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Today I would like to talk about several contents, one is the poetry before the Tang Dynasty, briefly introducing a few sentences; the second is the general situation of Tang poetry; the third is to talk about the "poetry immortal" Li Bai; and the fourth is to talk about the "poetry saint" Du Fu.
The Chinese nation is a great nation, China is vast, rich in products, has a long history and a splendid culture. In the splendid cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation, there are many treasures, poetry is undoubtedly a string of pearls among them, if Chinese poetry is likened to a vast universe, Tang poetry is undoubtedly the most brilliant galaxy, this splendid galaxy is composed of large and small stars and large and small constellations.
1
Poetry of the pre-Qin period
Before the Tang Dynasty, there were three stages in poetry: the first was the pre-Qin period, which was mainly the Book of Poetry and the Chu Ci, and the Book of Poetry and the Chu Ci were like two great rivers irrigating the pastoral of later literature, and the later Chinese operas, novels, essays, and so on, were not exempt from the irrigation of these two great rivers. The Book of Poetry is the crystallization of the central culture of the Yellow River Basin, while the Chu Ci is undoubtedly the crystallization of the southern culture of the Yangtze River Basin. The Book of Poetry is the product of our collective composition, with folk songs as the mainstay and collective singing, while the Chu Ci is undoubtedly Qu Yuan's personal independent singing. Qu Yuan was the first great poet in the history of Chinese poetry to leave a name. From the Book of Poetry to the Chu Ci, Chinese poetry has gone from collective singing to individual singing, which is a great leap in the history of China's poetry development. Since then, the mainstream of Chinese poetry has been mainly individual independent singing. Qu Yuan was the first great poet to leave a name, and his greatest poem was "Leaving sorrow". With a total of more than 370 sentences and more than 2480 words, "Leaving the Troubles" is the longest, greatest, and most magnificent political lyric poem in the history of ancient Chinese poetry.
2
Han Dynasty Lefu poems
Before the Tang Dynasty, the second stage of poetry was the Lefu poem of the Han Dynasty, that is, the ancient poem "Nineteen Ancient Poems" of the literati of the Han Dynasty. Jian'an at the end of the Han Dynasty was an important era name for the last emperor of the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Xian of Han. The Eastern Han Dynasty from 25 AD to 220 AD, Jian'an from 196 AD to 220 AD, these 25 years, when talking about history, is undoubtedly the last period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but when we talk about literary history, we take it as the beginning of a new literary era, called "Jian'an Literature". There are "three Caos" in this, namely Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi. Cao Cao was a great hero in Chinese history, not only a great statesman, but also a great military man, but also a great writer. Chairman Mao liked Cao Cao very much, and he also liked Cao Cao's poetry, saying that Cao Cao's poetry was majestic, generous and sad, and it was a big stroke.
Cao Cao has a poem that we all know, called "Guancang Sea", which is the first great poem in the history of Chinese poetry to sing about the sea, cao Cao wrote in this poem: "East of Jieshi, to guancang sea, water and water, mountains and islands, trees, grasses, autumn winds, flood waves." Then he went on to say: "The journey of the sun and the moon, if out of it", means that the sun and the moon move as if they are in the sea; then he says: "The stars are brilliant, if they are out of it", which means that the brilliant stars and the Milky Way seem to be reflected in the sea. The sun and the moon he wrote about are the most brilliant in the universe, but even the most brilliant sun, out of the sea, and falling in the sea, as if a day has not left the embrace of the sea. So he wrote the magnificent momentum of the sea wrapping up the universe (containing and conceiving the universe) and swallowing the sun and the moon. We often say that when we stand in front of the sea, our hearts will be open, our souls will be purified, and our realm will be elevated. Therefore, I hope that everyone's hearts are as open as the sea, and there must be an atmospheric embrace, and the atmosphere can become a big instrument.
3
Wei and Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties Poetry
Before the Tang Dynasty, the third stage refers to the poetry of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, that is, the poetry of the Six Dynasties. During the 400 years of the Wei and Jin dynasties, the greatest poet was Tao Yuanming, who was born in 365 AD in the middle of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (the Eastern Jin Dynasty was from 316 AD to 420 AD), died in 427 AD, and after the fall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he lived another 7 years, living in the Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty. Song Qi Liang Chen, the capital of these four dynasties are all in Nanjing, Jiangsu. There are a total of twenty-four canonical histories in China, one is called the Book of Jin, and in the Book of Jin there is the Biography of Tao Yuanming; there is a history called the History of nan, and in the history of the South there is the Biography of Tao Yuanming; there is also a history called the Book of Song, and there is also a Biography of Tao Yuanming in the Book of Song. From this point of view, How remarkable Tao Yuanming is, one person into three history books!
Regarding Tao Yuanming, I will make two points today: The first point is his proud bone that refuses to bend his waist for five buckets of rice. He once wrote: "How can I bend my waist for five buckets of rice and go to the children in the countryside." I think people need to be a little proud, if a person does not have a proud bone, he is a spiritual mollusk, a lifetime can only crawl under the feet of others, can only crawl and walk. So I like very much a famous quote by Mr. Xu Beihong, who said: "People must not be proud, but they must not be proud." The second point is that after he lived in seclusion in the countryside, he described and praised the beauty of the countryside with full enthusiasm. The countryside is the field in which the most common laborers live. In China, from ancient times to Tao Yuanming, no one has ever been able to look up to the life of the working people at the lowest level. For the first time, Tao Yuanming wrote with full enthusiasm, "More than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine grass houses." The eaves of the elm willow shade, in front of the tao li luo hall. Ambiguous distant village, clinging to the smoke in the ruins. Dogs bark in deep alleys, chickens chirp mulberry trees upside down", how well written! He composed idyllic poems about the lives of China's lowest working people.
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sweet-smelling
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Professor and doctoral supervisor of the Department of Chinese, Peking University, academic member of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Peking University, vice president of the Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies of Peking University, vice president of the Journal of Chinese Literature and Social Sciences, member of the Academic Committee of the Institute of Chinese Studies of Peking University, and member of the editorial board of Sinology Research. His research interests include: ancient Chinese literature, especially Tang and Song poetry. The books he has edited include "Dictionary of Love And Sentences in Poetry of Past Dynasties", "Dictionary of Literature Encyclopedia", "400 Commonly Used Sayings in Chinese and Chinese", "Hundred Fishing Songs", etc.; translations include "Tang and Song Dynasty Words Research", "Japanese Filler Words History", etc.; monographs include "Tang Poetry and Song Poetry".
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