout the country, but there were exceptions on some occasions, such as the general official documents in order to pursue practicality, convenience, and simplicity, and were written by Qin Li.
This batch of Qin Jian is of great ornamental value, bold with a pen, vigorous and unrestrained, and is a rare calligraphy art of the Qin Dynasty.
Guo Weimin, deputy director of the Hunan Provincial Institute of Archaeology, said that a large number of Jian Mu fonts found by Liye Qinjian include ancient seal books, ancient Lishu books, and Lizhong belt letters. The characters are all written in pen and ink, the strokes are flat and short, the handwriting is neat, and the pen is smooth and free; the Simplified Font is different in complexity and simplicity, and the posture is different.
Paleographer Zhang Chunlong believes that Liye Qinjian's writings are all centered, the strokes are vigorous, and the artistic conception is vibrant. Many strokes in the Qinjian script, especially the strokes of skimming, pinching, vertical, and dot, are very delicate. Such a large number of Jian Mu characters are of great significance for the study of the evolution of small seals and lishu.
□□81 □□72 7963 69 54 59 35 49 36
39 27 298 8864 7850 6 6848 58 38 48 32
38 24 286 77 3967 325 7 5 47 28 3 7 21
Twenty-seven-four six-six thirty. Six Five Six Thirty Four Six Twenty Four Three Sixty Eight Two Sixty Two Five Five Twenty Five Four Twenty Five Twenty-
Three fifty-five two five and ten four forty-six three forty-two two four and eight three three three and nine two three and six
Two two and four one one and two two halves and one thousand one hundred and thirteen words
In Qin Jian, the earliest and most complete table of multiplication recipes in the mainland was found. Multiplication is the basic tool for initiating children to memorize numbers. The multiplication table before 2200 is surprisingly consistent with the multiplication table used in today's life, and it provides a precious physical material for the study of the history of world arithmetic. Among them, the multiplication recipe of the ancients also covers fractional operations such as two halves and one, which is different from modern textbooks.
This batch of Qin Jian rewrote the history of the development of mathematics in the world, and the earliest multiplication recipe table in the West was discovered 1600 years ago, which shows that our Chinese nation invented the multiplication recipe table more than 600 years earlier than the West, and the splendid Chinese civilization has once again been strongly proved.
At the end of the recipe list, what exactly does "one hundred and thirteen words" mean? So far no one has cracked it.
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