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preface
Ever heard that an inkwell can be eaten? Lenin ate it, sometimes several in a row. Do you believe it? It was late at night on December 7, 1895, that Lenin and some of his comrades were arrested by the Tsarist police in connection with the case of the Association for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class in St. Petersburg. Lenin was held in a single cell at No. 193, the "Unconvicted Detention Center" on Shparlier Street.
Living conditions in Lenin's prison were rudimentary and damp. In this room of only six square meters, there is a bed, a table and a chair. A dim ray of sunlight entered the cell through a small high window in the wall. There is also a barred window on the door, through which prison guards can observe the prisoners' every move.
From the day he entered prison, Lenin used his cell as a headquarters to lead the workers' struggle. On one occasion, he used the opportunity of the cell to communicate with his comrades in prison, and tried to avoid the surveillance of the sentries, using their pre-programmed codes and code words to communicate so that the comrades could obtain the necessary information and make their confessions consistent.
Lenin also made careful plans for life in prison. He intends to use his imprisonment to gather information for the forthcoming draft of The Development of Capitalism in Russia and the draft programme of the Communist Party of Russia to be prepared. Fortunately, there was a library with a large library where prisoners were allowed to borrow them.
In prison, Lenin looked forward to every Wednesday and Saturday. Because his sister Anna Irinichna Ulyannova-Yelizarova was able to borrow many related materials from various libraries in St. Petersburg, such as the library of the Free Economic Society and the library of the Academy of Sciences, which laid the foundation for his creation. From morning to night, he diligently studied various economics books, analyzed scientific literature, and extracted statistics in the prison, turning the cell into a "study".
Although Lenin was imprisoned, he cared for the working class outside his cell. Lenin wrote many propaganda readings on Marxism, including the pamphlet "On Strike" and the leaflet "To the Tsarist Government", and secretly sent them by all means to guide the workers' movement outside the prison.
Despite the very difficult conditions for the creation of revolutionary theory, Lenin enjoyed bitterness. He remembered a game his mother taught him when he was a child: write with milk, then smoke the words over a flame, and the words immediately change color and are revealed. In prison, lest the guards discover writing about so-called forbidden things, Lenin thought of making small "inkwells" out of bread, pouring milk, dipping a pen in milk, and writing in the margins of some borrowed books.
With vigor and tenacious perseverance, Lenin escaped the storms in prison again and again. Before he was released from prison, Lenin's sister came to visit him, and Lenin jokingly said: "Alas, fourteen months imprisonment is too short, how good it is to reprocess and process books, it is not easy to get these books in Siberia." ”
Exile in Siberia
Historical Siberia is not only famous for its rich natural resources, but also for the promised land favored by tsarist Russia in the XIX century. Because the tsarist government tried to use the cold and loneliness here to wear down the fighting spirit of the revolutionaries, and tried to isolate the working class in the cities from the revolutionaries with thousands of miles of dense woods.
The tsarist government, fearful of Lenin, after releasing him from prison, decided to exile him to distant Siberia. The order given by the government authorities to the Petersburg Police Department said: "Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov is the culprit of the troublesome workers in the capital, the number one leader of the Petersburg revolutionaries, the most important criminal of the state. Such people must not be left in the capital. Banish him to the farther away from the capital, the better. "On the basis of this order, the St. Petersburg Police Department decided to sentence Lenin to exile in Siberian Shushensko.
In May 1897, Lenin, escorted by the military and police, came to Shushensko, which was deserted and guarded by military and police everywhere. In Lenin's eyes, the village was large, with dusty and dirty streets, not at all the countryside as usually imagined. It's deserted, and there are no orchards, grass nearby. The village is surrounded by livestock manure and smells bad. There was a small river on the edge of the village, the water of which was very shallow, and flowed into the Yenisei River, about 1 verst from the village. On the other side of the village, about 1 and a half versts, there was a "forest," which was nothing more than a very unseemly, deforested grove. Winters are long, up to six months long, and the temperatures are very low, making life very monotonous. However, Lenin's arrival added a touch of joy to life here.
Lenin lived in a wooden hut in the villager Zlyanov. Lenin was reluctant to fill in the trouble for others. Although he only had eight rubles a month in government subsidies, he paid Zlyanov, a villager, for food and housing.
Lenin was engaged in theoretical research in this small house of more than ten square meters. It is said that the development of Russian capitalism, a work of great value, was completed here. Of course, he used a lot of references when he wrote. Krupskaya once recalled that when Lenin wrote the book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia," he used about six hundred kinds of books and periodicals, and made sufficient research and statistics on the life of peasants and workers in Russia and the reality of industry and agriculture.
In his spare time from creating theories, Lenin went to the villagers, caring for and understanding their practical life. In such a remote place, landlords and rich peasants, relying on their economic wealth and the support of local governments, could not oppress and exploit the common people lawlessly. Moreover, the common people, because they are bound by traditional feudal thinking, are submissive. Lenin saw it in his eyes and hurt in his heart. He often talked with the common people, using a large number of life examples he had and combining Marxist theoretical knowledge to raise their awareness of confronting the feudal autocracy. He often helped ordinary people in litigation and safeguarded the material interests of the poor. He once helped a worker who had been fired from a gold mine for no reason to fight a case against a gold mine owner, and he won.
He also personally wrote petitions for farmers who falsely claimed to have set fire to their forests, and later won. Over time, Lenin's spirit of helping others and showing concern for the vital interests of the poor people became well-known, and everyone regarded Lenin as a confidant friend.
Revolutionaries are always confident in life. In this small deserted village, Lenin not only brought the joy of life to others, but also arranged rich activities for himself. On weekends, Lenin either played chess with visiting "exiles" or went out hunting, walking, and skating. Once, Lenin broke his hand while skating and could not write for a day or two, but he went skating anyway. Sometimes, because the whole body of the hunt was plunged into knee-deep snow, Lenin still enjoyed it.
Harvest love in the penal colony
Love is an eternal topic in life. It is often said: "The girl receives love through her ears, and the boy seeks love through his eyes." "The love between the young Vladimir Ilyich and Na Kon Krupskaya may be so. However, the bond of love that binds them is even more important than their lofty and lofty common ideal of realizing a communist society.
For the common goal, Vladimir Ilyich and his girlfriend chose to take the path of revolution. Unfortunately, they were arrested for their participation in the Association for the Liberation of the Working Class and sentenced to three years of banishment. Probably for reasons that political issues were put in the first place, the police authorities assigned Vladimir Ilyich and his girlfriend to different places. Na Kon Krupskaya was exiled to the province of Ufa. However, she asked to be with her fiancé in cold Siberia. Back in St. Petersburg, Lenin secretly wrote to her in prison with milk, confessing his sincere and passionate love.
Later, in exile to Siberia, he wrote to Krupskaya as his wife. When Lenin heard that his girlfriend had decided to come to Siberia, he asked the police officer for permission for his fiancée to move to Shushensko, Siberia. After joint efforts, Krupskaya was allowed to come to the village of Shushensko from the penal colony of Ufa.
In early May 1898, Krupskaya, accompanied by her mother, went to the remote and desolate village of Shushensko. Many villagers gathered in Zilyanov's house to see this beautiful and temperamental girl. The young girls of the village all looked enviously at the slender and well-proportioned Krupskaya, whose thick braid like a horse's tail was rare among the girls in the village.
While Rakimir Ilyich and his girlfriend were reveling in the joy of a long absence, the police authorities made a mocking request to them: if they did not get married immediately, they would send Krupskaya back to Ufa. However, this is not easy to achieve, since, according to their customs, a marriage ceremony is required, which in turn requires the files of the prisoner. If they can't find this file in the village, they can't get married. Later, after much trouble, they obtained this file, and finally held a simple but formal wedding on July 10 of the same year. At this point, Krupskaya became a close lover and comrade-in-arms of Rakimir Ilyich, opening up a new picture of their life.
Soon, they settled the family business. Lenin rented a wooden house to villager Petrova for 4 rubles. Although the temperature here is often low, they still grow some vegetables and flowers in a small vegetable patch in the yard. The young couple spent a hard and happy honeymoon here. Although Lenin and his wife lived a leisure life, they did not forget their work and mission. Together they consulted materials, wrote books together, and cared together about the progress of revolutionary work. Here, Krupskaya, under the influence of her husband, wrote her first pamphlet "Working Women".
Later, Krupskaya recalled her life and wrote: "The primitive innocence and joyful times are still vividly remembered. Everything has a bit of a retro feel: nature, mushrooms, hunting. A close group of comrades - everyone spent the holidays together, this group of close comrades and close friends, they walked together in the woods, skated together on the river, sang together in the fields, happy and happy. ”
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