«——【Preamble】】 ——»
The evolution of the Silk Road literature of the Han and Tang dynasties has the characteristics of stages, and its development process can be roughly divided into the initial period, the development period, and the prosperity period according to the changes in the number of creations, experience accumulation, and asanas. How did the Silk Road begin?
«——【Development Stage·】——»
The creation of the Silk Road Chronicle began to be created, the style was not finalized, and the number of creations was limited, and the creation of Zhang Qian and Ban Yong had an important impact on the establishment of the main styles and styles of the Silk Road Chronicle literature, and the creation of Cao Zhi and Zhang Zai on the Silk Road Chronicle enriched the literary style of the Silk Road Chronicle.
During the development period, the experience of the creation of Silk Road Chronicle literature gradually increased, the number increased, and the style was gradually finalized, and the scribes of the Jin and Sui Dynasty explored the style of the Silk Road Chronicle (Xingbiography), poetry, and edict, and the early Tang Dynasty literati accumulated experience in the creation of Silk Road Chronicle poetry.
During the boom period, the experience of the Silk Road Chronicle literary creation was mature, the volume soared, and the style was perfected, and poets at different levels participated in the literary creation of the Silk Road Chronicle. The initial period of the Han and Tang Silk Road ChroniclesThe initial period of the Han and Tang Silk Road Chronicles and LiteratureThe initial period of the Han and Tang Silk Road Chronicles is divided according to the time period.
From the Western Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty, the literary works of the Silk Road Chronicle began to be created at that time, and the asana was not yet finalized, and the number of creations was limited. According to the author's preliminary statistics, during this period, only Zhang Qian's "Exit from the Customs" and Ban Yong's "Records of the Western Regions" were published.
«——【Zhang Qian's Creation of the Silk Road "Xingji"·】——»
Zhang Qian of the Western Han Dynasty sent an envoy to the Western Regions to dig the Silk Road, and traveled in various countries along the Silk Road for many years. Unfortunately, the account is now extinct, and research is no longer possible.
When Sima Qian wrote the "Historical Records", he explicitly referred to Zhang Qian's Silk Road hearing information, so most scholars believe that the first half of the "Historical Records: The Biography of Dawan Lie" was written based on Zhang Qian's Silk Road hearing information, and the information is very likely to be "Out of the Customs".
Therefore, when Wu Fengpei compiled the "Silk Road Data Remittance Supplement", he compiled the first half of the text from the "Biography of Dawan Lie" and printed it with Zhang Qian's "Exit from the Customs". Although there is a certain documentary basis for this move, the works recorded by him are almost transcribed from historical books, and it is difficult to accurately call it Zhang Sai's work, let alone a work of Ji Xing.
In contrast, Yan Kejun's approach is more preferable, and when compiling the "Three Dynasties of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Six Dynasties of the Three Dynasties of the Ancient Times", he only compiled Zhang Qian's "Yue" passage from the first half of the "Biography of Dawan Lie", entitled "The Topography of the Western Regions", which was written by Zhang Qian.
It is very likely that this "Geography of the Western Regions" is the original text of part of his "Records of Leaving the Customs", and Sima Qian, as Zhang Sai's contemporary, directly transcribed it when compiling the "Historical Records". In addition, Cheng Zhongshu et al. wrote "Zhang Sai's Exit from Guan Zhi> Research Topics and compiled "Wine Glass Vine, Xuanqu Country, and Santong Country Three Essays".
Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions and his act of creating literature on the Silk Road Chronicle based on his own experience as an envoy also had an important impact on later generations, such as the consciousness of later literati to make meritorious contributions to the frontier and win fame, and the formation of the tradition of literary creation along the Silk Road.
«——【Ban Yong's promotion of the creation of the Silk Road's "Xingji"·】——»
Ban Yong of the Eastern Han Dynasty traveled around the Western Regions with his father Ban Chao since he was a child, and later served as the chief of the Western Regions for many years, and was quite familiar with the situation of the Western Regions.
The creation of the Silk Road "Xingji Style" pioneered by Zhang Sai has been promoted. Ban Yong's "Tale of the Western Regions" was written to make up for Naishu Bangu's "Hanshu and Biography of the Western Regions", but it is a pity that it has a similar fate to Zhang Qian's "Tale of Leaving the Customs", and it is now also dead.
Because when Song Fan Ye of the Southern Dynasty wrote "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of the Western Regions", he clearly stated that it was based on Ban Yong's "Records of the Western Regions": "Ban Gu records the customs and customs of all countries, and has prepared the "Former Book" in detail. After the establishment of the martial arts, it is different from the predecessors, thinking that the "Legend of the Western Regions" is recorded by Ban Yong at the end of Emperor An. ”
Therefore, the scholars mostly studied the "Records of the Western Regions" according to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of the Western Regions". For example, when Wu Fengpei compiled the "Silk Road Data Remittance Supplement", he compiled most of the content of the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of the Western Regions" and published it as "The Records of the Western Regions".
He gave a general account of the geography and rivers of the countries in the Western Regions. However, the "Records of the Wind and Soil of the Western Regions" is still an objective narrative, and compared with the "Records of the Exit", the geographical content (topography, topography, etc.) is more clearly described, and the descriptions of properties and military affairs are the same, but there is still a lack of descriptions of the activities of the characters.
The new description of the situation in the countries of the Western Regions is related to the establishment of the Western Regions Protectorate at that time and the dispatch of officials such as the Governor of the Western Regions and the Captain of Wu Commander. The narrative of the text is enhanced, and the narrative process focuses on citing stories.
Most of the stories in this story are real and important events that occurred in the countries of the Western Regions, such as the text's descriptions of the events and military struggles of Khotan, Shache, Shule, Qiuzi, Yanqi and other countries, especially the military disputes between Khotan and Kumi, and the grievances of several generations of kings.
The narration of this story becomes real and vivid because of the dialogue of the characters, which enhances the reader's interest in reading. Through the few words of the characters, you can get a glimpse of their character. However, language descriptions are rare in the literary works of the past dynasties, and more language descriptions appear here are obviously influenced by the style of historical books.
In the story of the Western Regions, officials such as the Dunhuang Taishou, the Western Regions Changshi, and the Wu Commander of the Central Dynasty played an important role in the disputes between the Western Regions, and most of them appeared as local administrators, and carried out mediation or force control for the purpose.
In addition, the text has many descriptions of the great powers of the Western Regions, such as its swing between the Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty, the disputes with the great powers of the Western Regions such as Khotan, Shanshan, Qiuzi, Shule, and Dawan, and the tyrannical rule of its kings and the troubles in the Western Regions.
During this period, the scribes of the Jin and Sui dynasties focused on exploring the style of Xingji (Xingbiography), poetry, and edict in the literature of the Silk Road. Regarding the exploration of the Silk Road, Later Qin Shi Zhimeng wrote "Foreign Biography", also known as "Zhimeng Biography", "Foreign Biography" and "Foreign Biography".
It can be seen that part of the westbound route of Shi Zhimeng is within the limits of this article. In addition, according to the "Biography of the High Monks" volume 3 "Zhimeng Biography", Shi Zhimeng Yuanjia "made a biography in July of the sixteenth year, and recorded his travels", and Xu Jian's "Beginner's Record" volume 27 quoted "The Biography of Traveling Abroad" has "the high-rise pavilion of the Guizi country, gold and silver carvings".
It can be presumed that Shi Zhimeng's "Foreign Biography" belongs to the literary work of the Silk Road Chronicle. It is similar to Fa Xian's "The Legend of the Buddha's Kingdom: Written in the style of the Silk Road" by early monks, reflecting the changes in the creation of the style of the line at that time.
During this period, the style of the Silk Road Chronicle was more mature than the previous stage, and the authorship was more diverse, and the monks gradually became the main force in the literary creation of the genre, such as Fa Xian's "Buddha's Chronicles" and Huisheng's "Huisheng Xingbiography".
The Eastern Jin Dynasty monks wrote "Foreign Affairs", Zhu Fawei had "Buddha's Chronicles", but unfortunately they all died, and Xiang Da, Cen Zhongmian, Chen Lianqing, etc. compiled a number of relevant texts, which are not within the scope of this article. In history, Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty personally toured the northwest, conquered Tuyuhun, and held trade fairs with 27 countries.
His "Linweiyuan Poems" seems to have been written on the way to Tuguhun. The extant text of the poem is: "This is the way to the west, and the mountain road is also long." The earth is supernatural, and the same cave spits torrents. It is difficult to float and suffice. Shocking waves roar stream stones, Cheng'an Lagoon Building. Talking down Di County, Miao Miao wanton Shenzhou.
The long forest roars the white beast, and the cloud path thinks of the green cow. The flowers and leaves are scattered, and the smoke is collected every day. Straight to seek people to hide, not to travel in the wrong way. "Comprehensively using a variety of descriptive techniques, Weiyuan is vividly depicted from multiple aspects such as sound and color, movement and stillness, near and far ground.
It blends Wei with the surrounding mountains and forests, winding roads, wind and flowers, sunrise and fog, and faintly conveys emotional interest in the description of the scene. In terms of descriptive techniques, it seems to have borrowed from Yu Wendi's "Poetry to Weiyuan", and Weiyuan is depicted in terms of voice, color, movement, and near and far.
The level of writing is further improved. In the poem, "the wind returns to the flowers and leaves, and the smoke is collected in two sentences, and the work is stable, and the skills are high, which can quite see the level of the Silk Road chronicle poems sent to the Sui Dynasty." Overall, the poem can be said to be borrowed from the North and South Institutes.
The subject matter of the work continues the theme, and the content does not have the disadvantages of the Southern Dynasty's pretentiousness and moaning, which is quite similar to the narrow realm of the Southern Dynasty poetry, and is a real work of the Silk Road. In addition, Xue Daoheng has "Fengli Linweiyuan Response Poem", which is obviously a work of order and reward.
«——【·Conclusion·】——»
The poem and Yang's poem are both five words and sixteen sentences, the style is the same, but the non-step rhyme is harmonious, the rhyme part has been changed, and the rhyme of the two poems is stricter. Xue Shi seems to have also been written on the way to accompany the driver to discuss Tuyuhun, but there are fewer descriptions of Ji Xing, and more scenes are written to praise the saint, and the style is not high.
Information sources:
Cen Shen's Journey to the Western Regions and the "Silk Road"