Abstract:The supply and demand of Poria cocos industry in mainland China are stable, self-sufficient, and driven by domestic and foreign market demand. From the perspective of production, from 2016 to 2021, the production of Poria cocos has increased steadily, especially between 2019 and 2021, the production has surged, showing strong market potential and production capacity. In 2022, despite a slight decline, total production remained high, reaching 252,000 tonnes, down 4.1% from 2021. In terms of exports, the export volume of poria cocos from the mainland has shown a fluctuating trend in recent years, with 5,806.8 tons exported in 2022. From the perspective of demand, the demand for Poria cocos in mainland China continues to grow, which is consistent with the growth trend of production. In 2022, despite a slight decline in production, demand remained high, reaching 247,000 tonnes.
1. Definitions and Classification
Poria cocos, also known as Yun Ling, Pine Cocos, Poria cocos, is a subphylum of basidiomycetes, stratomycetes, non-fold bacteria, polypore family, Poria cocos, parasitic on the roots of pine plants such as red pine or Masson pine, is one of the traditional precious Chinese medicinal materials in the mainland, and is also one of the commonly used bulk Chinese medicinal materials, with an annual demand of more than 10,000 tons. Poria cocos is used for both medicine and food, with the effects of invigorating qi and calming the heart, strengthening the spleen and stomach, diluting water and dampness, etc., and is mainly used to treat spleen deficiency and less food, phlegm drinking dizziness and other symptoms. Poria cocos derivative, carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide, has the effects of enhancing human immunity, anti-tumor, antiviral, liver protection and enzyme lowering. In terms of categories, Yunnan's "Yunling", Hubei's "Jiuzihe Poria Cocos", Fujian's "Minling", Anhui's "Anling" and Sichuan's "Chuanling" have become the mainstream Poria products in China, among which "Yunling" has the best quality and "Anling" has the largest output.
Second, the business model
1. Planting mode
At present, the artificial cultivation area of Poria cocos is relatively concentrated, mainly in Yunnan, Hunan and Guizhou, Dabie Mountain and other regions, and each region has a unique industrial base. In Fujian, Henan, Guangxi and other regions, there are also artificial cultivation of Poria cocos. Chuxiong, Pu'er and other areas in Yunnan Province are mainly artificially cultivated Poria cocos. Under such planting and production methods, the yield and quality of Poria cocos are low, and the level of industrialization development is not high.
2. Processing mode
At present, there are three main types of Poria cocos processing technology in mainland China: first, the traditional early technology, which involves cumbersome steps such as "sweating" to remove excess internal water and form characteristic wrinkles, which is rarely used; the second is the simplified technology of "fresh Poria harvesting-peeling-cutting-drying", which has a low cost but low yield; The third is the technology of "fresh Poria cocos harvesting-steaming-peeling-cutting-drying", which has become the mainstream because of its high yield and good color. After the processing step of Poria cocos, the product forms are diverse, including Poria cocos blocks, Poria cocos tablets, Poria cocos powder, etc., each of which has different effects, such as diluting water and dampness, strengthening the spleen, calming the heart, etc., and the differences may be related to the changes of the active ingredients in the processing process.
3. Sales model
At present, the processing volume of Jingzhou Poria cocos processing trade market accounts for about 65% of the national total, of which Poria cocos in Hunan and Guizhou areas is mainly fresh Poria cocos, which is mainly sold to the Jingzhou distribution market, and then circulated to the major medicinal material markets in the country after processing in the Jingzhou distribution market, which can expand the market share of Poria cocos.
3. Industry policy
In the context of the development policy of the poria industry in mainland China, the government departments attach great importance to and continue to promote the innovation and development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry. From the "Notice on Several Measures to Accelerate the Development of Agricultural Industrialization" issued by the Huanggang Municipal Government, which emphasizes the use of local resource endowments to develop the Chinese herbal medicine industry such as Poria cocos, to the "Three-year Action Plan for the Planting of Chinese Medicinal Materials under the Forest in Yunnan Province (2021-2023)" formulated by the Yunnan Provincial Forestry and Grassland Bureau, which aims to accelerate the process of improving the varieties and varieties of Chinese medicinal materials such as Poria cocos. The Shanghai Municipal Government and the Anhui Provincial Government's Implementation Plan for Counterpart Cooperation between Shanghai and Lu'an City (2023-2025) will further promote the industrial development of authentic medicinal materials such as Poria cocos and build a biomedical source processing industrial park. The Sichuan Provincial Drug Administration's "Sichuan Provincial Measures for the Formulation and Revision of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces Standards (Draft for Comments)" emphasizes the clinical value-oriented and pays attention to the standard research of Poria cocos and other traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory. The "Implementation Opinions on Strengthening the Ecological and Environmental Protection of the Qinling Mountains and Promoting High-quality Development" issued by the Shaanxi Municipal Government also supports the development of the whole chain of the Chinese herbal medicine industry and helps the Chinese herbal medicine industry such as Poria cocos to realize the transformation of advantages.
Fourth, the development process
The development process of the mainland poria industry has undergone a transformation from initial attempts to modern industrialization. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, although the artificial cultivation of Poria cocos was initially attempted, the results were not significant due to limited technology and experience. In the 60s of the 19th century, Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Yunnan and other places began to widely adopt the tube planting method, realizing the transformation from wild excavation to artificial cultivation, which greatly improved the yield of Poria cocos and expanded the production area. In the 1970s, the improvement and popularization of the "flesh-induced" cultivation technology of Poria cocos made the cultivation of Poria cocos gradually large-scale and the yield was further improved. With the increase of scientific research investment, from the 1980s to the 1990s, breakthroughs were made in variety improvement and breeding, such as the successful breeding of new varieties of Poria cocos in Jingzhou Miao and Dong Autonomous County, and the cultivation technology has also been deeply studied. After entering the 21st century, Poria cocos planting has gradually entered the track of industrialization and modernization, the planting area and output have been increasing, and the deep processing and product development have also become increasingly abundant, meeting the growing market demand. The continuous progress of science and technology has injected new vitality into the sustainable development of the Poria industry.
Fifth, industry barriers
1. Talent barriers
Talent barriers are the primary challenge faced by new entrants in the Poria industry. The cultivation and processing of Poria cocos requires not only professionals in agriculture and biotechnology, but also compound talents with rich market experience and management capabilities. It is often difficult for new entrants to assemble such an efficient and professional team in a short period of time, which makes it difficult to compete with existing enterprises in terms of technology research and development, market expansion and operation management.
2. Experience barriers
Experience barriers are also an important obstacle for new entrants to the Poria industry. The cultivation and processing of Poria cocos requires long-term technical accumulation and practical experience, including knowledge and skills in strain breeding, cultivation management, pest control, and processing technology. Due to the lack of this experience, it is often difficult for new entrants to quickly adapt to market demands and technological changes, and it is difficult to gain an advantage over the competition.
3. Environmental barriers
Environmental barriers also pose a constraint on new entrants. Poria cocos cultivation has high requirements for environmental conditions, requiring specific climate, soil and ecological environment. New entrants who are unable to find suitable planting areas or ensure a stable and sustainable growing environment will face greater operational risks.
4. Financial barriers
Financial barriers are also a problem that new entrants in the Poria industry need to face. The cultivation and processing of Poria cocos requires a large amount of capital to be invested in the purchase of land, the construction of infrastructure, the procurement of raw materials, and the research and development of new technologies. If new entrants lack sufficient financial support, it will be difficult for them to gain a foothold and grow in the market.
Sixth, the industrial chain
The industrial chain of the mainland poria industry covers the supply of germplasm resources, pesticides and organic fertilizers in the upstream, to the planting and processing in the midstream, and then to the application of diversified products in the downstream. In the upstream link, high-quality seeds, pesticides and organic fertilizers are the basis for Poria cocos planting, which provides a strong guarantee for the healthy growth of Poria cocos. In the midstream, Sichuan Xinrui Poria Planting Co., Ltd., Jingzhou County Xinli Poria Planting Professional Cooperative and other enterprises and cooperatives have ensured the yield and quality of Poria cocos by virtue of professional planting technology and large-scale operation. In the downstream link, Poria cocos is widely used in Chinese patent medicine, health care products, feed, cosmetics and food, which not only reflects the wide market value of Poria cocos, but also promotes the deepening and expansion of the Poria cocos industry chain.
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