Summary of the report
After the opening ceremony, the academic report session of the 2021 Summer Culture Forum began. The first report was presided over by Zhao Chunqing, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
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The first one
Yang Yubin: "History Should Not Be Forgotten- A Review of Xia Culture Exploration"
Yang Yubin, a researcher at the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, made a speech entitled "History Should Not Be Forgotten -- A Review of the Exploration of Xia Culture." He pointed out that the existence of the Xia Dynasty needed to be confirmed by archaeological excavations. The discovery of Yin Ruins in Anyang and the excavation of Zhengzhou Shangcheng have narrowed the distance between Shang and Xia and enhanced the confidence in finding Xia culture. The investigation of the ruins of Dengfeng Yucun, the discovery of the ruins of The Luoda Temple in Zhengzhou, especially the excavation of the Yanshi Erlitou site, finally found a new culture that was earlier in time than the Erligang Shang culture in Zhengzhou and later than the Longshan culture in Henan, and the central geographical distribution was relatively close to the territory of the Xia Dynasty, that is, the Erlitou culture, which is a landmark achievement in exploring the Xia culture. The discovery of the site of the late Longshan culture in Dengfeng Wangcheng, the Xia capital Yangcheng, is about to come out, which is a major breakthrough in the search for early Xia culture. At the same time, he also reviewed the academic contributions of Xu Xusheng, Xia Nai, An Jinhuai, Zou Heng, Zhao Zhiquan and other archaeologists of the older generation in the exploration of Xia culture.
Wang Qing: "The Use of Theosophical Magic Artifacts Excavated from the Erlitou Site"
Professor Wang Qing of the Department of Archaeology of Shandong University gave a report entitled "Problems in the Use of Theosophical Artifacts Excavated from the Erlitou Site." A number of relics related to the worship and sacrifice of the gods have been unearthed at the Erlitou site, providing valuable physical materials for exploring the spiritual beliefs and artistic traditions of the Xia people. Among them, according to the functional combination of utensils, decorative ornaments, excavation scenes, etc., it is speculated that the inlaid turquoise dragon-shaped vessel should be a pendant and a performative ritual instrument; the inlaid turquoise bronze plaque ornament and wooden plaque ornament should be a pendant-style legal instrument; the brass bell and lacquer drum should be a playing-style legal instrument; the jade qi and the zhao should be a performance-style legal instrument; the decorative pottery penetrating bottom, the ornamental pottery pot and the large mouth zun These pottery sacrifice vessels should be display-style ritual instruments. The report further speculates on the restoration of the ritual sacrifices practiced at that time, and believes that this complex and sacred ritual is an important embodiment of the national sacrifice held by Erlitou as the capital of the Xia Dynasty.
Liang Fawei: New Advances in Archaeology of Xia Shang in Henan
Liang Fawei, associate researcher of the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, made a report entitled "New Progress in Archaeology in Xia Shang, Henan". The report summarizes the work of Henan Xia Shang archaeology, and introduces the new archaeological discoveries of Henan Xia culture, including the ruins of Dengfeng Wangchenggang and Yuzhou Wadian, as well as the new archaeological discoveries of Henan Shang culture, including wuzhi wanhua site, Huanbei Shangcheng, Huixian Dongxinzhuang cemetery, etc. The final report summarizes the archaeological research of Henan Xia Shang: the new progress made in the archaeology of Henan Xia Shang Settlement has a greater role in promoting the study of the national political geography pattern and governance system at that time; the concept of sacrifice reflected in the sacrifice area and tomb artifacts of the Xia Shang site provides new materials for the study of the dynastic state ritual system and sacrifice ideology; the early Xia cultural sites show that many cultural factors converged in the Central Plains, and after long-term exchanges and integration, contributed to the birth of the first dynasty in the Central Plains. In the future, it is also necessary to base ourselves on the field, carry out relevant work, and do a good job in combing historical documents and comprehensive research on archaeological materials, and jointly tackle key problems in multiple disciplines and units to promote the continued in-depth study of Xia Shang archaeology.
Guo Ming: "Analysis of large-scale building base sites in the Erlitou site under comparative vision"
Guo Ming, associate professor of the Institute of Global Civilization History of Shanghai Chinese University, made a report entitled "Examination of large-scale building sites at the Erlitou Site from a Comparative Perspective". The report compares the architectural remains of the Erlitou site with the buildings of other sites in the Erlitou cultural period in terms of architectural structure, structure, column network distribution, spatial layout, building technology, and the relationship between architecture and related relics; then, in the context of time, the architectural remains of the Erlitou site are compared with the buildings of the Longshan era and the Shang Dynasty.
Liu Yifang: Retrospective Research on Zhengzhou Shangcheng Urban Water Conservancy Project
Liu Yifang, postdoctoral fellow at the School of History of Nankai University, made a report entitled "Retrospective Research on the Urban Water Conservancy Project of Zhengzhou Shangcheng". According to the report, Zhengzhou Mall belongs to the category of ancient and modern overlapping urban ruins, and has experienced multiple stages of urban development on the same site, and the construction of cities at different stages also involves the construction of urban water conservancy. Late urban construction (including water conservancy projects) involves the abandonment, continuation and transformation of early cities to varying degrees, and retains the "traces" of early urban water conservancy. Through retrospective analysis, the construction of the Zhengzhou Shangcheng Urban Water Conservancy Project can be clearly displayed. This is of great significance for understanding the governance of cities in different stages of regional water systems and grasping the development and evolution of Zhengzhou's cities in previous dynasties.
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The second session
The second report was presided over by Professor Zhang Lidong of the School of History and Culture of Henan University.
Han Ding: Research on Issues Related to Erlitou Cultural Bronze Medal Decoration
Han Ding, associate professor of the School of History and Culture of Henan University, made a report entitled "Research on Issues Related to Erlitou Cultural Bronze Medal Decoration". He believes that the discussion of bronze medal decoration should be understood from the time and space node to which the bronze medal decoration belongs. From a diachronic point of view, the Erlitou bronze medal decoration is an important part of the development process of the divine face pattern in the Longshan Era to the Food Pattern of the Shang Dynasty; it is also influenced by multiple factors such as bronze casting technology, turquoise inlay technology, wrist decoration position, aesthetic resonance of gold and jade, and relationship with sacrificial beliefs, which also reflects the characteristics of Erlitou culture. From the perspective of synchronicity, the commonality of the erlitou bronze medal decoration and the dadianzi and Sanxingdui god face pattern reflects the strong radiation of the Erlitou culture, which also provides important evidence for us to understand the pluralistic and integrated pattern of the early community of Chinese civilization.
Zhao Haitao: "New Archaeological Harvests of Erlitou Site in Recent Years"
Zhao Haitao, an associate researcher at the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, made a report entitled "New Archaeological Harvests at the Erlitou Site in Recent Years." In recent years, the newly discovered "well" glyph roads and walls at the Erlitou site have divided the Erlitou capital into a number of square, regular grid areas, with Miyagi in the middle. This shows that it is very likely that there has been a layout of partitioning and living, district external walls, and living and burial. Such a strict, clear and regular planning layout is an important symbol of entering the dynastic state, reflecting the erlitou culture and the erlitou kingdom that have created epoch-making changes in Chinese history, as well as its leading role in the Shang and Zhou civilizations. This also provides a useful reference for the layout and structural exploration of other Duyi sites in the pre-Qin period.
The Erlitou capital extends westwards on Gongnan Road and its walls on both sides
He Jun: "Settlement Archaeology and Research on the Formation of the Erlitou Kingship State"
He Jun, lecturer at the Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development Research Center of Henan University, gave a report entitled "Colony Archaeology and the Formation of the Erlitou Monarchical State". Through the analysis of the settlement form of the late Longshan culture to the first phase of the Erlitou culture in the Huansong mountain area, it can be seen that the Erlitou royal power state sprouted in the late Longshan culture and formed in the stage of the First Phase of the Xinzhan culture to the Erlitou culture. The Erlitou culture is the result of the integration of the Xinzhan cultural population in the southeast of Songshan into the Luoyang Basin in the early stage of the first phase of the Erlitou culture, and the integration with the local Wangwan Phase III cultural population. The emergence of the Xinzhan culture and the change of political center are closely related to the natural environment of the Huansong Mountain area. The results of the settlement morphological analysis are consistent with the social background of the early Xia Dynasty in the literature, and it is speculated that the Xinzhan culture may be the early Xia culture, and the Erlitou culture is the middle and late Xia culture.
Qin Xiaoli: "Production and Circulation of Turquoise in the Erlitou Cultural Period"
Professor Qin Xiaoli of the Department of Literature and Science of Fudan University made a report entitled "Production and Circulation of Turquoise in the Erlitou Cultural Period". In the past, scholars paid more attention to turquoise inlay ornaments with authoritative symbols such as bronze medal ornaments and dragon-shaped vessels and their distribution between regions, but the research on turquoise ornaments with pipe beads in a wide area was slightly insufficient. The report first summarizes the morphological and technical characteristics of pipe bead products as ornaments in the Erlitou turquoise workshop, and then discusses the relationship between the turquoise ornaments excavated from other sites in the same period and the handicraft workshops of the Erlitou site, and analyzes how the turquoise ornaments as a luxury industry in the Erlitou cultural period circulate between regions according to the coexistence relationship between pottery ceremonial vessels and related turquoise pipe beads.
Li Yanfeng: "Exploration Process and New Discoveries of Archaeological Culture in the Guanzhong and Xia Dynasties"
Dr. Li Yanfeng of the Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology made a report entitled "Exploration Process and New Discoveries of Archaeological Culture in the Guanzhong and Xia Dynasties". The report first reviews the discovery and research of the remains of the Summer period in the Guanzhong area in two stages. Most of the discoveries before 2000 are sporadic remains, and the relevant research is not deep enough. After 2000, with the publication of the Xia Dynasty relics of the LaoNiupo site and the excavation of the Shangluo Donglongshan site system, the Xia Dynasty relics in the Guanzhong area have attracted the attention of the academic community. However, in the past, most of the research of scholars focused on the chronology and cultural nature of the remains, so the exploration of the archaeological culture of the Xia period in the Guanzhong area still needs to be further deepened. On the basis of the review, the report also introduces the new discoveries in the Guanzhong area, including the cultural remains of the second phase of The Keshengzhuang and the remains of the Xia period. In particular, more abundant remnants of the Xia Dynasty have been found within the site of Lao Niupo, which provides a new opportunity for in-depth discussion of the Xia Dynasty culture in Guanzhong. Finally, the report looks forward to several issues that need to be paid attention to in the exploration of summer culture in Guanzhong.
Zhu Junxiao: Re-analysis of Tao Mane at the Erlitou Site
Zhu Junxiao, professor of the School of History and Culture of Shaanxi Normal University, gave a report entitled "Re-analysis of the Pottery Mane at the Erlitou Site." According to the differences in pottery systems, the pottery bristles of the Erlitou site can be divided into two major systems: the gray pottery rope pattern system and the reddish-brown pottery scratch pattern (grate pattern). The latter are few in number but distinctive. The former can be divided into drum belly arc crotch type, vertical abdomen crotch type, arc belly arc crotch type, lace mouth hanging foot type, extravagant mouth skimming foot type, etc. according to the characteristics of the mouth, abdomen, crotch and foot, etc., some of which can also be divided into different subtypes, and individual subtypes of manes can also be divided into different styles. These different systems of pottery have different cultural origins, and can be divided into at least four directions of northwest, north, northeast and east, namely the East Lower Feng type, the Huiwei type, the Lower Qiyuan-Erligang type and the Yueshi culture. The distribution of mane with different cultural attributes in different periods, different regions, and different cultural relics units of the Erlitou site is different. This complex situation reflects the significant differences in the degree of closeness and interaction between the Erlitou site and other cultural types.
Review | Liu Haiwang
Designed | cow dimension
Produced | Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology