Summary of the report
3
Third game
The third report was presided over by Yang Shugang, associate researcher of the Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.
Guo Yanli: "Xia Shang Culture in Guanzhong From Lace Jars"
Guo Yanli, professor at the School of History and Culture of Shaanxi Normal University, gave a report entitled "Xia Shang Culture in Guanzhong From Lace Jars." The lace jar is one of the characteristic artifacts in the Xia Shang culture of the Guanzhong area, which can reflect the exchange of different cultures to a certain extent. The lace jars of the Xia Dynasty were found in the eastern part of Guanzhong and the western part of Guanzhong, and there were many types. The old niupo type, the Donglongshan type, and the Shizuitou type (temporarily named in the central and western parts of the Guan) various cultures coexist peacefully, and the lace jar plays a certain role as a communication carrier in it. The Dongyang type of the Shang Dynasty lace jar in the western part of Guanzhong and the eastern part of Guanzhong is almost absent, and only the Shang culture Nansha type and the Lao Niupo-Beicun type and the Laoniupo culture are found in the eastern Part of Guanzhong. The single type of artifact reflects the exchange between Shang culture and local culture, as well as the rejection of local culture represented by lace jars by the pre-Zhou culture and Lijiaya culture. The lace jars in the Guanzhong area originated from the Second Phase culture, the Erlitou culture, and the Qijia culture of Keshengzhuang, and did not die with the replacement of the Xia Shang Dynasty, but did not appear after the Western Zhou Dynasty, which also shows the difference in the strategic policy of the Xia Shang Zhou Dynasty to the eastern part of Guanzhong.
Tian Jianwen: "The Remains of the Xia Dynasty in Tao Temple and Stone Temple"
Tian Jianwen, a researcher at the Shanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute, made a report entitled "The Remains of the Xia Dynasty in Tao Temple and Shi'an". In 2002 and 2005, a total of 28 tombs were cleaned up in the northeast of the RAMMed earth of Tao Temple II.FJT1 (i.e., the "Observatory"), of which the tomb 2002 II.M22 is represented. Fragments of straight-mouthed pot-shaped axes, kettle stoves, single-handle bristles, small-mouth folded shoulder jars, and hoop-foot jars were unearthed in unturned filled soil. After comparing with the existing single-handle bristles, amphora pots, flat pots, etc. at the Tao Temple site, it is judged that these tombs belong to the Longshan Era and before the Erlitou culture, and have entered the Xia Dynasty. Tao Temple has the following enlightenment for the study of the Shi'a site: the double-glazed mane is divided into side mounting, formal wear, and the law of change is wide arc crotch, wide flat crotch, pointed corner crotch; the current archaeological materials can only show that the Tao Temple has survived to northern Shaanxi and south-central Inner Mongolia; the mouth cup and mouth spring found in Shi'an are all Xia Dynasty, and the Tao Temple has also found a mouth, and the dating data is earlier than that of Shi'an, and it cannot be considered that his age is early because there are more mouth springs found in Shi'an.
Chang Huaiying: "From the Discovery of the Xinxia Ruins to the Relationship between Erlitou and Dongxia Feng"
Chang Huaiying, an associate researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, gave a report entitled "From the Discovery of the Xinxia Site to the Relationship between Erlitou and Dongxia Fengzhi.". According to the report, one of the key reasons restricting the understanding of the relationship between Dongxiafeng and Erlitou is the lack of data in the Qinxi Jiyuan area of Wangwu and the eastern foothills of Dongtiao Mountain, and the discovery of the Xinxia site makes it possible to further advance the relevant research. The Xinxia site is located at the Xuanguan Pass, west of the Pass is the Yuanqu Basin, which is the site of the Erlitou Culture Period, the westernmost part of northwest Henan in the current published materials, and is located between Erlitou and Dongxiafeng. The site is not high in grade and small in size, but it is rare to have very detailed staging and statistics. This statistical data can help us further understand the similarities and differences between the Qinxi type, the Northern Henan type and the Erlitou type, and the Dongxiafeng type, and provide a key fulcrum for us to think about the archaeological relationship between the Qinxi region and the Late Erlitou culture in the Yuanqu Basin.
4
Fourth game
The fourth report was presided over by Chen Guoliang, an associate researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Cui Junjun: "2020-2021 Summer County Dongxia Feng Site Survey and Exploration Work Harvest"
Dr. Cui Junjun of Shanxi Archaeological Research Institute made a report entitled "Survey and Exploration Work Harvest of Dongxiafeng Site in Xiaxia County, Xia County in 2020-2021". The report introduces the overview of the Dongxiafeng site and the survey and exploration work in the past two years, and puts forward some preliminary understandings. The first is the scope and cultural connotation of the Dongxiafeng site: its existing area is about 1.1 million square meters, mainly distributed in the west and north of Dongxiafeng Village, across the banks of the Qinglong River. Cultural connotations include the remains of the late Yangshao period, the early Longshan period, the late Longshan period, and the early Shang period of the Summer Solstice. From the late Yangshao period to the Xia Shang period, the settlement expanded roughly from southwest to northeast. The second is the discovery of the east down Feng Mall: it is initially believed that the southwest of the mall is a storage area, the central part is a residential area, the east has a pottery making area, and the north is the core area. The construction of the east-down Feng Shangcheng may be related to flood control, and the trench may be connected to the Qinglong River. Third, through the investigation and exploration of the qinglong River channel, it was found that the river channel had a swing, and it may have crossed northwest of the site during the Xia and Shang dynasties.
Cui Zongliang: Archaeological Observations of "Xiangqian Emperor Qiu" and "Xiangfa Zhuyi": On the Origin and Development of Xia Culture
Cui Zongliang, a lecturer at Anyang Normal College, gave a report entitled "Archaeological Observations on the "Xiangqian Emperor Qiu" and "Xiangfa Zhuyi"--On the Origin and Development of Xia Culture". Xiangdu Diqiu is the Imperial Qiu of the Wei capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which is the site of Gaocheng in Puyang County today. The remains of the late Hougang II culture in Puyang area are extremely rich, which should be the archaeological reflection of the "Xiangqian Diqiu", and the expansion of the late Hougang II culture to the Luxi area is related to the "Xiangfa Zhuyi". The late Hougang II culture is the early Xia culture, which is roughly equivalent to the Yu Jiekang period. The culture of the Xinzhan Period is mainly derived from the Hougang Phase II culture Wang Youfang type, which is the middle Xia culture, which is the Xia culture after Shaokang Zhongxing, which is about equivalent to the Zhu to The Period; the Erlitou Culture Phase I to III is the late Xia culture, equivalent to the Yinjia to Jie period. The early and middle period culture of Hougang II is the pre-Xia culture, or the "Youchongshi" culture, while the Mengzhuang II culture may be related to the Gaoyang clan.
Fu Yongdang: "Settlements and Society in the Longshan Cultural Period of Haojiatai in Haocheng"
Fu Yongdang, lecturer at the School of History and Culture of Henan University, gave a report entitled "Settlements and Societies in the Longshan Cultural Period of Haojiatai in Haocheng." The report suggests that Haojiatai may have been a military stronghold, as evidenced by the following: the second to fifth phases of the Haojiatai Longshan culture had walls or trenches as defensive facilities; agricultural production tools are rare among relics, but weapons such as arrows and hammers are unusually abundant; and the form of residence and cemeteries reflect inconsistent group identity. On this basis, through the analysis of the morphology of microscopic settlements and the distribution patterns of relics, the social organization structure, production and life of Haojiatai settlements, and the evolution of settlements are discussed. It is proposed that haojiatai settlement members may have several categories of military leaders, combatants and military dependents; there is no social differentiation based on wealth among members of society, and production and life have obvious collective colors; textile-related handicrafts occupy a special position in the settlement, which may be the main work of the settlement members outside military tasks.
Bao Yingjian: A Study on social complexity in western Henan and southern Jin dynasties from the late Neolithic period to the Erlitou period: An Investigation Based on the Perspective of Tomb Diversity
Bao Yingjian, associate professor of the School of History and Culture of Henan Normal University, made a report entitled "Research on Social Complexity in The Southern Henan Region of Western Henan and Southern Henan from the Late Neolithic period to the Erlitou Period: An Investigation Based on the Perspective of Tomb Diversity". The report focuses on the study of social complications in the southern Henan and Jin dynasties. A better approach to "diversified perspectives" is to combine multiple research angles, that is, to superimpose multiple dimensions to explore the changes in tombs; to further subdivide the research angles according to the criteria of tomb size, shape, burial items, bone burial styles, and differences in burial customs, and to investigate the diachronic changes in tombs in multiple aspects. The southern Henan and southern Henan regions are the core areas for the birth of Chinese civilization, and the report examines the process of social complexity in the southern Henan and Jin dynasties by comprehensively and systematically sorting out the diachronic changes of tombs in the late Neolithic period to the Erlitou period in the southern Henan and Southern Henan regions.
Cui Chunpeng: Scientific Research on Metallurgical Relics Excavated from the Site of Xiwubi in Shanxi County, Shanxi
Cui Chunpeng, a librarian at the Archaeological Research Institute of the National Museum of China, made a report entitled "Scientific Research on Metallurgical Relics Excavated from the Xiwubi Site in Shanxi County". The report analyzes the ruins and relics from the perspective of metallurgical archaeology, and then conducts micro-regional observation and composition analysis of metallurgical relics such as slag and ore at various stages of the site to reveal the relevant technical characteristics, and believes that the final products are all red copper, and the smelting level of the Erligang period should be quite improved compared with the late Erlitou period, and discuss its ore source and bronze industry pattern in the context of the times. The report's scientific analysis of samples excavated from the ruins of The Western Wubi and Eastern Zhou shows that the smelting products of these slags are all red copper. Comparing with the typical copper smelting sites of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it is found that there are significant differences between the copper smelting technical characteristics reflected in the slag excavated from the Eastern Zhou Ruins of West Wubi and the mainstream copper smelting technology characteristics of this period, so it is inferred that the slag in this study should come from the copper smelting activities of the Western Wubi Xia Shang Period.
5
Fifth game
The fifth report was presided over by Zhao Xiaojun, president of the Luoyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.
Yang Shugang: "Some Thoughts on the Urban Archaeology of Zhengzhou Shangcheng"
Yang Shugang, associate researcher of the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, made a report entitled "Some Thoughts on the Urban Archaeology of Zhengzhou Shangcheng City". Judging from previous archaeological findings, the northeast of the inner city of Zhengzhou Shangcheng is concentrated with high-grade large-scale rammed earth building sites, and there are also found to be water and drainage pipe systems, and handicraft workshops such as copper casting, bone making, and pottery are distributed in the guocheng area outside the inner city, which shows that the capital of Zhengzhou Shang Dynasty has a relatively clear functional division. However, the specific structural characteristics of the functional area of the inner city and the layout characteristics of rammed earth buildings have not yet been clearly understood. Although the archaeological work in the past ten years is mainly to cooperate with urban infrastructure, it has consciously carried out urban archaeological work with the goal of restoring the urban development and changes of Zhengzhou as much as possible, and has been thinking about how to study Zhengzhou Mall in depth on the basis of clarifying the urban history.
Chen Guoliang: "Jingshui Weak Ze: New Discoveries and Preliminary Understanding of Yanshi Shangcheng Water Resource Utilization System"
Chen Guoliang, an associate researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, made a report entitled "Jingshui Weak Ze: New Discoveries and Preliminary Understanding of the Water Resource Utilization System of Yanshi Shangcheng". In recent years, the Yanshi Shangcheng archaeological team has taken the in-depth understanding of the water resources utilization system as the core, and has successively discovered the ancient river channels on the east and west sides of the big city, the east-west waterway that crosses the small city and the south of the big city, the new west gate of the big city and the east gate of the small city at the water channel crossing the city wall, and the drainage ditch connected to the outside of miyagi. These water relics have different ages and different functions, and together constitute the internal and external water systems of Yanshi Mall. Based on the above findings, it is preliminarily judged that the early Shang Dynasty represented by Yanshi Shangcheng built a complete defense system and a three-dimensional transportation system in the area with abundant water resources, combined with geographical and natural advantages. The perfect drainage system and reasonable fire protection system also created a prominent landscape system; the spatial distribution of the structure reflected the social order of the time.
Shi Donghui: Excavations and Harvests of Zhengzhou Xiaoshuangqiao Ruins in Recent Years
Shi Donghui of the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology made a report entitled "Excavation Harvest of Zhengzhou Xiaoshuangqiao Site in Recent Years". Since the discovery of the Xiaoshuangqiao site in 1989, the cultural relics and archaeology department of Henan Province has been working here for more than 30 years. Since 2014, the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, the College of Archaeology of Peking University, and the Zhengzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology have jointly applied for the national cultural relics protection project, and have carried out excavations at the site for many years, and have achieved great gains. Among them, the excavation area from 2014 to 2018 is located on the outskirts of the central area of the site, and the excavation area from 2019 to 2021 is mainly concentrated on the rammed earth platform of the "Zhou Bo Tomb" in the east of the central area. In recent years, excavations have basically clarified the distribution range of the site and the characteristics of each region, and found the Shang Dynasty high-platform rammed earth buildings, large wells and small well groups.
Kong Deming: "New Archaeological Discoveries in Anyang and the Scope of "Dayi Shang"
Kong Deming, a researcher at the Anyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, made a report entitled "New Archaeological Discoveries in Anyang and the Study on the Scope of "Dayi Shang"". Since 2010, a number of important Shang Dynasty sites have been found outside the Yin Ruins, which are located within 3 to 15 kilometers of the yin ruins, and are distributed in four directions, east, west, south, and north, with the Yin Ruins as the center. Recent archaeology in Anyang has proved that the layout of the capital city of Yin Ruins is in line with the characteristics of the low density of ancient cities. In particular, outside the core area of Yin Ruins, there is a peripheral ruins circle within 10 kilometers of it, which is directly managed or controlled by Yin Du, revealing the actual scope, layout and cultural outlook of Yin Ruins. The records of Shang, Shangyi, Dayi Shang, and Tianyi Shang in the oracle bones should have different regional directions, which has been proved by archaeological discoveries in Andying and nearby, including Xinxiang and Jiaozuo in northern Henan and Cixian, Wu'an, Handan, Xingtai and other places in southern Hebei.
After the academic report session, Liu Haiwang, president of the Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, summarized the forum. He pointed out that the scholars' reports focused on the issues related to xia culture or the Xia and Shang periods, of which 16 were studied in Xia culture, 5 were studied in Shang culture, and 2 were studied in comprehensive Xia and Shang. In these discussions, 10 articles discussed issues related to Erlitou, and the architectural layout and capital of the Erlitou site were discussed in depth. The speeches of the scholars will promote the study of Xia Shang culture to a new level, and I hope that more scholars can participate in the exchanges at next year's Xia Culture Forum.
Dean Liu Haiwang summed up
Review | Liu Haiwang
Photography | Zhai Chao
Designed | cow dimension
Produced | Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology