Duan Qing is a liberal arts chair professor at Peking University and a professor in the Department of South Asian Studies at the College of Foreign Chinese. His research interests include basic Sanskrit, traditional Indian Sanskrit, medieval Iranian languages, and comparative study of Sanskrit and Chinese Buddhist scriptures. In 1971, he entered the Department of Spanish Languages of Peking University, and in 1978, he was admitted to the Institute of South Asian Studies of Peking University, where he studied Sanskrit and Indian history and culture under Professor Ji Xianlin. He is the author of "Introduction to Boyouni Grammar", "Khotanese Buddhism And Ancient Scrolls", "Western Documents Collected by the National Library of China - Yu Khotanese Scrolls", "Khotanese Pure Pure Light Dadrani Sutra" and many other works. He presided over the major project of the National Social Science Foundation of China "Interpretation and Research on Non-Chinese Documents Left behind in the Southern Silk Road of Xinjiang" (12ZD179), and a number of scientific research achievements have won the Outstanding Achievement Award at or above the provincial and ministerial levels.
Unpopular "absolute learning" generally refers to people pay less attention to and more difficult learning, the Western Regions unearthed non-Chinese documents, such as the Gandhara language of the Lan luwen, Buddhist Sanskrit, Khotanese, ancient Tibetan language and other materials, naturally belongs to the unpopular learning, Peking University School of Foreign Chinese Duan Qing team has been committed to the study of these Western Regions unearthed documents for many years, and has achieved remarkable achievements in the academic community. Because they are unpopular, they are after all a minority, and the large number of articles published in a scattered manner is difficult to figure out the interrelationship between them if they are not concentrated. The author has always been concerned about the history of Khotan, and at this point there is an intertwining with Professor Duan Qing's research field, so I have been paying attention to the research results of his team for many years, hoping to clarify the internal academic path of their research results.
Gandhara language book of the Baluben
The Galuri script ( ) is a script of ancient India , used in the Gandhara region of northwestern India to write the popular local colloquialism ( Prakrit ) , later H. Kelly of cambridge university . Professor W. Bailey named it "Gāndhārī" (Gandhara), which was adopted by the academic community. In addition to northwest India, Gandhara literature has also been found in Hotan, Loulan, Kucha and other places in Xinjiang, China, such as the Gandharan "Lotus Sutra" excavated in Hotan, the Han and Yu two-body money, a large number of official and private documents unearthed in Niya and Loulan, documents within the Guizi Kingdom and cave inscriptions.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the British Stein obtained nearly a thousand Manuscripts of the Baloo text during his expedition to Central Asia; Sven Hedin, E. Huntington Huntington) and the Otani Expedition also made a small number of discoveries. After the founding of New China, in 1959 and 1980, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, and the Hotan Regional Cultural Relics Depository also obtained dozens of pieces of Lu Wen Jian Mu in Nya; from 1988 to 1997, the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology cooperated with the Buddhist University of Japan to conduct archaeological surveys and excavations of the Niya site, and found dozens of Lu Wen Jian Mu; there were also some scattered discoveries. These materials are now in the collection of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, the Hotan Museum, and the Cele County Cultural Management Office.
In the 21st century, Duan Qing's team began to sort out and study the Gandhara literature in China. The first is the examination and interpretation of a group of documents collected by the National Library of China, the result of which is duan Qing and other books published by the Chinese and Western Books in April 2013, such as "The Western Texts of the National Library of China, Sanskrit, and The Scrolls of The Lu Texts", which are listed as the "Sanskrit Baye Sutra and Buddhist Literature Series". The second half of the book is devoted to the interpretation of five luwen mumu texts, including problem solving, black and white plates, Latin transcriptions, Chinese translations, and annotations on proper nouns. The details of the five documents are: (1) Zhang Xueshan's interpretation of a judgment document of Mairi in the 6th year of king Shanshan, concluding that the defendant (Sakya Muyun) and four other people did not kill anyone on the way back from Guizi, and the document dated from the end of the 3rd century to the beginning of the 4th century. (2) (3) Interpretation by Pi Jianjun, the former being a wedge-stamped Saamoya deed of sale and purchase in the 4th year (c. early 4th century) of King Yuanmeng of Shanshan, and the latter being a letter from the ruler of the kingdom named To the magistrate of Kranaya to repay debts; and inside the seal is a letter from Kronaya to his family. (4) Duan Qing interpreted a land sale and purchase wedge contract in the 8th year of Yuan Mengwang. The above results were first published in the 6th series of "Western Literature and History" (2012), and Duan Qing and Zhang Xueshanwen were published in English in the "Annual Report of the Institute of Higher Buddhist Teaching of Soka University" (2012). (5) The last piece, interpreted by Duan Qing, is the unknown content of the Qilu Wenmumu, whose text is different from the general Loulan and Niya excavations of the Luwen, and is consistent with the No.661 In Khotanese Chronicle found by Stein in Endere, and it is estimated that it is the ancient Khotanese Lu script, so it is more precious. Because they are all secular documents, the historical value is higher. Except for a few new words that are discussed after transliteration and translation, the general words are summarized after all the instruments have been interpreted and unified into the Glossary of Vocabulary of the BulokIcs. This is followed by the interpreter's English interpretation of the first four instruments, as well as the English interpretation of the vocabulary that appears in the instrument, followed by a list of Lu characters. This is followed by a two-way comparison index table of the number and content of the national map, which is easy for readers to find. Finally, there is the bibliography.
Subsequently, they also sorted out and studied the Collection of Lulu Texts in the Hotan Museum, and a group of articles was published in the "Western Studies" No. 3, 2016, including: (1) Duan Qing's "The Home of Sakya Muyun - The Family and Society of the Kingdom of Lanshan with the Excavation of Nyaya No. 29", she pointed out that the site of Niya No. 29 excavated by Stein was the home of Saamovi, and 22 of the Sagamuyun were from here, and two of the national maps also came from here. According to these documents, she outlined the process of Sakya Muyun from escaping marriage to Guizi, and then returning to Shanshan, changing identities, and re-settling in the Yeba settlement, and thus saw the family system and social relations of the Shanshan Kingdom. Duan Qing pointed out that the Hotan Museum contains one of the earliest pieces of Sakya Muyun's collection of documents, which is evidence that he bought a house when he fled to Guizi. (2) This document was published by Diego Loukota in the article "A Piece of Luwen Mu Mu from the Kamezi Kingdom in the Hotan Museum", which was written by a shanshan person in Kamezi and mentions the name of King Kamezi. In addition, (3) Wu Yunpei published the "Reinterpretation of the Book of the Wife of Lu Wen zhi in the Collection of the Hotan Museum", which is a reinterpretation of the documents of the sixth year (359) of the Shuli Jian (Sulica) Wang Liunian (359) that Lin Meicun once read; (4) Guan Di's "The Form, Function and Falsification of the Ancient Shanshan State of Lu Wen JianMu", which pointed out from the Han Dynasty Jian Mu system that the system of Shan Shan Jian Mu was introduced from the Central Plains. This view can also be read in Duan Qing's English essay "Deeds, Coins and King Titles Reflected in a 6th-Century Sanskrit Cloth Instrument" (2016), which is the consensus of Duan Qing's team on the origin of the Luwen wooden shape system.
The Qinghai Tibetan Medicine culture museum has four pieces of Lu Wen documents, and Professor Duan Qing and the deputy director of the museum, Cai Luotai, co-authored the "Qinghai Tibetan Medicine Culture Museum Collection of Lu Wen Zhi Mu" (2016), which is listed as the "Sanskrit Baye Sutra and Buddhist Literature Series". Although the documents published here are purchased by the museum from Lhasa, Duan Qing clearly pointed out in the preface that these documents are from the N.XIII house of Stein, the site of Minfengnia, Xinjiang, which is the home of Budhasena, a local resident of the Shanshan Kingdom. Stein excavated 17 Pyrrum texts here, combined with 4 new ones, and the preface elaborates on the site. The main body of the book is after the color plates, which is a collation of 4 documents, including the solution of the problem, the black and white plates corresponding to Latin transcriptions, the Chinese translation, the vocabulary annotations, and it is particularly worth pointing out that some of the plates are printed with infrared photographs. In terms of content, the first is the testimony of the Buddha Tujun in the twenty-sixth year (272) of the king of Shanshan, saying that he had transported the goods to the designated place. It is also a testimony that The Buddha's Army proved that he had placed a spell in his home, not witchcraft. The liquor tax on the Fotu army was determined by the master book sodgega not to be paid, and the content was closely related to the N.431/432 document obtained by Stein, so it is accompanied by a transcription and translation of N.431. The four rulers are damaged, and it can be known that someone owes food to the Fotu Army and his brother Spoga ( ) , in satisfaction with horses. Two long articles by Duan Qing are attached to the back of the book. The first is "The Change of Officials in the Kingdom of Shanshan at the End of the Third Century AD: A Case Study of the Great Master Book of Sozhega" (published in European Studies, 5, 2017), combined with the records of Sozhega in the newly published Shulu documents and previously obtained Lulu documents, his life deeds were sorted out chronologically, and the "main book" of the Luwen cozbo was set as the Chinese "main book", not the "governor" mentioned by the predecessors, and the Kingdom of Shanshan did not have a state system. The second part is "Wine, Krypton, Krypton and Qi as Seen in the Contract Instrument of the Luwen", which provides a detailed explanation of the wine and various textiles that appear in the document, and points out the physical situation corresponding to the corresponding nouns. At the end of the book is an index of personal names, place names, official names, and a bibliography of references.
In 2021, Duan Qing's team published some of the research results of the Luwen documents collected by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum in the second series of silk road studies edited by Li Xiao, including: (1) Fan Jingjing's "Four Pieces of Lu WenMu Study in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum", Mu MuYi (XB6954) is Ma Yili's 20-year legal document on the ownership of the second son, Mu Mu II (XB6953) is a legal document on grain borrowing disputes, and Mu Mu III (XB6937) is a tax record. The wooden four (XB6940) is a record of accounts. (2) Jiang Yixiu's "Interpretation of the Letters and Interpretations of the Documents Collected by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum" is actually a complaint that his camels and horses were taken away by others.
The Nya ruins are located in the tail lu area of the lower reaches of the Nya River, in the hinterland of the Taklamakan Desert, more than 100 kilometers south of the county seat of Minfeng. Originally the land of the Western Han Dynasty, it was annexed by the State of Shanshan during the Ming Dynasty of the Eastern Han Dynasty, becoming the State of Cad'ota raya under the Kingdom of Shanshan centered on Loulan. In 442, the kingdom of Shanshan fell, and the Land of Essence was later incorporated into the Kingdom of Khotan, its easternmost town. Because a large number of Early Excavations of Thelu Documents were transcribed and translated and published very early, there is also a deep accumulation of related research. With the help of their profound skills in Sanskrit, Duan Qing's team quickly began to sort out the Collection of Linglu texts collected throughout the country, interpreted a number of unpublished texts, and then deeply studied the administrative system, family form, and litigation system of shanshanguo, and promoted the study of the Gandhara language books and related issues that had been silent for many years.
Buddhist Sanskrit literature
Sanskrit is the standard written language of ancient India, originally the language of the upper classes of northwest India, and is also known as Sanskrit as opposed to the general folk saying (Prakrit). The original Buddhist scriptures were originally written in colloquialisms, and only later gradually became Sanskrit, forming a special Buddhist Sanskrit, also known as hybrid Sanskrit. With the spread of Buddhism from northwest India to the western region (ancient Xinjiang), from about the second half of the 2nd century, Sanskrit texts entered the oasis kingdom of the western region, first circulating in the northern province, mainly saying that there are classics; after the 5th century, it was popular in Khotan, mainly Mahayana classics. With the advent of the Western Exploration Era in the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a large number of fragments of Buddhist Sanskrit literature were brought to the West, and linguists have been comparing the contents of the fragments and reconstructing the relationship between the fragments, and putting them into the original Buddhist tradition to study.
During Duan Qing's stay at Peking University, he studied under Professor Ji Xianlin, and when Mr. Ji studied at the University of Göttingen in Germany, his tutor was E. Waldschmidt, an authority on the Interpretation of Sanskrit texts of Western Buddhism in the West. Waldschmidt）。 Later, Duan Qing went to the University of Hamburg to study Khotanese, although this belongs to the category of Medieval Iranian, but Sanskrit interpretation is Duan Qing's housekeeping skill, so once there is new material, it can be sorted out immediately.
Duan Qing's team's collation of the newly published Buddhist Sanskrit literature began with the collation of the collection of the National Library of China. In the process of collation, she published "Treasure Traces - A Review of New Non-Chinese Texts in hotan area in recent years", which briefly introduced the newly discovered Western Hu language books, including Khotanese, Buddhist Sanskrit, Gandhara, Tibetan, Historical German, Tocharian, Jewish Persian and other languages and scripts, focusing on the preliminary collation of Buddhist Sanskrit literature, and exploring the attempt to use Khotanese languages to write Buddhist Sanskrit texts. This article was originally presented to the symposium "From Birch Bark to Data-based Databases: New Advances in Buddhist Writing" entitled "New Discoveries of Hindi and Khotanese Manuscripts in Xinjiang" (2014), so it focuses on the discussion of Buddhist Sanskrit, but the outline of the newly published literature generally covers a variety of materials.
In 2013, Duan Qing et al., "The National Library of China's Collection of Western Documents, Sanskrit and Shulu Texts", published all sanskrit and Qilu manuscripts of the national map in recent years, with the color plates of the manuscript in front and the collation and research sections in the back. In the study of sanskrit leaf remnants, Sanskrit is written on paper, and the Brahmanical text is in the southern font of the Western Regions, so it should come from the Hotan region. This book is basically arranged in the order of the Buddhist texts of the Taisho Zang, and each manuscript gives an introduction to the number, size, pre-publication, parallel texts, etc., followed by black and white plates, Latin transcriptions, parallel texts (if any), Chinese translations, and some proofreadings. Content includes:
Ye Shaoyong compiled the Compilation of the Hundred Edges Sutra, the Eight Thousand Songs of the Prajnaparamita Sutra, the Twenty-Five Thousand Odes of the Prajnaparamita Sutra, the Myofa Lotus Sutra, and the Prajnaparamita Classics, some of which were published in English in the English Fragments of newly discovered Buddhist Sanskrit (2010).
Sargi collated the Baoxing Dravidian Sutra, giving parallel texts in Sanskrit, Tibetan, and two Chinese translations, and in addition to the three leaves, the compilers had previously published in English "A New Fragment of the Baoxing Dravidian Sutra" (2008) and "Fragments of the Newly Acquired Baoxing Dravidian Sutra" (2010).
Duan Qing compiled the Sage Robbery Sutra and pointed out that this is the only Brahmanical Buddhist Sanskrit manuscript found so far, and that only fragments of the Gandharan language of the Baloo text have been found in Afghanistan, so it is very precious. She constructed the text according to the Tibetan text, and gave the corresponding Zhu Fa Protector Chinese translation, accompanied by a table of Sanskrit and Chinese vocabulary comparisons. The early result is the Sanskrit Fragment of the Xianzhi Sutra: A Commentary on the Transmission of the Xianzhi Sutra in Ancient Khotan and the Translation Style of Zhu Dharma Protector (2010), and the corresponding English version has also been published (2009).
Ye Shaoyong sorted out the Sutra of the Names of the Buddha, the Golden Light Sutra, the ZhijuDrani Sutra, and the sanskrit remnants of unknown content, which may be Abhidharma texts; the rest of the small fragments have not yet been determined.
In addition, Sargi also completed the Sanskrit Documents in the Collection of the Sekler Museum of Archaeology and Art of Peking University (2020), and compared the Sanskrit manuscripts also from Hotan, such as the Twenty-Five Thousand Odes of Prajnaparamita Sutra, the Myofa Lotus Sutra, the Shou leng Yan Samadhi Sutra, the Deterministic Righteousness Sutra, the Birth Boundless Mendrani Sutra, and the Great Cold Forest Sacred Difficulty Dravidian Sutra. The book publishes all color pictures, Latin transcriptions, Chinese translations, Latin transcriptions of parallel Sanskrit and Tibetan texts, and corresponding Chinese translations of Buddhist texts. Guan Di first did a study of the three leaf manuscripts in English (2014).
In addition, Yuan Yong published "A Leaf sanskrit script from ancient Khotanese - The Sutra of the Supreme King of the Laws" (2020), which is a private collection, which is not found in known Sanskrit and Tibetan texts, and is very precious, and the content is basically consistent with the Sui Andhina Multi-Chinese Translation.
Hetian has previously unearthed a large number of Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures, and Duan Qing's team has added many new texts to this treasure, among which the "Sutra of the Names of the Buddha", "Eight Thousand Songs of Prajnaparamita Sutra", and "Compilation of the Hundred Edges Sutra" are still unprecedented Sanskrit manuscripts, which are even more precious. Located in the southern province of The Western Regions, Khotan was the center of Mahayana Buddhism in the Western Regions during the Han and Tang Dynasties, and these manuscripts are crucial to the study of the history of Buddhism in the Western Regions. At the same time, Khotan is also a transit station for Buddhism from India to China, and many Chinese translations of Buddhist texts are from Khotan, such as the "Prajnaparamita Sutra", "Nirvana Sutra", "Huayan Sutra", etc., so these Sanskrit Buddhist texts are also indispensable for the study of Chinese Buddhism.
Buddhist texts and documents in Khotanese
Khotanese is the official language spoken in the Kingdom of Khotan in the Western Regions, belonging to the East Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family, and the script is in the Indian Brahman script, which is the same as the local Buddhist Sanskrit language. The Khotanese language began to be used in the 5th century, and Buddhist texts and secular documents were available until the beginning of the 11th century. Since the end of the 19th century, a large number of Khotanese texts and documents have been found in Hotan, and most of the collections have been dispersed to Russia, Britain, Sweden and Japan.
In recent years, a considerable number of Khotanese language books have been found in the Hotan area, which have been collected in some museums and libraries. Duan Qing is the only medieval Iranian scholar in China to have received professional training at the University of Hamburg, following the followers of R. Emerick. Professor E. Emmerick, who majored in Khotanese, received her doctorate degree, so the Khotanese literature collected by various museums was naturally sent to her for collation and research.
The Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum compiled the "Research on Newly Acquired Documents of the Xinjiang Museum" (2013), which includes three articles: (1) "Remnants of the Khotanese "Sangha Sutra" (2011), which previously introduced the circulation of this Buddhist scripture, which has been found in Hotan before, and a total of 4 new Bo fragments have been identified in this new comparison, but the content is not available in the previous fragments. The book contains color plates, Latin transcriptions, Chinese translations, corresponding Sanskrit texts, Chinese translations of the two Buddhist texts, and lexical annotations. (2) "Remnant Leaves of the Khotanese "Buddha Says All Merits and Solemn King Sutra", 5 fragments, probably belong to two paper leaves. The Sanskrit version of this sutra was found in Gilgit, but it was first discovered in Khotanese. The finishing work includes color editions, Latin transcriptions, Chinese translations, corresponding Sanskrit transcriptions and Chinese translations, Tibetan translations, Yijing Chinese translations, and lexical annotations. (3) Fragments of manuscripts of Buddhist scriptures unknown to Khotanese and Sanskrit are fragments of Buddhist scriptures with few texts, which are only transcribed and translated into Chinese.
Duan Qing's "Western Documents Collected by the National Library of China - Yu Khotanese Volumes" (I) (2015) publishes a batch of Khotanese Buddhist texts and three Khotanese buddhist texts collected by the National Map, which are still in accordance with the norms of collating the literature of the Western Regions in accordance with the academic community, including plates, commentaries, Latin transcriptions, Chinese translations, and lexical annotations, and the processing methods are slightly different for different documents.
The Khotanese Buddhist texts are basically sorted out in numerical order, and the literature that specifies the name or content is as follows: (1) "Amulet for the Treatment of the Fifteen Ghosts", which has the original title "Amulet for the Treatment of the Fifteen Ghosts" at the end of the book, which is a spell to protect the pregnant women and children. The inscription indicates that the volume belonged to a woman named. Most of the manuscripts found in the Hotan Desert ruins are incomplete, and the nearly two-meter-long manuscripts like this, as well as the scriptures and inscriptions, are really rare and therefore extremely precious. (2) The Sutra of the Torch of Wisdom. (3) "The Birth of a Bodhisattva into the Womb", the content is determined, but it is not determined as what kind of sutra. (4) The Golden Guangming Sutra has 2 remnant leaves, which are equivalent to the Yijing Chinese translation of the "Fat Powder" and the "Heavenly Medicine Fork Protective Product". This manuscript of the Scattered Fats is different from the known manuscript, and the content is more than the Sanskrit text, close to the Yijing Chinese translation, and it is very interesting to study. Because of its importance, Duan Qing has previously published research results in Both Chinese and English (2006, 2007). (5) The One Hundred and Fifty Prajnaparamita Sutras, i.e., the Prajnaparamita Sutra. (6) The Book of Zambaste, chapter 2. This is a Buddhist poetic work compiled by the Khotanese themselves, and there are many fragments found, and Duan Qing's Khotanese teacher Enmerek had a publication (1968). This time, Duan Qing set a leaf, and the original page number "119", which was much earlier than the previous discovery that started from 146 leaves, was an important discovery, which was the best proof of academic relay. (7) The Sutra of Birth of the Boundless Mandrani, the last leaf of this sutra, has not been found in previously found. Regarding this sutra, Duan Qing had compared fragments from the collection of the Lushun Museum (1993). (8) The Sutra of the Pure Light of the Pure Light of the Immaculate State, in addition, the finisher also saw from a private hand a complete long volume of the sutra, totaling 539 lines, and published a monograph "The Khotanese Pure Pure Light Da dravidian Sutra". There are also some classics that have not been determined, and some manuscripts such as the Book of Zambest or the Book of the Most Victorious Kings of the Golden Light are not certain from the outside.
Previously compared to Khotanese Buddhist literature, Emerick's A Guide to the Literature of Khotan (Tokyo, 1992) has been combed in detail. Duan Qing's above ratio adds more abundant material to the study of Khotanese Buddhism.
Compared with Buddhist texts, Khotanese secular documents are of greater value, especially in terms of Khotanese history that the author is concerned about, providing first-hand materials. The most striking of these is the discovery of a number of wooden box (wooden letter) case documents, some of which belong to the same person, and most of which bear the chronology of the Khotanese kings. According to Duan Qing's examination of the chronology of the Khotanese kings, we introduced the results of the collation of research in turn.
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum has a collection of four Khotanese cases, although they come from a folk collection, but the content is known to have originally come from a site, because the contents belong to a family named Fuqing (). Duan Qing successively did the interpretation work.
The wooden box published in the "Yu Khotanese Great Case - Research on the Case of the Early Tang Dynasty in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum" is larger than the general case, so it is called "Big Case". The contents of the case actually contain two contracts. The text on the lower level of the seal is the contract for the purchase of the woman Quan'er in the 38th year of the Khotanese (Fu YanXin) by The King of Khotan . Later, the document was scribbled, and another contract was rewritten on it, but it was not painted thoroughly enough, so that the underlying text can be roughly seen. The case that was later written was a contract for the purchase of the woman Xuancai and her son Ayul in the 12th year of the Khotanese (FuJaxiong) Fuqing.
The case published in "Shi Hanna's Baby: A New Case from the Khotanese Language In the Xinjiang Museum" records that in the 49th year of the reign of King Fujian Xin (around 660), Fuqing adopted a boy from Shi Khanna, with the testimony of Shi Khanna's tributes, guides, and local officials.
The Two Contracts of the Khotanese Dynasty publishes two cases, one is the contract of Fuqing in pasan in the fifth year of Fuqing to buy a young child Unisari in Pacheng, and the other is the compensation record of Fuqing who was fined for stealing sesame seeds from other people's homes for people in his own manor in the 8th year.
The National Library of China's Collection of Western Documents - Yu Khotanese Volumes (I) publishes three Documents on the Khotanese Case.
The text of the "High Monk's Contract for Buying Slaves" is written on the front, inside and inside of the lid of the wooden box, and the content is that in the 4th year (695) of the Khotanese (Fu Yan) King Of Khotan (Fu Yan Xuan), the Jashei man Ishe Li betrayed Krusha to the mage QiXian of The House of Sigui, and many people were presented as witnesses. His earlier research result was the "Contract of Khotanese Monks to Buy Slaves".
There are two contracts on the "Contract for selling Nieces by Uncles", the inside of the bottom is the contract of the 9th year of the king (Wei Chi Fushi) the village of Paulo, Pagan, who sold his niece Mingyan to Mansa; on the outside of the bottom is the first year contract of Vishinah Jandry' regency, which is also The pagan betrays Mingyan, the buyer's name becomes Pei, and the finisher believes that he is Mansa. Its earlier achievement was the "History of Khotan as reflected in the case of "Uncle Selling Niece"" (Uncle Selling Niece).
The Case of the Five-Year Contract of Removal of Fujada records the litigation issues arising from the 5th year (732) of the reign of king Khotan (Fujada) in order to detain his son Hengju to the Keshero clan. Its early achievement was the "Five-Year Contract of Removal of Fu Yanda".
Regarding the unfinished interpretation of the two cases of the "Contract for The Purchase of Slaves by High Monks" and the "Five-Year Contract for the Removal of The Curse of Fu Yanda", Duan Qing's "The Ancient Khotanese Custodial System Seen in Khotanese Documents" was read from the new interpretation - (canonical collateral), and the interpretation of the above documents was supplemented and revised. As circumstantial evidence, or.9268a was also transcribed and translated from the Khotanese case, which is a document of Remote Juli ( ) with 2500 texts as collateral . The English version of this article is included in this book as Appendix II (2014), and the Chinese of the section "Remote Juli Obtains Water as Collateral with 2500 Texts" serves as Appendix I to this book. Appendix III is an exclusive term, and Appendix IV is a vocabulary of case documents. Finally, there are the references.
A number of pirated cultural relics handed over by the public security department by the Hotan Cele County Cultural Management Office, including four documents in the Khotanese language case, have been published in the book "Cele Damagou - The Place where The Dharma Gathers". Duan Qing sorted it out as follows:
"Debate on the Ancient Khotanese "Tax": An Observation Based on the Khotanese Case Hidden in the Khotanese Case by the Cultural Relics Protection and Administration of Cele County (2022), a three-sided case was transcribed, translated, and interpreted, which was made between the two brothers Shuliji and Shuliqiu in the village of Bonaro in the third year (around 730) of the Khotanese king Fujada, because they could not pay the state tax, their manor, land, and water would be deprived and mortgaged to Bo liang nandi and Bronandi, who paid various taxes on their behalf. With this document, the author explores Khotan's tax situation.
Another wooden box case is the subject of the Contract for the Sale and Purchase of Monks' Houses (2020). Only the bottom of this case remains, slightly damaged. The inner side of the bottom is written first, which is the bhikkhu Fuxian's house purchase contract; the outer side of the bottom is later written again, which is the bhikkhu Yuexian and The Yuyuxian house purchase contract in the sixth year of Wei Chiyao (772).
Duan Qing also cooperated with the Cele County Cultural Management Institute to publish the "Case of The Sale of Land by Pei Qiu in the 11th Year of Wei Chiyao", which was interpreted as a contract document for the purchase of land from Pei Qi and his son Ye Mozi in the 11th year (777) of the Khotanese king Wei Chi Yao. Subsequently, she collected various records about Pei Qi's people in Khotanese language books at home and abroad, and compiled "Pei Qi's Life Trajectory" (2013), using the national map, the Cele County Cultural Management Office and overseas collections to outline a number of deeds in Pei Qi's life in chronological order. This is like her "Sakya Muyun's Homeland", revealing that while sorting out and publishing new materials, it can integrate new and old materials and write a living history of a family or a character.
In January 2008, the author led a team to Visit Hotan, and in the exhibition of the Hotan Museum, he saw a relatively complete Khotanese language book, so he consulted with the museum and brought it back to Duan Qing for interpretation. She quickly completed the interpretation work and co-published the "Research on the Lease Contract of the Hotan Museum in Khotanese- Re-understanding the "Mulberry" of Khotan" (2009), which particularly emphasized the importance of the record of mulberry in this lease contract.
The National Library of China also has a large collection of Khotanese secular documents written on paper, and Duan Qing has successively studied some of these important documents and published some of the results. The main ones are:
BH1-15 Chinese-Khotanese bilingual books should be a list of dispatched servants, because they are registered according to "villages", so it is very helpful for understanding the grass-roots social structure in ancient Khotan, and it is also very rare to provide many transliteration examples for the Chinese dialect of Khotanese names. Duan Qing first wrote "Bisā-" and "Hālaa-" in the Khotanese Bilingual Book in English (2009), and then published a revised version of "On the Ancient Khotanese "Village" in Chinese.
BH1-17 was written in Hu chinese by a Tang officer named Lü Jue to the leaders of the Jieshehu people, SiLuo (SiLuo), Boyan Yang, Mei Shu, Ah Tong, and others, in order to urge the local Hu people to pay Chake money, foot money, and other money and things, and according to the documents, kva khaihvū "Guo Kaifu" was the ratio of Guo Xin in 781 to guo Xin, and it is judged that this text was probably written around 782. Duan Qing's interpretation paper is "Lü Juehu Shu - Interpretation of the Western Literature BH1-17 in the Khotanese Language Book in the National Library of China".
BH4-135 is a revenue and expenditure accounting document, rich in content, with records of land, wine, silk expenditures, records of exchanging goods with felt blankets, using copper money to buy daily necessities, grains, wine, fabrics, etc., as well as records of township elders, mages and friends who are comparable to collecting taxes. Duan Qing's closely related BH4-136, a long note with a sealed mud, with a line in Sogdian, mentioning the caravan leader Sapo, made a detailed interpretation of BH4-135, believing that this accounting document was likely to be the Sogdian caravan after settling in Khotan, asking the local monastery mages to help buy land and various supplies, so her article was titled "Sogdian Caravan to Khotan - BH4-135 interpretation of Khotanese documents" (2016).
Regarding the Khotanese secular documents hidden in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, Duan Qing published "Social Changes Implicit in the Sapo Vaisa's Tomb" in the "Study of New Documents in the Xinjiang Museum", in which a paper document compiled was a directive from Sapo Vaisa to require the people in the land of Bajia to pay taxes. After the Latin transcription and the Chinese translation, the author also discussed in detail the format of the Khotanese text, the names of the people and places involved, from the meaning of "buren", to the transformation of Khotan from the Tang Dynasty to the Tubo rule, and this document was written in the early days of the Tubo rule. In addition, Duan Qing and Guo Jinlong's "Fragments of Khotanese Secular Documents" published other relatively fragmented secular documents, which were sorted out in the same way. Finally, Zhang Zhan's transcription and translation of a remnant of the Sogdian Epistles.
In addition, Duan Qing's team has begun to study the Khotanese books in the Museum of Chinese University, some of which are closely related to the national map collection. Duan Qing and Li Jianqiang's article "Money and Clothing - Analysis of Three Khotanese-Chinese Bilingual Books in the Museum of Chinese University" interprets a bilingual book of money owed; Fan Jingjing's article "A Yu Khotanese Language Book in the Museum of Chinese University" publishes the Shouguan Senilo's text; Duan Qing recently published "The Academic Value of Khotanese Books Hidden in Khotanese Languages at Chinese University".
On the basis of his predecessors, Duan Qing made a new explanation of some difficult words in Khotanese according to new materials, and interpreted the newly emerged vocabulary, which led the current international trend of Khotanese language research in Khotanese. These secular documents deal with many aspects of Khotanese history, including hereditary monarchy, social organization, contractual relations, tax system, composition of the population, agricultural cultivation, etc., and provide a large amount of information for further study of related issues.
(The author is a professor at the Department of History, Peking University and president of the Turpan Society of Dunhuang, China)
Editor: Liu Yan
![The hero who protected the national treasure for eons, but Yu Qiuyu called a sinner, expert: owed him an apology[fig]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)