Suzhou City, Anhui Province, Weiqiao District is located in the hinterland of the Huaibei Plain, with four distinct seasons, pleasant climate, sunshine and sufficient rainfall throughout the year, suitable for a variety of crop cultivation. With a perennial grain sowing area of more than 3.5 million mu and a total output of more than 1.3 million tons, it is known as the granary of northern Anhui Province, and is an important commodity grain base in the country, a national ecological agriculture demonstration county (district), and a national green food raw material standardization base. Grain cultivation with wheat, corn and soybeans as the main planter has won the national advanced grain production counties (districts) for seven consecutive years. Since 2010, it has been officially established as a "National Modern Agricultural Demonstration Zone" and a "National Rural Reform Pilot Zone".
In order to effectively improve the quality of wheat sowing and implement the green yield increase model, Wanqiao District takes the creation of high wheat yield and the green yield increase model as the starting point, strengthens the concept of "green, increased yield and benefit", and comprehensively promotes and implements various measures through "three pushes" (promoting high-yield, efficient and multi-resistant new varieties, promoting large-scale standardized mechanized cultivation technology, and promoting the construction of cultivated land quality) and "three controls" (fertilizer control, drug control, and water control).
Choosing a good seed is key
Wheat and corn in Wanqiao District are rotated to achieve two crops a year. In view of the large north-south span of the area, climate, soil, soil, soil, planting system, yield level and pests and diseases are different, farmers introduce and promote excellent varieties when selecting seeds, wheat unified planting "Shannong 17", corn unified planting "Junda 001", wheat sown 13 kilograms per mu, corn to ensure 5500 seedlings per mu, the implementation of mechanical sowing, unified row spacing.
Due to the weather stubble selection, according to the temperature conditions of the whole region and the characteristics of the large area of corn and soybeans, the wheat uses winter and semi-winter varieties, and it is strictly forbidden to plant and select unapproved varieties across regions.
High-yielding fields with good fertility and water conditions are selected according to local selection, fertilizer-resistant and upside-down varieties with great fertility potential are selected, drought-tolerant and water-saving and stable product varieties are selected in northern mountainous areas and water-scarce areas, drought-resistant and barren varieties are selected in dry-thin areas, and drought-resistant and fertilizer-resistant varieties are selected for dry-fertile land with thick soil layers and higher fertility.
Due to disasters, the selection of varieties with heavy dry and hot winds should select appropriate early maturing, anti-premature aging, and anti-green withering varieties to avoid or reduce the harm of dry and hot winds.
Rust-resistant (rust-resistant) varieties should be selected in areas with severe rust infection due to disease selection. In recent years, wheat gibberellosis in Wanqiao District is more prevalent, causing different degrees of loss to production, and varieties with resistance (resistance) to gibberellosis and long seed dormancy period are selected in the whole region.
Due to the quality selection and the enterprise to sign the "order production" place to select high-quality varieties with good nutritional quality, full grain and high volumetric weight.
Strictly introduce and change seeds according to changes in production conditions and increase yields, and replace new varieties to prevent a large number of introductions, adjustments, and frequent replacement of fine varieties without testing; while planting the main varieties, the district seed management department actively introduces new varieties for testing and demonstration, and does a good job in the quality assessment of the seed breeding field of enterprises, determines the "succession" varieties, and maintains the quality and quantity of seeds used in production.
Strengthen chemical control and promote seedlings
The district implements wheat and corn seed coating for wheat diseases and insect pests, reduces the number of drugs used at the seedling stage, and improves the control effect; promotes the physical prevention and control measures of frequency-vibration solar insecticidal lamps and insect trap boards to reduce the number of chemical pesticide drugs; promotes high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue chemical pesticides, and uses high-altitude gap self-propelled high-stalk crop sprayers and unmanned aerial vehicles for disease and pest control.
According to the disease resistance of wheat varieties, the degree of incidence, climatic conditions, cultivation methods, reasonable selection of agents. Strictly the amount of drug used for seed mixing, it is forbidden to use excessive drugs; sow seeds immediately after seed mixing, mix them now, and sow them on the same day; appropriately increase the amount of seeds used after seed mixing. The specific methods of controlling underground pests are as follows: First, the seeds are mixed with medicinal agents. Seeds were seeded with 50 g of 40% methyl isosamyphosphorus or 100 g of 40% octyl thion per 50 kg of wheat seeds.
The second is poisonous soil. 250 grams of 40% octyl thiophos per acre, or 200 grams of 40% methyl isoxalis phosphorus mixed with 20 kg of fine sand soil, sprinkled and mixed well with the surface soil.
The third is poisonous bait. Each mu with 40% octyl thiophos 100 grams or 40% chlorpyrifos 100 grams mixed with millet and other bait about 5 kg, spread between wheat rows. For the prevention and control of wheat blight, 15% and 25% triazolone wettable powder should be mixed according to 0.03% (active ingredient) of seed weight; or 2% rickshaw (pentazol) dry seed mixture should be mixed with 0.1% seed weight and 2 to 3 kg of water; or 3% divedan (phenyl ethermethicazole) suspension seed coating agent should be coated with seed weight 0.3% of the drug weight, or 50% Ricketella wettable powder should be mixed according to seed weight 0.3% or 33% of the striae net according to the seed weight 0.2% of the drug volume, and the disease prevention effect was better.
Actively carry out soil testing and formula fertilization work, so that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are combined, and trace elements are supplemented. The high-yield field adopts nitrogen fertilizer backward migration technology, and the nitrogen fertilizer is applied at the bottom and 60%:40% respectively, and all other fertilizers are applied at the bottom. According to the production experience, the reference values of suitable fertilization at different fertility levels are: pure nitrogen (N) 12-14 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 6-7 kg, potassium (K2O) 5-6 kg, nitrogen fertilizer 60% bottom application, 40% jointing stage topscaling, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer all bottom application, ultra-high yielding fields with a yield of more than 500 kg per mu, pure nitrogen (N) 14-16 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 7-8 kg, potassium (K2O) 6-8 kg, nitrogen fertilizer 50% bottom application, 50% bottom application, 50% Topdressing at the jointing stage, all phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied at the bottom.
Mechanized operations are highly efficient
The district uses land leveling machinery to level the demonstration pieces; implements the technology of crushing wheat and corn straw and returning to the field in full quantity; and carries out deep ploughing or deep pine work to improve the soil water storage and fertilizer retention capacity. Wheat production has been mechanized throughout the process, and the comprehensive mechanization level of corn cultivation and harvesting has reached more than 95%. The drying rate of corn has reached 100%, achieving a bumper harvest and improving efficiency.
In order to strictly regulate the technical specifications, it is necessary to adapt to local conditions when harvesting and preparing land in autumn, and reasonably choose different ways to carry out mechanical operations. The first is to return farmland to the fields as soon as possible. Mechanical harvesting of corn, the straw is evenly spread in the field after crushing, at this time to plough the straw into the soil as soon as possible, it is best to harvest while ploughing and burying. On the one hand, the straw can be turned into the soil as soon as possible, the speed of straw decomposition can be accelerated, and the occurrence of problems such as low wheat seedling yield and dead seedlings caused by straw isolation soil is reduced. On the other hand, ploughing as early as possible can also avoid straw loss. The crushed straw failed to turn into the soil in time, and after drying, it was blown by the wind, and the straw piled up to affect the cultivated land, causing it difficult for wheat to emerge.
The second is to return straw to the field to promote decomposition. Straw decomposition relies on microorganisms in the soil, and microorganisms must have a suitable soil moisture for survival and reproduction. Soil moisture content of 60% to 70% is most suitable for returning to the field. If the soil is too dry, it will seriously affect the reproduction of soil microorganisms and slow down the rate of straw decomposition. Therefore, after the straw is returned to the field, in case of drought, it is necessary to water and replenish the moisture in time to promote the decomposition of the straw as soon as possible.
The third is to supplement nitrogen fertilizer to prevent seedlings from yellowing. This is because when the straw decomposes, the microorganisms need to temporarily absorb a large amount of available nitrogen from the soil, so that the seedlings are yellowed due to nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, when corn straw is returned to the field, it is necessary to sprinkle 20 to 25 kilograms of urea per mu before ploughing. This can accelerate the decomposition of straw, exchange small fertilizer for large fertilizer, and exchange chemical fertilizer for organic fertilizer, which has the dual benefits of changing soil and increasing yield.
The fourth is to rationally handle corn stalks and smooth agricultural machinery operations. It is required to dispose of corn straw and return it to the field, which must be "broken, uniform, deep and solid". After harvesting corn by machine, and crushing straw at the same time, or after manual harvesting, use mechanical crushed grass, the crushing length should be 5 to 8 cm, as far as possible evenly distributed on the surface; when ploughing the land, the crushed straw is turned deep into the cultivated soil, so that the crushed grass and the soil are more solid; moderate suppression when sowing. Fifth, cultivate wheat healthily and strive to obtain high quality and high yield. Rotary tillage planting should be combined with deep soil pine and deep ploughing, and deep ploughing or deep pine should be turned or deep pine every 3 years or so; extensive tillage methods such as shallow rotary tillage, sowing, and large-scale sowing are not advocated to avoid weak seedlings, dead seedlings and lodging. In order to cultivate strong seedlings and prevent lodging in the later stage, the small row spacing of 15 to 18 cm was expanded to 20 to 22 cm, and wide row sowing was promoted.
"Three adaptations" sowing to preserve seedlings
In order to improve the quality of wheat sowing and ensure that wheat is "seedlings, seedlings are complete, and seedlings are strong", the district regulates the planting method of wheat according to different factors such as moisture, sowing volume, sowing period, depth, etc., so as to achieve "appropriate period, appropriate amount, suitable moisture" sowing to ensure the growth process, yield and quality of wheat.
First, adhere to the sowing of the foot, when the relative moisture content of the soil layer of 0 to 40 cm soil is less than 75%, it is necessary to build the soil before sowing. The wheat field that cannot be built in time and sown with water is hoeed in time to prevent soil compaction and form a "drag seedling", which affects the quality of seedlings.
The second is the appropriate sowing period. In general, the average daily temperature of sowing in winter varieties is 16 °C to 18 °C, and the average temperature of semi-winter varieties is 14 °C to 16 °C. To cultivate strong seedlings before winter, winter and semi-winter varieties should ensure that the effective accumulation temperature before winter reaches 550 °C ~ 600 °C, while also considering weather conditions, fertility levels, diseases and insect pests and safe overwintering. Generally, the best sowing period is from October 5 to October 15 in the northern townships, and the suitable sowing period is from October 10 to 20 in the southern townships.
The third is a reasonable amount of broadcasting. Reasonable sowing and suitable basic seedling number are the starting point for laying a high-quality group, and it is also an important measure to build a reasonable group structure and coordinate the relationship between the group and the individual, wheat growth and development and environmental conditions. The principle of mastery is to divide varieties with strong tillering power and high panicle formation rate, and appropriately reduce the sowing amount. The amount of sowing early is appropriately small, and the sowing amount of late sowing is appropriately increased. The basic seedlings with good soil fertility and water conditions should be thin, the sowing amount should be small, and the basic seedlings in this area should be controlled at 180,000 to 220,000 plants. The fourth is fine sowing. Sow with wheat seeders that meet the requirements and are of qualified quality, and determine the appropriate sowing spacing according to the actual situation in various places, so that the row spacing is consistent, the sowing amount is accurate, the depth is consistent, the sowing depth is 3 to 5 cm, and there is no leakage or re-sowing. The seeder with the suppressor should be sown with the pressure, and the seeder without the suppressor should be suppressed with the suppressor after sowing. It is necessary to ensure the intensity of suppression, ensure the quality of suppression, do a solid job in the soil, reduce the loss of moisture in the field, promote the growth of wheat seedlings, cultivate strong seedlings before winter, and expand the proportion of strong seedlings.
Pre-winter management to ensure safety
The district uses the existing water conservancy conditions of the demonstration piece to promote the use of mobile sprinkler irrigation and hose micro-sprinkler irrigation to eliminate flood irrigation and reduce the water consumption of farmland.
One is to water the wintering water. For wheat fields and wheat fields that lack moisture and straw returns, rotary tillage and sowing, and the soil is suspended in the air, it is necessary to water the wintering water in a timely manner to ensure that the seedlings can safely overwinter. The winter irrigation time is generally stable at 3 °C to 4 °C, and the water can be carried out in time for downward infiltration, and it is completed before the upper freeze. Promote water-saving irrigation, prohibit flood irrigation with large water, timely hoeing after irrigation, loosen the soil to protect the soil, prevent the surface from cracking, and avoid wind permeability and damage to the roots of dead seedlings. For wheat fields with suitable soil moisture, high land preparation quality, sufficient bottom fertilizer, normal growth and suitable population, wintering water can not be watered before winter. For wheat fields without watering conditions, it is necessary to draw hoes and protect the mound in time after each rain.
The second is pre-winter chemical weeding. In recent years, there is a gradual development trend of malignant weeds in the grass family, which has a great impact on wheat yield, and it is necessary to base on spring grass and autumn treatment, and do a good job in autumn chemical weeding, generally from early November to early December, wheat 3 to 5 leaf stage, weed 2 leaves 1 heart to 3 leaf stage. To control wild oats, wheat and other grass weeds, mu with 6.9% horse emulsion 40 to 60 ml plus 30 kg of water for foliar spraying. To control broad-leaved weeds such as Artemisia annua, Cabbage, and Pig Plague, use 75% of the dry suspension agent of benzosulfuron 1 to 1.8 grams per mu, or 10 grams of 10% beesulfuron wettable powder, or 20% of it to make it emulsion 50 to 60 ml of water and 30 to 40 kg of water, evenly sprayed.
The third is to control diseases and insects. For wheat fields with heavy damage to underground pests such as grubs and golden needle worms, use 40% methyl isotylphosphorus emulsion or 50% octylthion emulsion 500 ml plus 750 kg of water per mu and water it along the ridge; or 50% octyl thiophosphorus emulsion or 48% poison tick emulsion 250 to 300 ml, mix with water 10 times, mix 40 to 50 kg of fine soil, and apply it to the soil in combination with hoeing. Wheat black leafminer fly has a serious wheat field, mu with 40% oxidized fruit 80 ml, plus 4.5% high-efficiency cypermethrin 30 ml, add water 40 ~ 50 kg spray; or with 1% avermectin 3000 ~ 4000 times liquid spray, both to treat wheat aphids and red spiders. To control wheat blight, spray evenly with 12.5% enzool wettable powder 20 to 30 grams per mu, or 15% triazolone wettable powder 100 grams, mixed with 50 kg of water. Wheat cystic nematodes have serious field plots, mu with 5% line enemy granules 3.7 kg, in the seedling stage of the ridge spread, and timely watering, improve the prevention effect.