Among the central officials of the Tang Dynasty, there was a difference between the officials of Taiwan Province and the officials of the Secretary of State. The so-called "Taiwan Province" generally refers to the three provinces of Zhongshu, Menxia, Shangshu and Yushitai. "Qingjian" generally refers to the Nine Temples and Five Prisons. The Nine Temples are Taichang, Guanglu, Weiwei, Zongzheng, Taibu, Dali, Hongxu, Sinong, and Taifu; the Five Supervisors are Guozi, Shaofu, Jiangzuo, Dushui, and Military Weapons. The chief of the Nine Temples is called "Qing", and most of the chiefs of the Five Prisons are called "Supervisors". Although the official offices of the three provinces of secretarial, dianzhong, and internal servant are also called provinces, their chiefs are called "supervisors". Therefore, these institutions are collectively called "Secretaries of State Supervision and Supervision". In the "Yuangui of the Book", there is a difference between the "Taiwan Provincial Department" and the "Qing Supervision Department". The former talks about the three provinces and the imperial history of The tai, while the latter records the nine secretaries and five prisons and the provinces of the temple and the secretary of the province (the province of inner service has set up a separate "palace minister"). The reason why they have to divide up is because their status is obviously different, and "Taiwan Province" is the central government organ and supervision organ, which is above the hundred officials; while the "Secretary of State" is in charge of specific affairs, accepts the instructions of Taiwan Province, and handles various special affairs. These secretaries, from their functions, are divided into five systems:
First, Zongzheng Temple, Dianzhong Province, and Inner Servant Province were all in charge of imperial and court affairs. Their division of labor is, Zongzheng Temple, according to the "Table of Hundred Officials", "to control the relatives of the Tianzi clan, to be a stranger." That is to say, the family tree that governs the emperor and the distinction between lineages. The Taimiao Cemetery, originally in charge of the Taichang Temple, was in charge of the 24th year of the New Century (736 AD), when Wang Chen of Puyang was Zong Zhengqing, he proposed to change it to Zongzheng Temple (later returned to Taichang several times, but eventually belonged to Zongzheng). Zongzheng Temple has 1 Qing, 2 from Sanpin, 2 Shaoqing, and 4 from 4 pins to help Qing. 2 people, from the six pins. Under the Lingling Terrace, Chongxuan Second Office. The Lingtai Bureau manages and guards the Zongmiao Mountain Mausoleum, and the Chongxuan Bureau is in charge of the number of Kyoto's various temples and the household registration of the Taoist female crown (female Taoist) and the affairs of the Zaiju. The Taoist female crown was attached to the Hongxu Temple in the Sui and early Tang dynasties, and in the 24th year of the new century (736 AD), it was transferred to the Zongzheng Temple. Dianzhong Province, Sui Province (because of the avoidance of Yang Zhong), was renamed in the first year of the reign of Emperor Wude of the Tang Dynasty (618 AD). The overseer is in charge of the affairs of the Son of Heaven's obedience, and there is 1 supervisor, from the three pins, from the three pins, from the less jailers, to help the prisoners. The six bureaus of Shang Food, Shang Medicine, Shang Yi, Shang Cheng, Shang She, and Shang Ren were in charge of the emperor's diet, medicine, tiara, court sacrifice Zhang Shi, Tang Mu, lamps and candles, sprinkling sweeps, horses, and public opinion. The provinces in the palace were all in charge of the emperor's urgent errands, so most of them were appointed by his cronies and nobles. For example, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, When Emperor Dou was born as the prison of the temple, at the beginning of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, Jiang Jiao was made the minor prisoner of the palace, going in and out of the bedroom and accompanying Yan Private. Li Lingqing was an old courtier of Emperor Xuanzong when he was in the mansion, and later served as the superintendent of the palace. In the fourth year of Gaozu Wude (621 AD), the Governor of Changqiu of Sui was changed to the Inner Attendant, the second year of Long Shuo (662 AD) was changed to the Province of Inner Attendant, and in the first year of Wu Hou 's reign (685 AD), it was renamed Sigongtai. The officials of the Inner Servant Province served the royal family in the Inner Court, and were pure eunuch institutions, with the six bureaus of the Lower Imperial Court, the Gong Min, the Xi Officials, the Inner Servants, the Inner House, and the Inner Fang. The Yeting Bureau is in charge of the household registration of the palace people and the miscellaneous servants of female workers; the palace bureau manages the entry and exit key of the palace. Among them, those who have no official goods are called internal envoys, who manage the records of the entry of materials into the palace doors; the internal envoys, who are responsible for the transmission of the doors and the key of access; and the inner palm fan, which specializes in the palace fans. Xi Li (奚 litigation) manages the grades of Xi subordinates, laborers, and palace officials, and where a palace person is sick, he is supplied with medicine, and when he dies, he is given clothes according to his grade. The inner servant bureau, the palm of the palace car ride, the queen out, then the inner servant order is on the left, and the beggar is on the right. The Inner House Bureau, the treasure in the palace and the number of givers, all the lamps, tang mu, and Zhang Shi are the masters. The Inner Fang Bureau, initially subordinate to the Eastern Palace, was transferred to the Inner Servant Province in the 27th year of the New Century (739 AD), and was in charge of the Eastern Palace and the grain of the palace people. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there were no three officials in the inner province, and eunuchs were not allowed to participate in political affairs. During the reign of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, the number of internal servants increased to more than a thousand, and eunuchs began to intervene in politics. At the end of the New Century, the number of eunuchs reached more than 3,000, of which more than 1,000 were more than 5 pins. In the thirteenth year of Tang Xuanzong Tianbao (754 AD), he initially placed 2 internal attendants, from Sanpin, with Gao Lishi and Yuan Siyi as his successors. Yang Sixun was ordered to go out against the ethnic minorities in the south many times, and he added a great general (from Yipin) to the title of Duke of Yu, breaking the practice of eunuchs not allowing them to ascend sanpin since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty. Gao Litu served the emperor personally, and was more favored, and in the last year of the new century, all ministers who played the song had to be seen by him, and the small matters in the court were handled by Gao Lishi, and only the big things were played by Xuanzong. Li Linfu, An Lushan, Gao Xianzhi and others achieved the status of generals, all of which were promoted by Gao Lishi. All the eunuchs obeyed the command of Colliers. Gao Lishi was the embodiment of Tang Xuanzong's power, and the prince called him "second brother", the princes and princesses called him "Awon", and the horses called him "Grandpa". After the Anshi Rebellion, the eunuch Li Fuguo fu Suzong took the throne. After Emperor Suzong ascended the throne, he favored the eunuchs even more, which further expanded the power of the eunuchs. When the Nine Knots envoys rebelled against An Qingxu, the imperial court did not have a commander, but the eunuch Yu Chao'en was used as the envoy to watch the army, and the nine knots were subject to his control, and the result was a big defeat. Li Fu was in charge of the Jade Seal in the country, the foreign control of the forbidden army, and the imperial court ownership of the edict, which must be detained by him and then implemented. The chancellor and the various shangshu Chen please, first inform Li Fuguo, and then report to the emperor, when Li Dan and Li Yu are prime ministers, when they see Li Fuguo, they perform disciple ceremonies. Li Dan impeached the auxiliary state for dictatorship and chaos, And Emperor Suzong was half-convinced, and only ordered the system to be put under the jurisdiction of Zhongshu Province, and Li Dan was framed and demoted to the history of Shu Prefecture because he had offended the auxiliary state and served as the prime minister for only one month. Li Fuguo not only deposed the prime minister, but also forced the emperor to die and killed the empress. In the first year of Baoying (762 AD), Emperor Suzong was seriously ill, Empress Zhang and the Yue wang clan conspired to get rid of the eunuchs, Li Fuguo preemptively arrested the prince and the Yue wang clan, the empress Wen Chang ran to Suzong's bedroom for refuge, Li Fuguo actually led the subordinates, broke into the emperor's bedroom, dragged the empress out of the door, and arrested dozens of the empress's cronies at the same time, after Suzong's death, they strangled Empress Zhang, killed the Yue royal family, and established Emperor Daizong. Li Fuguo was arrogant and arrogant, oblivious, and later served as Zhongshu Ling, adding the title of Sikong and monopolizing power. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, in addition to leading the palace service, eunuchs also issued edicts on behalf of the Heavenly Son, and as soon as they left the palace, they were called envoys, emissaries, edicts, and envoys. Bai Juyi said in "Selling Charcoal" that they "held the documents in their hands and called themselves edicts", exposing the ugly image of eunuchs relying on power to exalt. They have done great things in the localities, and they have brought great disasters to the people.
Female officials in the palace of the Tang Dynasty, following the old Sui system, there were 1 noble concubine, lady concubine, virtuous concubine, and concubine under the empress, called lady, zheng yipin. For example, the three sisters of Yang Guifei are all called wives (虢国, Qin Guo, and Korea); there are zhaoyi, zhaorong, zhaoyuan, zhaoyi, zhaorong, yuanyuan, chongyi, chongrong, and chongyuan, which are nine concubines, zheng erpin; there are nine concubines, zheng sanpin; 4 beauties, zheng four pins; 5 talents, and five pins. When Wu Zetian entered the palace at the age of fourteen, he was a talented person of Emperor Taizong, and later entered the palace again, serving as Emperor Gaozong's Zhaoyi; there were 27 Baolin people, Zheng Liupin, 27 imperial daughters, Zheng Qipin, 27 Cai women, and Zheng Bapin. In addition, there are palace officials, the head of the palace women, there are six Shang, Zheng Sanpin; twenty-four divisions, Zheng Si Pin, Twenty-four Classics, Zheng Liu Pin. There are also Shuyi, Deyi, Xianyi, Shunyi, Wanyi, Fangyi, zheng erpin, who teach the nine royal four virtues, and lead their subordinates to praise the empress. In short, if the eunuch is the emperor's domestic slave, then the palace official (palace maid) is the emperor's maid, and the internal official is the emperor's wife and concubine.
The emperor's children also had official subordinates. The crown prince's internal officials were 2 Liangdi, Zhengsanpin, Liangyuan 6, Zhengsipin, Chenghui 10, Zhengwupin, Zhaoxun 16, Zhengqipin, Fengyi 24, Zhengjiupin. Other sons who were made princes and daughters were also made princesses. They are called wangfu officials and princess yisi officials. The official subordinates of the Crown Prince's Eastern Palace are the Three Tai (太師, 太傅, 太保), the Three Shao (少師, 少傅, 少保), the Left and Right Chunfang, the Jialing Temple, the Rate Geng Temple, the Servant Temple, and the Ten Rate Houses. The officials of the Eastern Palace are generally relatively idle and have no authority, and as for the new monarch taking the throne, he is often promoted and assisted among the palace officials, which is a special case.
Second, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Hongxu Temple, Guozijian, Secretarial Province, etc., are in charge of the affairs of the imperial court, ceremonies, culture and education.
The Ceremonial Department of Shangshu Province was originally in charge of the national etiquette, but the Ceremonial Department was only in charge of the promulgation of government decrees and the formulation of etiquette principles, and rarely asked about the specific details of the etiquette system. Among them, taichang temple, in charge of the affairs of liturgy, suburban temple, and sheji, has 1 qing, zheng sanpin, which is the head of the hundred divisions of the qing supervisor (the other secretaries are from the three pins below). There are 2 young qings, who are on the four pins, to help Qing. There are eight departments, including Xia TongJiao She, Tai Le, Gong Gong, Tai Yi, Tai Bu, Li Li, Fen Ancestral Hall and Zhu Ancestral Temple. There were 4 Doctor Taichang, from the seven pins, in charge of the five ceremonies of the imperial court, and agreed on the titles of the three dukes and more than three pins of officials who had done good and evil, known as judges, most of whom were scribes of Botong. They discuss etiquette in the Taichang Li Yuan, and they can not pass through tai changqing or shaoqing. The Suburban Social Security Department, both of which are set up in both capitals, has 1 person in charge of the five suburbs, sheji, and Mingtang from the eight pins, and the Taile Department, ordering 2 people, from the seven pins, to adjust the bell law for the sacrifice. The Trumpeting Agency, ordering 2 people, from the seven pins, to applaud the festival of trumpeting. The Taiyi Medical Department, ordering 2 people, from the Seven Pins, to be in charge of the medical method, its subordinate officials are doctors, acupuncturists, masseurs, and mantra masters, all of whom are selected by examination. Taibu Bureau, order 1 person, from the seven pins, to hold the law of the Flute. The Fenci Temple, ordering 1 person, from the eight pins, to hold the sacrifice of the feast, the Fenci Temple, let 1 person, from the seven pins, enjoy the system of sacrifice and sprinkling. In addition, the ancestral temples of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors all set up an order of 1 person, from the six pins, to control the temple switch, sprinkle sweep, and interpret the ceremonies. All of these are directly or indirectly related to feudal ceremonial affairs, so Tai Changqing is also known as "Leqing".
Guanglu Temple, set up 1 Qing, from Sanpin, Shaoqing 2, from Sipin, for the help of Qing, in charge of the ceremonies such as the imperial meeting, sacrifices, etc., liquor liquor, and the government of food shame. The four departments of the Lower Unification Taiguan, Zhen Shame, Liang Qiu, and Palm Gong. Among them, the Taiguan Bureau set up an order for 2 people, from the seven pins, to serve the ancestral feast and meals; the Zhen Shame Bureau set up an order for 1 person, under the ZhengBapin, to serve the dishes of sacrifices, pilgrimages, and guests; the Liangwu Bureau set up an order for 2 people, under the ZhengBapin, to serve the wine; the Palm (Hai Yin Hai) Bureau set up an order for 1 person, under the Eight Pins, to provide the sauce and vinegar. Most of the food provided by the temple is necessary for the daily life of the court, so it is equipped with professional and technical workers, such as winemakers, main saucemakers, sauce makers, brewers, drummers, and oyster smiths.
Hongxu Temple, with 1 person from Qing, from Sanpin, and 2 people from Shaoqing, from Sipin, is Qing's assistant. In the case of guests and rituals, whenever the chief of the Four Yi Emperors or foreign emissaries comes to the court, the temple is responsible for registering, distinguishing their positions and arranging for the ceremony of the pilgrimage. High-ranking officials of the imperial court or governors of other prefectures or assassins who died in the capital division, the temple is responsible for their funeral equipment. The second department of the lower general and the celebrant is in charge of the affairs of the temple.
Guozijian ,guozijian (国子監), initially known as Guozixue (国子學) by Tang Wude (唐武德), was subordinate to taichang Temple, and was renamed jian in the second year of Zhenguan (628 AD), a central cultural and educational institution, and a cadre school for cultivating talents of feudal rule. Set the sake offering 1 person as the longest, from the three pins, the second official has 2 people from the siye, from the four pins down. Under the tongguozi, Taixue, Guangwen, Simen, Law, Book, Arithmetic and other seven studies. Its Chinese sub-studies, there are 5 doctors, Zheng Wu pin shang, in charge of teaching more than three pins and grandchildren of the Duke, from the two pins above the great-grandchildren. Han Yu once served as Dr. Guozi, and his famous "Jinxue Solution" was composed by Dr. Ren. There are also 5 assistant teachers, from the six products, for the help of the doctor, the teaching of the scriptures. Direct lecture 4 people, for the doctor, assistant teaching assistant, specific teaching of scripture; Taixue, there are 6 doctors, Zheng Liu Pin Shang, 6 teaching assistants, from the seven pins, in charge of teaching more than five pins and the descendants of the county gong, from the three pin great-grandchildren, divided into five classics, Guangwenguan, Tang Xuanzong Tianbao Jiu Zai (750 AD) set up 4 doctors, teaching assistants 2 people, in charge of the Guozi students to enter the jinshi section as the practitioner; four doors, there are 6 doctors, Zheng Qipin Shang, teaching assistants 6 people, from the eight pins, directly speaking 4 people, responsible for educating more than seven pins, Hou, Bo, Zi, Sons of men and sons of Shuren; Juxue, Sui Shili Temple, there are 8 doctors, Tang Wude was initially transferred to Guozijian, there are 3 doctors, from the Eight Pins, 1 teaching assistant, from the Nine Pins, in charge of teaching the students below the Eight Pins and the sons of the Shu people, with the law as the specialty, and also learn the standard law; Calligraphy, there are 2 doctors, from the Nine Pins, 1 teaching assistant, responsible for educating the students below the Eight Pins and the sons of the Shu people, with the Stone Classic, the Shuowen, and the Zilin as the major, and also learn other calligraphy; there are two doctors in arithmetic, from the Jiu Pinxia, He is a teaching assistant, responsible for educating the students below the eight pins and the sons of Shuren, and specializes in books such as "Nine Chapters", "Island", "Sun Tzu", "Wu Cao", "Zhang Qiujian", "Xiahou Yang", "Zhou Jie", "Five Classics", "Apocrypha", "Shu xue", "Ji Gu" and other books, and also studied "Records and Testaments", "Three Grades" and other books.
Secretary Province, Tang Gaozong Longshuo II (662 AD) changed to Lantai, Wu Hou Gong yuan year (685 AD) called Lintai, Tang Ruizong Taiji first year (712 AD) renamed Secretary Province, set up a supervisor 1 person, from Sanpin; 2 young prisoners, from Sipin, to supervise the matter of scriptures. Under the collar of the Writings Bureau and the Si Tiantai. There are 3 secretaries lang, from the six products, specially in charge of the four books of A, B, and D, each of which has three books: main, vice, and storage. There are 10 school scriveners, zhengjiu pinshang; 4 orthographers, zhengjiu pinxia, palm school classics, publish correct articles. There are 2 people in the Writings Bureau, 2 people from the Five Pins, 2 people from the Works Saburō, and 2 people from the Six Pins. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Secretary Provincial Writings Bureau was in charge of revising the history of the country, while the Tang Dynasty writer Lang was only in charge of writing inscriptions, blessing texts, and sacrifice texts, which was different from the Wei and Jin dynasties. Si Tiantai, tang gaozu wude four years (621 AD) called the Taishi Bureau (i.e., Sui Zhi Tai shi jian), Tang Suzong Qianyuan yuan year (758 AD) changed to Si Tiantai, set up 1 supervisor as the chief, Zheng Sanpin; 2 young supervisors, Zheng Si Pin Shang, palm astronomy, audit calendar, accounting for the sun, moon and stars, wind and clouds of the variation of the atmosphere. The rank of Si Tianjian is similar to that of the secretary supervisor, and the officials are not subordinate to the secretary province. In addition, there are Hongwenguan in Menxia Province, Jixian Academy and History Museum in Zhongshu Province, as well as Donggong ChongwenGuan and Sijing Bureau, all of which are cultural and educational institutions.
Third, the Sinong Temple, the Taifu Temple, the General Supervisor, the Shaofu Supervisor, and the Metropolitan Water Supervisor were in charge of the water conservancy of farmland throughout the country, the official handicraft industry, and the storage of the Golden Valley.
In the Tang Dynasty, agriculture, forestry, fishery, and industry were basically subordinate to the administration of the prefectures and counties where they were located, but there were special official offices in the central organs to manage the administrative affairs of each industry. Among them, Si Nong Temple, 1 person from the three products, 2 people from the shaoqing, from the four products, are in charge of the storage committee. All the money and goods needed for the Kyoto Hundred Officials, the Imperial Household, and the Sacrifices were supplied by the Sinong-ji Temple. The lower part is shanglin, Taicang, hook shield, and guan four departments. From the Upper Forestry Department, there are 2 people who, from the Seven Pins, hold the garden pond and plant fruits and vegetables for the daily needs of the pilgrimage, sacrifice and food. The Taicang Bureau, with 3 people, from the Seven Pins, is in charge of the national grain storage; the Hook shield Bureau, with 2 people, is in charge of supplying the charcoal, goose and duck, pulin, and The stuff of the Hanchi Xueze needed for sacrifice and pilgrimage. The official office, there are 2 people, under the eight pins, in charge of the supply of fine rice and wheat. In addition, there are also zhucang, zhutang, zhutun, liangjing palace garden breeding and sizhu who specializes in the cultivation of bamboo reeds.
Taifu Temple was renamed Waifu Temple in the second year of Emperor Gaozong's reign (662 AD), and in the first year of The Reign of Emperor Wuhou (684 AD), it was renamed Sifu Temple. Emperor Zhongzong ascended the throne and was renamed Taifu Temple. There are 1 Secretary of State, from Sanpin; 2 Shaoqing, from Sipin, in charge of goods, grain storage and trade. All the contributions of the four parties and the rank of the hundred officials are paid by them. It is under the jurisdiction of the four cities of Kyoto, the seven offices of Left and Right Tibet, and Changping. Among them, two of the Capital City Bureaus have ordered 1 person, from the six pins, 2 people from the beggars, and the eight pins. In charge of the trade of goods, measuring utensils, distinguishing their authenticity and weight; the Left Tibetan Bureau, there are 3 people, from the Seven Pins; the Left Tibet Bureau, there are 3 people, from the Seven Pins; the 5 people, from the Eight Pins, the Palm of the Money; the Miscellaneous Right Tibetan Bureau, there are 2 people, the Zheng Eight Pins; the 3 people, the Zheng Jiu Pin Shang, the palm of gold and jade, jewelry, copper and iron, bone horns, tooth hair, and silk paintings; the Changping Bureau, gaozong Xianqing three years (658 AD), there are 1 order, from the Seven Pins; 2 people, from the Eight Pins, palm ping, warehousing, cashier's affairs. During the reign of Wu Zetian, the Eastern Capital also set up the Changping Office.
Taicang of Sinong Temple in the Tang Dynasty was the state's grain depot, and the left collection of Taifu Temple was the treasury of the state. These two institutions were respectively responsible for the specific affairs of the storage of the national Golden Valley, so the "Yuangui of the Imperial Household" volume 620 "Qing Supervision Department · Election" records that when Yang Chongli was the shaoqing of the Taifu, he "bowed down to review himself between the rulers, and then thought he was competent.". This is very different from Shangshu's household department, which is in charge of financial affairs and government affairs but does not involve affairs with the outline.
He will be the supervisor and the shaofu supervisor, and he is in charge of the handicraft industry of the government according to the decree formulated by the Ministry of Works of Shangshu Province. The supervisor will be set up as the chief of the supervisor, from the three products, from the young supervisor 2 people to help, from the four products, in charge of civil craftsmen and pottery making. Under the left school, right colonel, lieutenant colonel, Zhen Guan and other departments. Among them, the left school office has 2 people, from the eight pins down, the beggar 1 person, the nine pins under, in charge of the matter of the zi smith. Responsible for the supply of Le County, straw, ordnance, funerary rites, etc. Right School Office, there are 2 people, zheng eight pinxia; 3 people, zhengjiu pinxia. Palm plates, mud, chalks, and toilets. The Lieutenant Colonel's Office, there are 1 person, from the eight pins down; 3 people, the nine pins under. Handle boats, vehicles, weapons, and miscellaneous equipment. Zhen Guan's Office, there are 1 person, from the eight pins, 2 people, zheng jiu pin down, in charge of the stone, clay matters, responsible for the supply of stone, man, beast, stele, pillar, mill, bar, bottle, and utensil. Shaofu Supervisor, Wu De was initially abolished, and the various departments were subordinated to the Taifu Temple. In the first year of Zhenguan (627 AD), it was renamed the Inner Prefecture Supervisor in the second year of Emperor Gaozong's reign (662 AD), and in the first year of the Reign of Emperor Wuhou (685 AD), he was renamed ShangfangJian (尚方監). Later, he was renamed shaofu supervisor, with 1 supervisor as the chief, congsan sanpin, and 2 young supervisors as the second official, in charge of the government of hundreds of skills. Responsible for the supply of Tianzi ware, houfei costumes, suburban temple guiyu, hundred official ceremonies, etc. Under the unification of the five departments of Zhongshang, Zuo shang, right Shang, weaving and dyeing, and palm metallurgy, as well as the supervision of Zhuye, coinage, and mutual market. Among them, the Zhongshang Bureau, there are 1 person under the Order, from the Seven Pins Down; 2 people, from the Eight Pins, are in charge of the system of providing the suburban Qi Gui Bi and the Tianzi Instrument play, and the concubine costume carving is wrongly colored; the Zuo Shang Bureau, there is 1 person, from the Seven Pins Down; the 5 people, from the Eight Pins, the Palm of the Zhai Fan, the Silk, the Five Roads, the Five Pairs, the Seven Dragons, the Twelve Cars, and the Empress Dowager, the Crown Prince, the Princess, the Queen Concubine, the Inner and Outer Concubines, the Princess of the Princess, all the supply of paintings and engravings and the wax torch miscellaneous works in the palace belong to the Division; the Right Shang Department, there are 2 people, from the Seven Pins, and the 4 people, from the Eight Pins, Responsible for the supply of the twelve idle horses, each year taken from Jingzhao and Henan Provinces, plus decoration is into the weaving and dyeing bureau, there are 1 person, Zhengba Pinshang; 2 people, Zhengjiu Pinshang, palm for the crown, the group silk and weaving, color dyeing and other things. In charge of the Metallurgical Bureau, there are 1 person, ZhengBapinshang, 2 cheng, Zhengjiupinshang, in charge of smelting gold, silver, copper, iron and painting glass and jade. Zhu Ye Supervisor, 1 supervisor each, under the seven pins; 1 person each, from the eight pins, the casting of the weapons of the soldiers and farmers, in order to supply the sergeants, tun tian, and residents of the instruments. Each of the minting money supervisors, 1 supervisor each, with the governor of the capital and the assassin shi concurrently serving, is in charge of minting coins. Mutual market supervisor, 1 supervisor each, from the six pins, 1 person, from the eight pins, in charge of the affairs of the country.
DuShuiJian, Tang Gaozu Wude initially changed the supervision to the bureau. In the sixth year of Emperor Taizong's reign (632 CE), he was renamed Sijin Jian (司津監) in the second year of Emperor Gaozong's reign (662 CE), and in the first year of Emperor Wu's reign (685 CE), he was renamed Shui Heng Jian (水衡監), which was later renamed the old one. The Capital Water Supervisor was originally subordinate to the superintendent, and in the twenty-fifth year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign (737 AD), he was separated from the general as a supervisor and became an independent institution. There are 2 messengers for the longest, and they are on the five products. The government of Shanze, Jinliang, and Quyan Pichi. Xia tong river canal, Zhujin Supervision Office. Among them, the River Canal Bureau has 1 person, who is under the eight pins; 1 person who is in the middle of the river canal department, and 1 person who is on the nine pins. Palm river canals, ponds, weirs, fish and fish. Where the ditch is plugged, it is forbidden to fish and catch it under its exclusive control. Zhujin (ferry port), each set up 1 person, Zheng Jiu Pin Shang, Cheng 2 people, from jiu pin down, in charge of the affairs of the world Jin Ji Zhou Liang. Among the hundred divisions of the temples, the capital water supervision is the smallest, and the official rank is the lowest.
Fourth, Dali Temple, the judicial department of the Tang Central Committee.
Dali Temple, renamed in the second year of Emperor Gaozong Longshuo (662 AD), was renamed The Temple of Detailed Punishment, in the first year of guangzhai (684 AD) it was renamed Sijing Temple, and in the first year of shenlong (705 AD) it was renamed as the old temple. There are 1 Qing, from Sanpin; 2 Shaoqing, from Wupin. The Tang Dynasty Six Classics Dali Temple says:
The office of Dali Qing, who is in charge of the state and the state of the country, is to listen to his feelings in five ways, one to listen to the qi, two to listen to the color, three to hear the audio-visual, four to listen to the sound, and five to listen to the words. Do your best with three considerations, one is clear and prudent, one is to doubt the prison, the second is to mourn, the third is to be unjustly imprisoned, and the third is fair, and the third is to bow to the prison.
All the criminals sent by the hundred divisions, whose sins flow to the end and who die, are all sent to the Punishment Department and covered by the Zhongshu and the door. There were 6 dali servants, from the six pins, who were in charge of judging the affairs of the temple, and the severity of the punishment was severe. Dali Zheng 2 people, from the five products, according to the criminal law section to discuss the severity of the punishment, if Dali Cheng improperly convicted, then the law is corrected. In addition, there were 2 people in the main book, from the seven products, who held the seal of the Dali Temple, and all the officials who atone for their sins and were exempted from the snow were registered. The 2 prisoners, from jiupinxia, lead the prison history and manage the prisoners. Dali Sizhi 6 people, from the six pins; Dali commentators 8 people, from the eight pins, palm out of the envoy push. If they undertake to make a recommendation, they will have the noble status of a chincha minister when they go to the locality. The Tang Dynasty also formed three divisions with Dali Temple, Yushitai and The Punishment Department as provisional judicial organs for hearing major cases. The joint interrogation of the chief and second officials of these three organs is called the Third Division, also known as the "Three Halls of Trial", and if it is jointly tried by the Dali Division or the Judges, The Imperial History, and the Criminal Department Lang Officials, it is called the Small Third Division. The feudal emperors attached great importance to the functions and candidates of the judicial organs, and according to the records of the "Tang HuiYao Dali Temple", Tang Taizong once said to his subordinates: "The office of Dali is suspended by human life, and this official must be selected wisely." The same book, "The Armies of the Capital City", also records that Tang Wenzong had an edict during the Kaicheng period that said: "The officials of the criminal law, the lives of people, are frequently edicted, and the talents are chosen."
Fifth, the Weiwei Temple, the Taibu Temple, and the Ordnance Supervisor are in charge of military and weapons organs.
Wei Wei Temple, there are 1 Qing, from Sanpin; Shaoqing 2, from Sipin. The Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty weiwei Temple say:
The office of Wei Weiqing, the decree in charge of the state's instruments and cultural relics... All the weapons of the world, those who enter the capital division, are hidden by their names, and all the great sacrifices and great pilgrimages are provided with their feathers, knots, golden drums, draperies, and yin seats.
The temple has three departments: arsenal, weapons, and shogunate. Two of them, the Arsenal Bureau, ordered 2 people each, from the six pins, to hide the weapons. If the imperial court has a pardon order, it will build a golden rooster and place a drum on the right side of the palace gate, and when the prisoners of Dali Temple and fuxian arrive, they will strike it; the Weapons Department, ordering 1 person, zhengba pinxia, to hold the weapons of the soldiers; the palace office, ordering 1 person, zheng bapinxia, to hold the offering tent. If there is a sacrifice or a patrol, the position of a prince and a hundred officials is set up. When the officials, soldiers, and ceremonies try to pay tribute to people, they offer curtains.
Taibu Temple, in the second year of Emperor Gaozong Longshuo (662 AD), was renamed Siyi Temple, Xianheng Zhongfu renamed, Wuhou Guangzhai first year (684 AD) was changed to Sibu Temple, shenlong yuan year (705 AD) reverted to the old name. There are 1 Qing from the three pins; 2 Shao Qing, from the four pins. The government of the stables and the public opinion. The lower command is the Huang, dian, dianmu, chefu four bureaus and various supervisors and pastors. Among them, there is 1 person under the Yellow Bureau, from the Seven Pins, and 1 man, from the Eight Pins, who is in charge of providing the road and taking charge of the taming of the horses. The Bureau of Canons has ordered 2 people from the Seven Pins, and 4 men, from the Eight Pins, to raise horses and cattle and raise miscellaneous animals. The Pastoral Bureau, with orders of 3 people, is on the eight pins, and 6 people, from the nine pins, are in charge of the affairs of the shepherds and miscellaneous animals and the crispy cheese. The Chefu Bureau has ordered 1 person, Zheng Ba pin xia, Cheng 1 person, Zheng Jiu pin xia, the car road below the crown prince and the method of taming. There are three kinds of pastoral supervisors, such as upper, middle, and lower, and the five thousand horses are the upper pastoral supervisors, and 1 supervisor is set up as the chief, from the five pins; the horse three thousand is the middle pastoral supervisor, and there is 1 supervisor, and the six pins are under; the horse is less than three thousand for the lower pastoral supervisor, and 1 person is set up as the supervisor, from the six pins down. Each oversees the fertility and shepherding of cattle and horses. Cavalry was in an important position in ancient warfare, and Emperor Taizong of Tang appointed the servant Shaoqing Zhang Wanzai to take charge of the horse administration, set up eight squares and forty-eight prisons, and vigorously bred military horses. At the beginning of zhenguan, the official government ranch only raised a few thousand horses, and within 40 years of Gaozong Linde, the number of livestock horses increased to 706,000, which was the peak period of horse breeding in the Tang Dynasty. This provided an important material guarantee for strengthening the combat capability of the Tang Dynasty army. In addition, the Tang Dynasty also set up a special Eastern Palace Nine Pastoral Supervisors, only 2 people, Zheng Bapinshang, in charge of herding horses and cattle for the use of the crown prince. Later Wu set up idle stables and flying dragon envoys, and gradually seized the power of his horse government. After the Middle Tang Dynasty, the eunuchs had the power to work, and the administration of the stables was almost controlled by the flying dragon envoys appointed by the eunuchs.
The above temple supervisors all acted according to the orders issued by Shangshu Province, with a total of more than 10,000 officials.
Another important feature of the official system of the Tang Dynasty was the position of Hanlin bachelor. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Hanlin Courtyard was placed in the forbidden middle, which was a place of worship for the inner court. However, in the Tang Dynasty Hanlin Academy, in addition to the scholars of literature and scripture, there were also various specialized craftsmen such as divination, medicine, chess, and art. They were regularly placed on duty and waited in the courtyard for the emperor to summon him, to accompany tianzi to play chess, paint, write, divinate, and heal his illness. In short, each of them used his expertise to serve the emperor's wanderings and feasts. In addition, the emperor often summoned a group of scribes who served as private staff officers to prepare advisers, such as the "Tang Hui Yao Hanlin Yuan", Tang Taizong once used Yu Shinan and other talented people as Hongwenguan scholars, "will be in the forbidden" and participate in the decision. According to the New Book of Tang, the Biography of Liu Yi , when Emperor Gaozong summoned Liu Yizhi and Yuan Wanqing to the forbidden period , " Secretly and participated in the current political affairs , in order to divide the power of the prime minister , then known as the 'Northern Gate Scholar'." "By the time of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, the First Hanlin Scholar, the New Book of Tang, Hundred Officials Zhi I, said:
At the beginning of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, he placed "Hanlin to be edicted", with Zhang Shu, Lu Jian, Zhang Jiuling, and others as the rulers of the four-square table, and responded to the article; and at the same time, with the Zhongshu drama, the documents were many delays, and the literary scholars were selected, called "Hanlin Offerings", and the Scholars of the Jixian Academy were in charge of the shushu edict. In the twenty-sixth year of the new century (738 AD), Hanlin was also changed to a bachelor, and the bachelor's academy was placed instead, and he was in charge of the internal life. All those who worship and exempt generals and order conquests are made of white linen. Subsequently, Yi Zhong was chosen, and courtesy was given to relatives, and the title was "Inner Minister", and he thought that the Son of Heaven was private.
After the appearance of the Hanlin scholars, they officially divided the power of the Zhongshu Sheren to make edicts, so the emperor's orders were divided into internal and external systems. Written by Hanlin Scholars, it was sent directly from the forbidden, so it was called "internal system" and written on white linen paper; while the Zhongshu Sheren was written by the foreign dynasty, so it was called "external system" and written on jute paper. The internal system is mainly important edicts such as worshiping generals, ordering conquests, establishing empresses, and appointing princes, while external systems are only general edicts. For example, Bai Juyi once served as a Zhongshu Sheren and also served as a Hanlin bachelor, and his collection of essays includes two kinds of "Zhongshu Zhiyi" and "Hanlin Zhiyi", from which we can see the difference between the internal system and the external system.
The Hanlin Bachelor is sent outside the general administrative system, regardless of the rank of the official, nor does it have an official office. It is said that the original quota was six members, but the "Tang Hui Yao Hanlin Yuan" said that it was actually "out of the order, there is no fixed number", from the six Shangshu to the school scribe Lang have to be selected. After the Anshi Rebellion, due to the frequent use of troops in the world, the military state has many affairs, and the deep conspiracy is from the Hanlin Academy. Therefore, the status of the Hanlin scholar was even more important, and many important matters of the military and state were not even consulted with Zhongshu Province. According to the Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Lu Zhen, during the reign of Emperor Dezong, when Jingyuan mutinied and Tianzi ran away, Lu Zhen, a scholar of Hanlin, "stopped his retinue", "Although there were Zai chens, and the plotters participated in the decision, most of them were out of rebellion, so at that time they were regarded as 'internal ministers'. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, he also selected a highly respected person among the scholars as a scholar of the Undertaking Will, the staff forbade the secret, and the power was the only one, and yuanshu's "Records of the Bachelor of The Hanlin Undertaking the Will" Yun: "Great edicts, great abolition, the secret paintings of the chancellor, the secret music of the inside and outside, those who pay close attention to each other, do not specialize, and others have nothing to participate in." This kind of authority undertaken by the Hanlin scholar is actually not only to draft documents and edicts, but also to directly advise the inner court and divide the power of the foreign dynasty to discuss the government, which can be described as a veritable "internal minister".
As for the Five Dynasties, the selection of Hanlin Scholars, must go through a strict examination, and the "Five Generations will be Hanlin Yuan" records that in the first year of the Later Tang Dynasty (930 AD), Liu Xun (x & YinXu), a Hanlin scholar, said in a recital:
As is the old practice of the court, bachelors are admitted to the hospital, except for the Zhongshu Sheren, who do not try, the remaining officials first try the hemp system (edicts such as canonization, pardon, and appointment), reply (for ethnic minorities or extraterritorial documents), and approval (for the handling of the subordinate chapter table), one poem, one for each, and the number five questions. If the test is done within the same day, it will be submitted. In the past, although there was the name of the call for examination, and there was no fact of the examination school, every time there was a new bachelor's day of the call, or those who had help, they all pre-produced five questions, and the subliminal structure and the helpless were drafted on the same day, which was rarely successful. All the gains and losses are tied to the ladder media, and the gains and losses are attributed to the partial party. In the future, all the new bachelors in this academy, if they want to ask for the right to stop the test of poetry, only try the hemp system answer, a total of three questions, still ask the inner court to give the question, and also determine the number of words, and pay the hospital to call the test.
The "old precedent of this court" mentioned by Liu Xun here refers to the events of the early years of the Later Tang Dynasty. As for who to choose among the bachelors to be the bachelors, it was entirely up to the emperor to decide. The Five Dynasties Huijiao Hanlin Yuan records that in the third year of Tiancheng (928 AD), Emperor Mingzong said: "A member of the undertaking of the will." Out of the will of the yuan, regardless of the order of official qualifications, above the bachelor, it is still compiled into the "Hanlin Zhi". ”
After the Tang Dynasty Hanlin bachelor was admitted to the hospital, he had to study for one year, and after moving to the "Zhizhi Zhi" (知制诰), he was qualified to hold the pen and the draft edict. If you are promoted to the rank of Bachelor of Undertaking, you can generally formally worship the Zhongshu Sheren in a short period of time and then enter the phase. Yuan Shu's "Records of the Hanlin Chengzhi Scholars" says that in the seventeen years from the time of Xianzong to Muzong, the Chengzhi scholars "eleven people and nine participated in the great politics". After Changqing, the prime ministers of each dynasty who were born in Hanlin generally accounted for about one-half to four-fifths, which set a precedent for future generations to worship Hanlin.
Hanlin scholars had the status of the emperor's confidential secretary and were regarded as "private" by tianzi, so in the late Tang Dynasty, when the eunuchs' power was expanding, the emperor often relied on them to deal with eunuchs. For example, when Emperor Shunzong appointed Wang Shuwen, a scholar of Hanlin, to preside over the "Yongzhen Reform" and plot to seize the power of the eunuchs, the first measure taken by the great eunuch Ju Wenzhen to stifle this innovation was to remove Wang Shuwen from his post as a scholar, so that Wang Shuwen had no reason to "enter and discuss official affairs". During the reign of Emperor Wenzong, Li Xun, a scholar of Hanlin, plotted with the support of the emperor to destroy the eunuchs. It can be seen from this that hanlin scholars had an important and delicate political position in the struggle of various political forces in the late Tang Dynasty, so they were most envied by people in the world. Although Hanlin in the Ming and Qing dynasties no longer directly overheard about political affairs, and it was customary to always take Hanlin as the choice of the Qing dynasty, it was not only because Hanlin was born and did not worship, but also because of the customs inherited from the Tang and Song dynasties.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were hanlin scholars who were dispatched outside the administrative system in Beijing, and there were three divisions in charge of financial planning, household department, and salt and iron transport. They are three separate departments, each of which is a vassal, and only five generations later did they become one position, called the "Three Divisions". Among the three divisions, the salt and iron transfer envoy of "ruling the world's interests" is the most important. The transshipment envoy and the salt and iron envoy are originally two duties, the transshipment makes the palm of the water transport, the salt iron makes the palm of the salt trade, and the copper and iron ore smelting. The New Book of Tang Records records that in the twenty-first year of the new century (733 AD), Pei Yaoqing was Jing Zhaoyin, because of the rain in The Capital, the grain could not be transferred, Gu Yuangui, Yaoqing proposed a method of transportation, to solve the problem of grain shortage in Guanzhong, Xuanzong worshiped Yaoqing as a Yellow Gate Waiter, Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, and also jianghuai capital transfer envoy. He served for three years, transporting 7 million stones of grain and 300,000 taels of money for land transport. It is also recorded in the "Food Commodity Chronicle IV" that Tianbao and Zhidejian have 10 yuan per bucket of salt. In the first year of qianyuan (758 AD), salt and iron and minting money made the fifth Qi first put forward the management method of salt, set up a prison in the salt-producing area, and monopolized the salt in the world, and the price of each bucket was increased from 100 yuan to 110 yuan, and after the fourth year of Emperor Dezong Zhenyuan (788 AD), the price per bucket was even as high as 370 yuan. The government used this to make huge profits. During the reign of Emperor Shunzong, the annual income of the single salt tea tax reached 6.65 million taels. This huge profit must be transferred to Guanzhong, and the transshipment work is mainly based on salt profits, which are combined with transshipment. Therefore, when the fifth Qi was a salt and iron envoy, he also hung up the post of transport envoy. Later, the salt and iron transporter was combined into a single position. The salt and iron monopoly business has also developed unprecedentedly and has become the main project of the state's financial revenue, so the Old Book of Tang and the Chronicle of Food Goods says: "At the end of the Great Calendar, the wealth of the world, and the total amount of money it has entered, the total is 12 million, and the salt profit is more than half." At that time, the income per year was basically dependent on the eight provinces and forty-nine states of the east and west. It can be seen that the status of salt and iron transshipment is quite important.
Du Zhi and HuBu were originally both divisions under the Household Department of Shangshu Province. After the Middle And Tang Dynasties, due to the frequent wars and large military expenses, the affairs of the Duzhi had long exceeded the scope of the division, so they were often judged by other officials and judges. According to the Tang Hui Yao Bei Guan Zhi Du Zhi, in the twenty-second year of the new century (734 AD), Xiao Jiong (Yin Embarrassment), the young secretary of the Taifu Dynasty, became a zhidu branch, or a system branch, or a zhidu branch, or a degree branch envoy. Before Emperor Dezong Zhenyuan, there were many officials who judged him; after Zhenyuan, most of them were based on the main shangshu and the lord of the shilang, and added names such as "judgment" and "knowledge". If Shangshu and Shilang do not add the titles of "Judge" and "Zhi" to the Division, they cannot actually hold their posts. In this way, the regular degree branch official has become a false title with no power.
Hubu is in charge of household service, because the financial cashier and the source of salt and iron taxes are shared by the degree branch and the salt and iron transfer envoys respectively, so it is the most simple of the three divisions. During the Yuan He period, the eunuch hated Li Dai, that is, squeezed him out of the Hanlin scholars, and sent him to judge the affairs of the household department, because the household department had little power.
In the Tang Dynasty, the three divisions already had the phenomenon of mutual mergers, such as Liu Yan once served as a salt and iron transport envoy and a degree of support, and Yuan Xuan once added a salt and iron transfer envoy to various provinces in addition to the Hubu Shilang Judgment Du Branch. After the Huangchao Rebellion at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the world raised troops, and the organizational system of the three divisions was paralyzed, so the envoys were dispatched with the disposal of the rent, and the soldiers were stopped. By the time of the Fifth Dynasty Later Liang, it was along its system that the renters were placed in charge of the world's money and goods, and the office of the Three Divisions was abolished. After that, all taxes were levied, warehouses were saved, military supplies were supplied, and goods were transferred and exported by renters. Later Tang restored the three divisions of Duzhi, Hubu, and Yanmei, with Zhang Yanlang as the envoy of the three divisions, and at this point, the three divisions of envoys were not one.
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