Liu Huaizhen: Memories of my military life in the Northwest Army

introduction

*This article is excerpted from the fifth series of "Dingtao Literary and Historical Materials" (1987), written by Liu Huaizhen, and the original title is "Memories of My Military Life in the Northwest Army"

The picture and text are not related to the text and are for illustrative purposes only

No public information about Liu Huaizhen has been found, but this is one of the rare self-reported information of middle- and lower-level officers of the Northwest Army so far.

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I was born into a peasant family, and when I was eight years old, I went to my grandfather's house in Beibeizhuang, Chengwu County, to study in elementary school. In 1916, when I was thirteen years old, I was admitted to Chengwu County High School, during which time I received a preliminary patriotic education and understood that since the Opium War, the Qing Emperor and the imperialists had entered into many unequal treaties that humiliated the country, and the reputation of the mainland had deteriorated. In 1919, I was admitted to Heze No. 6 Middle School, but due to my family's poor finances, I had to drop out of school.

In 1920, my grandfather, Yuan Sizhuang, the manager of the mutton soup restaurant in Tuodan County, asked Zhu Wudan to write a letter to Cao Kun's guard brigade commander Shi Fusheng (who was a tenant of the Zhu family at the time), recommending me to study at the Beijing Army Middle School. The vast majority of the students in this school are the children of the government and are well paid. Both the principal and the teacher are afraid of the students, because if the students say bad things in front of them, they will lose their jobs. I, a poor student in the countryside, was even more looked down upon by those gentlemen everywhere, and I felt very uncomfortable. Every Friday, those young masters are taken back to the city by their parents. Restaurants and restaurants are full of their footprints, and Flower Street and Willow Lane have become their entertainment venues. Can such a school produce talents who can save the country from peril? I don't want to stay there any longer. One day, I approached the then brigade commander and told him that I was going to drop out of school. In this way, I left the army middle school for a total of 50 days.

When I was in high school, I had heard that Feng Yuxiang's army was highly disciplined. After dropping out of the Army High School, in May 1921, I joined Feng Yuxiang's 11th Company and 4th Squad of the 3rd Battalion of the 2nd Regiment of the 8th Mixed Brigade in Nanyuan, Beijing. At that time, the squad leader was Zhao Shuwen, the company commander Shi Jishu, the battalion commander Ma Shibin, the regiment commander Xi Yechi, and the brigade commander Li Mingzhong.

Newly recruited soldiers have to undergo three months of hand-to-hand training, attending lectures at 1.3 o'clock every day, and illiterate soldiers must also learn 600 new words, and literate soldiers will each teach 5 to 10 illiterate soldiers. On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, he talked about concise military discipline, on politics, national humiliation, and field work on Tuesdays, and on Sundays, he cleaned up indoor and outdoor hygiene, washed laundry, cleaned toilets, and planted vegetables. Three months later, he issued a rifle made in Hubei with 200 rounds of ammunition, and began to train with guns. The content of gun training is: holding a gun, shoulders and shoulders, standing, kneeling, lying down to shoot, aiming triangle, running with a gun, shooting with live ammunition, etc. When the chief of education of the General Administration of the General Administration came to our company to inspect the training of recruits, I received a commendation with books, shoes, socks, clothes, and a bonus of 50 yuan. The recruits also have to practice mechanical gymnastics such as wooden horses, blockades, large parallel bars, platform waves, pole vaults, long jumps, single overheads, iron bars, bayonet guns, boxing, 2,000-meter races, sketch competitions, etc., because I practiced the big iron bars, I did not use yellow incense to wipe my hands, my hand slipped, and my lower leg was injured, and I was sent to the brigade hospital for treatment. There is a doctor in the hospital, named Chen Yihou, when chatting, talked about his hometown, and learned that he is a native of Chengwu, Shandong, graduated from the first class of Chengwu County High School, I graduated from the fifth class, because I am a classmate, I am very affectionate, he said that after graduating from Heze No. 6 Middle School, the group was abused by his stepmother, separated from the family, and went out to work. After listening to my experience of giving up the army middle school and joining Feng Yuxiang's army as a soldier, he sympathized with me very much. He talked to me every day when he changed the dressing, and he encouraged me to participate in patriotic actions, work hard to learn skills, and contribute to saving the Kuang family from peril. I remember Chen Yihou's conversation from the bottom of my heart, and it played a very good role in my future life.

In January 1923, I was selected to serve as a soldier in the second squad of the brigade's pistol team, and often practiced pistol shooting, splitting knives, and boxing. When running, I had to bring a full arsenal (a pistol, a horse pistol, a Flannin, a large knife, a kettle, a lunch box, 500 bullets), shoes, socks, coats, etc., and the weight was seventy-two pounds. Captain Gu Liangyu saw that I was too weak and suggested that I be transferred to another job, and the brigade commander asked me to be a recorder, and I said that I would not be a military assistant if I was tired to death. Later, the brigade commander asked me to run the rockery to exercise, I was determined to practice hard, and a month later, I would run the felt altar temple with everyone and no longer fall behind

Finish.

In the autumn of 1924, brigade commander Li Mingzhong summoned me and Zhu Qiming, Du Youding, and Cheng Keren of the pistol team to the brigade headquarters and said: Mr. Sun Yat-sen instructed and General Feng Yuxiang ordered my brigade to send people to the palace courtyard. He also said that Zhang Weizhong, the commander of the first regiment of our brigade, led the team to live in the felt altar temple, and there were our sentry posts around the palace. When I entered the Chunhua Gate and went to the Heart Cultivation Palace, I saw Xuantong. After seeing Xuantong, he said: "We are here to protect the emperor on the order of General Feng", at this time Xuantong may be suspicious of us, because his imperial forest guard has been completely replaced by our guard. Although there is nothing to be done with doubt,

We must beware of his suicide, and every time we eat, we must be tested, and each person will be given a silver medal to test the poison in the rice. Be kind to Xuantong and don't let him see that he is supervising him. The phone has notified Captain Zhang, you guys go! The four of us arrived at the palace to nourish the heart, and the eunuch on duty reported to Xuantong, who immediately met us, and the four of us gave him a military salute and said: "We are ordered by General Feng to come to protect the emperor, don't see outside, the four of us, from today on, will never leave the emperor, and the eunuch on duty is the same." Xuantong said very well, and called out his Wan Niangniang and Concubine Wen to meet. After sitting down, Xuantong asked General Feng about some daily life, then retired, went to the East Pavilion (also known as the East Palace), we also went to the East Palace, Xuantong entered the inner room, and we sat down in the outer room. We said to the chief eunuch, "You are on duty with four eunuchs and me, and you are in the inner room, and we are in the outer room, day and night, two on duty and two resting." ”

Since we never left Xuantong, we know a lot about his life in the palace. Xuantong and his mother, Concubine Wen, both eat at the same table, they (she) are in the inside, and we are outside. When the meal was opened, several eunuchs pulled out the table and stools, and brought four lunch boxes, after opening the lid of the box, we used silver medals to check the vegetables and rice one by one, and carried them to the inside two boxes, Xuantong and Wan Niangniang Wenfei used, left two boxes outside, and we ate. Once, when we asked the official chef for the name of the dish, he said, "Today, one plate is stewed tofu with bird's nest and duck, one plate is lamb with green onion and pepper, one plate is fried chicken with bamboo shoots and gluten, and the other is chicken and shredded pork and cream stewed cabbage." A large plate of lard crisp, a large plate of three fresh dumplings, and more than a dozen side dishes. "We asked him again how many tables he had every day. He said: "In the past, there were more than 30 tables, but now there are 14 tables, and you have come, add one table, fifteen tables, as for why there are fewer people eating?" That's because after the emperor's abdication, the palace ladies who were over seventeen years old were repatriated to their hometowns. Now there are more than sixty people left. According to the imperial chef's estimate, Xuantong has to spend 900,000 taels of silver every year for dinner.

Xuantong and his mother-in-law and Concubine Wen all wore bright yellow cheongsams, pants and boots were all high-quality satin, and the quilts were also bright yellow. The palace ladies also wore satin robes, which were changed once every five days. Single, clip, cotton, leather, all year round, each person has to change into more than 70 pieces of new clothes, all of which are high-quality fabrics. In leather clothing alone, Xuantong and his mother and concubine Wen have more than ten species such as lynx, silver fox, lynx, Aiye leopard, black fox, mink, sable, and sable. According to the garment eunuchs, it takes about 700,000 taels of silver to dress each year.

: Xuantong and Niangniang Concubine Wen used the daily decorations, according to the palace insiders, it also costs three or four hundred thousand taels of silver every year, the hair growth oil, clove oil, osmanthus oil, rose oil used on the head, the fat powder, balm, alabaster on the face, the flower water, perfume powder, potpourri liquid and so on are all precious things.

The above daily necessities cost about 2 million taels of silver every year. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to say that "one meal for the emperor and a year's food for the poor". An abdicated emperor is still so extravagant, General Feng Yuxiang, he should be driven out of the palace to relieve the people's hardship.

The four of us, who lived in the palace for 40 days, received an order from Regiment Commander Zhang to hand over the task of monitoring Xuantong to Company Commander Hu Jiankun. He was allowed to bring eight eunuchs, and the rest of the personnel were arranged separately.

The four of us resigned to Xuantong, returned to the brigade, and reported to the brigade commander the process of monitoring Xuantong, who praised us and allowed us to take three days off, with a reward of 50 yuan each.

At the end of 1924, Feng Xian was transferred to the Northwest Supervision, and the first division and three brigades were organized into six divisions, three independent brigades, and one pistol brigade, and the commander of our brigade was promoted to the commander of the sixth division. Soon after, Li Mingzhong, commander of the Sixth Division, was transferred to the post of Governor of Suiyuan, and I was assigned to the Military Police Company of the Supervision and Command Office as a squad leader to study the code of the gendarmerie, and I took turns to take turns from Baotou to Xizhimen in Beijing once a week to check the streets in the old and new cities of Suiyuan. In Suiyuan for several months, it was found that there was a local vice of racing feet, young and middle-aged women sat on the street on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, stretched out their feet, and compared to whose feet were smaller, and the local chief priest selected the rank, and commended the women with small feet, because of this vice, the girl suffered from foot binding since childhood, and we reported these situations to Li Dutong, who immediately ordered the prohibition of this custom, and the girl no longer suffered from broken bones.

In February 1925, I was transferred to the third company of the engineer battalion as a platoon commander, and in June, our department and the Zhang Xueliang Department of the Northeast Army jointly held a sports meeting in Zhangjiakou.

One day, Shi Jingting, chief of staff of the division, sent me to help the Quartermaster Department order 10,000 pairs of cotton shoes. On this day, I went to the street to buy something, and by chance I met Chen Yihou, I had mixed feelings, held his hand tightly and said: After you healed my injury, why can't I see you again? He said, "This is not the place to talk. He led me to the small building of a restaurant to say goodbye. He said earnestly: You are also a lieutenant when you become a platoon commander, but you must be frugal, do not be corrupt, and have a national mind. He also instructed me that in the future, when I met with the Communist Party, I would be saved and protected when I was in trouble. When you have military power, I will help you make a revolution, and you must have a strong will and the perseverance to sacrifice yourself to save the country......

……·。 I said that I would resolutely listen to him and give him 30 yuan in person for temporary use, but Chen Yihou resolutely refused to accept it. He said that five yuan a month was enough, and asked me to send him five yuan from the army on the fifteenth of the month, and after saying goodbye, I sent five yuan a month according to the address he wrote, but three months later, he wrote and said, don't send it again, he wants to go somewhere else, and since then, the two of us have lost contact. But I will never forget Chen Yihou's insight, foresight and sincere teachings to me.

In September 1924, the commander of a company of our battalion escaped from the battle with Yan Xishan at Yanmen Pass, and was dismissed for investigation. During the construction, cut thorns, cut hair and grass to build roadbeds, and stay overnight by the Yellow River. Every morning climb the ladder to measure, looking at the northwest, except for a few people's cooking smoke in the mountain col and the occasional sailboat passing through the Yellow River, I have not seen people, I made up a song of seven laws: the wasteland is boundless and few pedestrians, and the Yellow River is a close neighbor. Tomorrow morning, I don't know where the boat is going, only to see a flock of high flying geese.

Due to the fact that the engineer battalion was ready to transport materials and build bridges, coupled with the hard work of the soldiers, the "Bao Wu" road was quickly built. As soon as I completed my task, I received a notice from the division ordering us to build a road from boxwood to Shizuishan via Linhe, Sanshenggong, Yinchuan, and Shizuishan. After half a year of hard work, the task was completed again. After the completion of the road repair task, he was ordered to return to Baotou. At this time, the Northwest Frontier Army had been changed to the Second Group Army of the National Revolutionary Army, expanded to 20 divisions, and placed Gansu, Shaanxi, and Henan provinces under the jurisdiction of Feng Yuxiang, and the three special districts of Rechasui and Beijing were guarded by Feng's designated people, Feng ordered Song Zheyuan to be the chairman of Hebei Province and guard Beijing, Li Mingzhong was the governor of the Northwest Province, Zhang Zhijiang was the governor of Chahar, Lu Zhongteng was the governor of Rehe, and Liu Yufen was the chairman of Gansu Province. At this time, there were still many northern armies opposing Sun Yat-sen, such as Yan Xishan in Shanxi, Ma Hongkui in Ningxia, and Liu Zhenhua in Shaanxi. After Liu Yufen received Lanzhou, he was surrounded by Ma Hongkui, and Commander-in-Chief Feng urgently ordered Zheng Dazhang's cavalry to gallop to relieve the siege and occupy Ningxia, and when the vanguard of our army arrived at Sansheng Gong, it was blocked by a regiment of Gong Fukui, and after two hours of fierce fighting, this regiment was disarmed and more than 800 enemies were captured. The commander of Shi You's third division drove the prisoners into the trenches of Sansheng Gongzhai and strangled them with machine guns. I saw that the Chinese were killing the Chinese, and I couldn't bear it, so I secretly released more than 300 people. When Commander-in-Chief Feng learned of the killing of the prisoners, he urgently ordered his troops not to kill the prisoners. This order not only saved the fate of the future prisoners, but also pardoned me for the crime of releasing the prisoners privately. Our army went to Pingliang, Ningxia to rest for half a month, and continued to advance to the three passes, the three passes have a narrow road of 100 miles, it is the dangerous pass to enter Gansu, the general Yang Jing of the Northern Song Dynasty had fortified and guarded here, and there are the temples and statues of Yang Liulang on the south slope of the road in the pass. To the south of the temple is Huaguo Mountain and Water Curtain Cave. According to the natives, in the past, Sun Wukong cultivated his true nature in the cave, because: making trouble in the Heavenly Palace, he was pressed by the Buddha at the foot of the Five Elements Mountain, and was later accepted as an apprentice by Tang Seng, went to the West Heaven to learn scriptures, and entered the positive fruit. Our battalion received an order at the camp to cover the artillery. This artillery brigade had six heavy artillery pieces and eight field artillery pieces, and the daily journey was less than 60 miles. When we arrived in Jingchuan County in Gansu Province, there was a fifteen-mile mountain road, and it was not easy for the artillery to pass, so the battalion commander Gao Qunying decided: The mules of the two guns pulled one cannon, and then used two companies of troops to pull the mountain with a long hemp rope. When going down the mountain, the mules were unloaded, and the two companies were kept and lowered down with ropes, and only one cannon could be transported a day. Our advancing troops had already engaged in a fierce battle with Liu Zhenhua's blocking troops, and the artillery in front was as urgent as sparks, so we transported artillery and shells day and night, and finally transported all 14 guns to the front line and placed them in effective firing ranges. The cannon roared, shaking the valley, our soldiers bravely killed the enemy, and finally defeated Liu Zhenhua's troops, our army left part of the army in Shaanxi to deal with the aftermath, and the rest of the troops continued to chase the enemy. Commander-in-Chief Feng appointed Liu Ruming as chairman of Shaanxi Province, and the contingent was under the command of Shi Jingting, chief of the General Staff. Shi Jingting led his troops to Heishui Pass and disarmed all Liu Zhenhua's troops. After defeating Liu Zhenhua, our army entered Henan and had an encounter with Jin Yunpeng's army in Xingyang, Henan. However, Jin Yunpeng used the strategy of clearing the wilderness with a (strong) wall, so that after our army entered Zhengzhou, there was a shortage of food and grass, and Commander-in-Chief Shi ordered that he would not enter the people's houses if he froze to death, and would not take away the people's food if he starved to death. In this difficult period, Chairman Song Zheyuan of Beijing, from the Jinghan Road to transport grain, rice and ammunition, our army's morale was greatly boosted, all departments prepared enough grain, rice and ammunition, divided the troops into three ways to advance Kaifeng, in the area west of Kaifeng, fierce fighting for two days and nights, the Jin army was not supported, so he gave up Kaifeng, to the west of Huagaoshui Linzhang counties to retreat, our army pursued to the west of Xiangcheng, surrendered 15,000 enemies, captured a lot of weapons and ammunition.

At this time, Sun Chuanfang, a careerist stationed in Xuzhou, colluded with Jiang Mingyu, who was stationed in southwest Lu, to invade Henan, Shi Jingting ordered Shi Yousan to lead his troops to advance eastward from the south of Longhai Road, Sun Liangcheng of the Third Army marched eastward from the north of Longhai Road to block Sun Chuanfang's westward attack, and Han Fujia of the Sixth Army blocked Jiang Mingyu along the old road of the Yellow River, and the army marched to the north bank of the old road of the Yellow River to fight fiercely with Jiang. Jiang turned from offense to defense, retreated to Cao County to hold on, and Sun Chuanfang cut off contact with Jiang Mingyu. Sun Chuanfang also retreated to Jiuli Mountain and Woniu Mountain, resisting stubbornly. Our army pursued to Woniu Mountain, in order to compete for favorable terrain, carried out white-knuckle battles, both sides suffered serious casualties, the army commander's pistol battalion commander Liang Fangqi was killed, and the battalion Fu Hu Xieyu was wounded. At that time, our battalion was at the Niudiquan station, covering the relief trucks, and suddenly received an order from the army, ordering me to lead the pistol battalion at the forward position of Woniu Mountain and be the captain of the war. The battle was fierce there, so he rushed to the aid of the pistol battalion. At that time, the wind and snow were intertwined, and the bullets were raining down, I was on the position, holding a war knife in one hand and a pistol in the other, supervising the battle for five days and nights, and finally defeated Sun Chuanfang's army on Woniu Mountain and Jiuli Mountain.

The victories in the above battles were the result of Commander-in-Chief Feng's arduous training in Nanyuan, strict demands, and continuous improvement of the quality of the army. When we were in Nanyuan, every night of wind and snow and heavy rain, the army had to practice snow warfare and rain warfare, so we were able to defeat Sun Chuanfang in the continuous wind and rain, and the more we fought, the stronger we became.

After Sun Chuanfang was defeated, Commander-in-Chief Feng ordered the entire military camp to pay for study in Luoyang, and each person was given a tuition fee of 50 yuan. At that time, the Second Group Army set up four schools in Luoyang, including the Higher Military School, the Mounted Artillery School, the Captain-level Cadre School, and the Junior Sergeant School. Three days after the announcement, Director Shi ordered me to serve as the director of education and the brigade at the Mounted Artillery School, and Li Jicheng, who was stationed in Luoyang, as the captain. I reported that I was born in the infantry and did not understand the special forces, and that I had asked the superintendent to take back the command while I was studying. Director Shi said: Now we have all kinds of tutorial books, and we can choose the titles every day, print them into a booklet, and send them to the students as lecture materials. Every morning exercise, you and the team leader go to the playground to carry out training, and spend five or six hours in class. My German-made bicycle, for you to ride, every time the artillery playground ceremony, you can ride, so that the playground will not run away, now Japan is constantly provoking me, we must train our troops well, ready to the outside world. After listening to Director Shi's teaching, which aroused my pride, I stood up and said, if I am not competent, please change. Since taking office, I have worked day and night to complete the training tasks. During the three-day holiday during the Spring Festival, I was ready to sum up my experience and report it to the director's department. One day, Principal Han said to me: "You go to Lingbao County, bring the 400 horses issued to us by the headquarters, bring the two scholars, and make the horse book." I said, "There is a service in the school, why don't you ask them to get it?" Principal Han said: "The headquarters instructed you to get it, and out of 400 horses, you can choose four horses for you to ride when you are the battalion commander." After listening to this, I was very touched and said that I would like to thank the superintendent and the principal for their care and care for me. During the three-day vacation, I brought back the horses and selected one white horse, one red horse, and two yellow horses. A total of 18 battalions were set up and assigned to eight counties in eastern Henan and ten counties in southern Henan for conscription. I was assigned to Yucheng, and when I was leaving, the division instructed me: "Yucheng County is small, with a population of less than 100,000, Anhui in the east, and Shandong in the north. ”

After arriving in Yucheng, he first asked the county magistrate Tian to introduce the situation, the county's five districts, the eastern, southern, northern, and central four districts, are not big problems, but the head of the western district, Hu Sanji, relies on his second son-in-law to be the director of the provincial civil affairs department, and he is a bully in the county. Our conscription is the main task this time, and it is also our duty to crack down on local tyrants and shoddy gentry, and Hu Sanji is the target of the attack.

At the first conscription meeting, I talked about the conditions for recruits and the methods of conscription, and the district chiefs all expressed their stance and resolutely completed the task, but Hu Sanji did not say a word. When the time came for the other four districts to send 50 new soldiers, not a single soldier from the western district was sent. For the recruits who pass the examination, half of their portraits will be taken, and they will be ordered to go home and wait for notice. At the second meeting, Hu Sanji said that he had not yet arrived and sent his son to attend, but he still did not send troops. I sent one company commander and three platoon commanders to change into civilian clothes and go to Huzhuang in the west of the city to investigate Hu Sanji's actions. They came back and said that Hu Sanji had gone to a relative's house, and that we had detained Hu's son. He also took two platoon commanders and four mounted policemen to the daughter's house of Hu Sanji in Liukou, Shangqiubei, and found Hu Sanji. I asked him to go back to the district to recruit soldiers, and he had to go back to the district with us. I told him that the recruits from the other four districts had been recruited, and we had come to your district to help with the work, and I said, "If you don't call for soldiers, I can't go to the army, so you should ask for soldiers from the county, not directly from the district." I said: "There is an official document from the provincial government and an order from the division to recruit soldiers, and after the county study is completely in accordance with the procedures, and all the other districts have completed their tasks, you do not recruit any soldiers, and you pretend to be sick to escape, and you also distort the reason, you are really a bully, and you deserve it." I followed the division headquarters and reported the situation to the division commander, and the division commander ordered Hu to be escorted. When I returned to the county, I told the division commander of his opinion to the county magistrate, who said that Hu should be dealt with severely, so we and Hu Sanji brought torture instruments and showed them on the street.

The next day, Hu Sanji's eldest son-in-law, Song Zhaokun, president of the Chamber of Commerce, took out 10,000 yuan to atone for his father-in-law. I also said to Song Zhaoshi, you rich and powerful people can use money to atone for their sins, I can't be greedy and sell the Fa, how to deal with this money, you still have to listen to the opinions of the province or the teacher. After we leave, if you insist on taking money from the magistrate of Tian County, you will be guilty of robbing the treasury.

We sent Hu Sanji to the division headquarters for detention, and said to Hu Sanji's son: You are limited to ten days to send all the recruits, otherwise, you will be dealt with the same as your father. As a result, the Western District sent all the recruits in less than 10 days, 500 recruits, and completed the task in two months, and I held a meeting with the county magistrate Tian to sum up the experience of conscription, encouraged the four district magistrates, warned the local tyrants and inferior gentry, and we bid farewell to the county magistrate Tian and returned to the division.

After the recruits from all counties arrived, the division commander held a meeting and made a summary of the conscription, he said: "Battalion Commander Liu recruited soldiers in Yucheng and performed very well, in addition to studying the conscription methods with various districts, he also trained recruits with the company platoon commander every day, and even led the company platoon commander to cut grass and feed the horses, and used the saved forage money to improve everyone's life; He also did not shy away from authority, cracked down on local tyrants and bullies, and made local local tyrants and inferior gentry fearless; Seeing that money is not greedy, bribes are put into the treasury and handled properly; Gong does not live alone, and completes the task of conscription. In addition to giving Battalion Commander Liu a commendation, our division Chen is also preparing to ask Commander-in-Chief Feng for an award. "At the summing up meeting, I also criticized three or four counties that had problems, and the division commander rewarded me with 837 yuan from the surplus money from the conscription. After the meeting ended, Director Gao urged me to take out the money. I divided this money 300 yuan according to the ranks, and gave 300 yuan to the company, platoon chiefs, and communication soldiers, and 300 yuan for the new recruits of the whole battalion to make clothes, and the remaining 200 yuan, which was ordered by the division commander to be fostered by the adoptive mother.

After the conscription task was completed, the General Headquarters of the Second Army issued a general order to the whole army to praise me and award me with a steel plating knife, a Franing small pistol, a Switzerland luminous watch, a Chu Taogen raincoat, a pair of deep-waisted leather boots, and a paper for awards.

In July 1925, Wang Zhenyi, head of the local corps in Luyi County, Henan Province, and He Li, his official in need of the army, were dismissed from their posts for corruption and investigation, and I was ordered to go to Luyi County to be the head of the regiment. These 200 horses were all privately fed, wasting money and food. I immediately reported to my superiors and began to reorganize. In the spirit of preferring shortage to excess, all officers and men, idle personnel, and all those who are old and weak should be reduced. Four hundred for infantry and three hundred for cavalry. The relatives of the former regiment commander Wang were expelled from the regiment, and asked Commander Han to temporarily allocate a platoon of pistols for temporary self-defense, and issued a proclamation that all the illegal acts of the former regiment commander who violated the law and discipline and harassed the people could be accused according to the facts. In addition to Wang Zhenyi and He Li, the defendants also included Zhang Tielin, Xie Huayuan, Xu Yannong, Han Hengqing, Wang Jueren, Liu Fulian, and so on. In the name of entertaining guests, I detained them, cleared their accounts, and after liquidation, it was calculated that the eight of them had misappropriated more than 3 million yuan in public funds. He Lihua and Wang Zhenyi were approved by Commander Han Duofeng to enforce the law on the spot, and the remaining six were to be investigated and punished by the provincial government.

Because of the above eight people, they seized the county power, did all kinds of evil, provoked the people's uprising, joined the White Gun Society, and raised the banner of rebellion at the intersection of Luyi, Haoxian, and Taihe counties, with about 10,000 people. With justice, I announced the charges against eight people, and the people of Luyi put down the banner of rebellion and threw themselves into farming, and the situation improved. Only the border meeting of the two counties of Hao and Tai is not dispersed, and they still have a grudge against the officials and gentry of the two counties. At this time, the Anhui Provincial Government sent people to the Henan Provincial Government to discuss how to eliminate the problem of Zhang Madman, the leader of the White Gun Society. The provincial government ordered me to discuss with Ma Jidi, the commander of the cavalry division stationed in Hao County, and I went to the Xinhua Hotel in Beiguan in Hao County to discuss with Ma Division Commander the following methods: Each side printed 500 white flags, and the villages that had no problem were planted with white flags. At 6 o'clock in the morning on the 26th of September, I was stationed in the vicinity of the White Horse Station according to the regulations. Who knew that Ma Jidi had already set fire to more than 80 villages on the border of Hao and Tai at four o'clock in the morning, and the people with the old and the young were panicked and fled to Luyi one after another. I urgently ordered 50 cavalrymen, each holding a white flag, to plant them along the border of Luyi, and informed the village chiefs to properly resettle the people who had fled from Hao County. I hurriedly wrote to Ma Jidi, asking him why he didn't keep the agreement, and burned the village! Ma Jidi did not reply, so he withdrew the cavalry to Haoxian. I gathered with the chiefs of the villages in the area of Baimayi, explained the situation, and returned to the county after being stationed there for three days, and wrote a truthful report to the provincial government and the division headquarters on what had happened.

In the spring of 1926, the people of the villages in the Baimayi area and some villages on the border of Hao and Tai elected representatives to our group to express their condolences and bring fifty pieces of fruit. I said, "It is appalling that you give gifts with fruit and silver dollars, and it is our duty to plant flags in your villages so that they are not looted, and we cannot talk about being kind to you, and I cannot accept this huge amount of money, and the people will fill my pockets with fat and ointment, and I will not appreciate it, especially the gentlemen of the two counties, and the gentlemen of my county will also give gifts with the gentlemen of my county, which really makes me ashamed and unspeakable, and who will redeem the calamities that have suffered to some of your villages there?" Take the money back and help the people who can't afford to build a house and don't have enough to eat! Luyi's father and brother must return the money to the head of the household as it is, and it is not allowed to have selfish thoughts and misappropriate it for some reason. I also said that it is also a good thing for our military and civilian people to have a reunion when everyone is here, and I hope that in the future we will make joint efforts to improve local public order. When dealing with this matter, Li Fulin, Gao Xingkui, Li Deqing, Liu Baojun, Liu Guanguan, and Liu Guanyu, who were soldiers in my village, all persuaded me to accept the money, but I rejected their suggestion and resolutely refused to accept it. When he was stationed in Luyi, in addition to reorganizing and training the troops, he also used his personal income to make hundreds of horse cleats, and even horses and sets to help local farmers farm, and were not entertained by the people, so as to achieve the purpose of unity between the army and the people.

The above actions are inseparable from the influence of Chen Yihou.

In 1926, Sun Chuanfang of Jiangsu made a comeback, and sent a telegram to Wu Pei to take prisoners out of the mountain, and Wu Pei was captured to contact the old department, and colluded with the Feng army to attack the national army from the north and south. At that time, I received an order to persist in the struggle in Luyi, and if I could not hold on, I could hand over the troops to the local government, or disband and hide, and individuals could break away. Although we won a lot of victories in the battle, it was difficult to hold on to it because we were alone, and it was difficult to hold on to it for a long time. In this unfavorable situation, I also learned that Commander-in-Chief Feng had been electrified in Tongguan and that Han Fuji had surrendered and became the chairman of Shandong Province.

On the 19th day of the first lunar month in 1937, I went to Beijing in search of Chen Yihou, but I did not know where Chen Yihou was staying in Beijing in the past, and at this time the news of Japan's invasion of China became increasingly tense, and I believe that Chiang Kai-shek's reliance on foreign aid caused a civil war, which burned for ten years and made the people unhappy. When I was young, I joined the army wholeheartedly, but also to protect the country from great shame and humiliation, and now that Japan is attacking, it is the day when I sacrifice my life to save the country, and I resolutely threw myself into the North China Chairman Song Zheyuan's troops to resist Japan, although Song is Feng's old department, I don't know Song Su, I heard the locals say: "Song went to Nanyuan at six o'clock every Sunday morning to parade and give lectures, so I went to the big red gate at four o'clock in the morning on a Sunday, stopped the car and joined the army, when the Song guards saw me standing in the center of the road, jumped out of the car, surrounded me, pointed several pistols at me, and asked me what I was doing, I said to see the chairman of the committee, the guards examined my whole body and then saw Song, Song asked why he stopped the car, I said to join the army to resist Japan, Song asked my name, I signed up for Liu Huaizhen, Song said that this name is very familiar, I said that in Feng's commander-in-chief army, from being a soldier to being a regiment commander, I have received three awards from Feng. Song Mian was pleasant, so he took out a paper book from his coat pocket, wrote a note and handed it to me, saying: "You hold this article, grant you 80 yuan per month for tuition, go to the first team of officers for training, go to Nanyuan to meet Wang Huaizhen, the captain of the first team, and teach him to take you to Principal Pang to leave your name in the register." And asked me how I came, I said walk here, Song let me take the car to Nanyuan, I went to the Nanyuan inspection hall to get off, I saluted Song, Song said you just go, I saw Captain Wang in the playground, he is my old superior, I know when I see it, he said you go to the fifth barracks, I will take the exercise. Captain Wang went indoors and said: "I have been away from the 17th Brigade in Henan Province for more than ten years, and now I am a general and captain of this team." I said that since the 17th Brigade was paid to Luoyang to enroll in school, I left Luxing, and now it has been 12 years, and I knew that the old commander was here, so I came to visit the brigade commander in advance, and Wang said How did you meet the chairman? I said I'll see you at the Big Red Gate this morning. Wang said that it is a bit dangerous for you to stop the car like this, I will show Song's note to Wang, Wang said after reading, the officer team is all generals, Liu Huaizhen, you used to be the head of the regiment should be in the school officer team, and 80 yuan per month is more than the students of the general officer team. I said: "The captain led me to see President Pang and discuss the arrangements for me, the tuition fee is too much, I can reduce it, I am not here for money, Japan is provoking the mainland everywhere, the situation is becoming increasingly tense, how can soldiers give up their lives to save the country and care about the level of salary?" I retired in 1927 and stayed at home for 10 years, and this time I was able to join the 29th Army to prepare for the resistance against Japan, which was the first honor." When Captain Wang heard my statement, he was overjoyed and said that we will take you to the principal after dinner. After dinner, I followed Captain Wang to the principal's office, and Principal Pang said: "Sit down, today in the playground martial arts inspection hall, the chairman of the committee introduced you to stop the car and pass by, I know most of your military deeds in our country, because when I was the chief of staff of the Feng General Headquarters, your third award order was still issued by me, this time you stopped the car and joined the army, it is your patriotic spirit, the chairman of the committee approved you to study in the first team of the military academy, and they have been a model of thought for those who have been division and brigade commanders, and encourage their will." Captain Wang introduced my statement to him and to President Pang, who was very happy and said, "Liu Huaizhen, your tuition fee is personally approved by the chairman of the committee, and no one can reduce it." The secretary was informed to register, and I began my training in the first officer corps with immediate effect.

Since I joined the Nanyuan Military Academy, all my life has started anew. It's been 10 years since I gave up my military life, and what I used to know is no longer what I know now, and I am stupid and have to study again. I get up early every day to sweep the lot, the first to stand in line when I go out of the exercise, nine times out of ten when the meal is my personal to receive, in addition to the daily exercise to the lecture hall, I am urging myself to study day and night, subscribe to the Shanghai Ta Kung Pao and Tianjin News, take time to read, increase personal knowledge, where there are words and phrases that do not understand, to the higher culture of the inquiry, especially the equipment gymnastics day and night hard practice, I think there is no sound body how to kill the enemy? Chairman Song asked me to be the pacesetter of the whole team, and I took the lead in all the miscellaneous matters in the team, and all the cadets who had served as officers in the team approached me with joy, and I sincerely saluted them, so that I could not only get physical and mental subsidies but also intellectual progress.

Who expected that on 4 July, the commander of the regiment stationed at Lugou Bridge, Ji Xingwen, led the troops to conduct a night exercise, and the soldiers of the fire house at the tail of the team, carrying the marching pot far away from the team, were buried alive by three Japanese devil soldiers. After discovering it,

Regiment Commander Ji was furious, sent a company of troops to chase the Japanese squad, to the vicinity of the West Red Gate, completely wiped out the Japanese squad, causing a battle, at four o'clock in the morning of July 5, Japan attacked the Lugou Bridge with a company of troops, and the regimental commander Ji personally led the troops to destroy the Japanese attack troops, in this rape and annihilation battle, the head of the Ji regiment was wounded in the shoulder, and Chairman Song urgently transferred the regiment commander Ji back to Beiping and changed another regiment to guard the Lugou Bridge.

The commander of the regiment Ji Xingwen wrote a report saying: "The general will not be affected by the king's life outside", our regiment lost one company, please replenish one company, lose one battalion to replenish one battalion, Lugou Bridge is in Ji Xingwen, Lugou Bridge is lost Ji Xingwen is dead". Commander Ji had such a fighting spirit, Song saw that a big battle was inevitable and urgently deployed defenses, Ji Hongchang's division was guarding Tianjin, Zhao Dengyu's division was guarding Tuanhe, Tong Linge Fu was guarding Nanyuan, Feng Zhi'an's division was guarding Beiping, and Chairman Song was taking Pang Bingzhang's division and his guard brigade as the general reserve, on the one hand, he telegraphed Chiang Kai-shek, and on the other hand, asked Shandong Han to gather troops to send troops to help. Chiang Kai-shek not only did not send reinforcements, but also blamed Song Zheyuan for causing national trouble. Shandong's Han Fuji conservative strength and did not send a single soldier. On 7 July, Japan bombarded our Tianjin Dagu Pass with gunboats and planes to cover the Japanese invasion landing; in addition to fighting in Tianjin Alley, Division Commander Ji Hongchang personally led his troops to Dagukou Haixiang to fight hand-to-hand with the Japanese invaders, and the Japanese invaders coordinated with the land and air, and then came to attack our Nanyuan on the periphery of Beiping; the defensive fortifications of Nanyuan were very strong, and the outer camp wall was four meters high, 10 meters thick at the bottom, and 6 meters wide at the top, and it was completely a single bunker dug up. At half past four o'clock in the dawn on 7 July, Japan bombarded our Nanyuan barracks with three small detachments, incendiary bombs, smoke screens, and fires, first of all, a threat to us, we shouted slogans to avenge the martyrdom of Tianjin for the country, our soldiers were very demoralized, and fired at enemy planes with machine guns, and then the enemy pounced on our outer trenches, and we used machine guns, rifles, and grenades to shoot and bomb at the enemy group, and the enemy retreated at more than two o'clock in a fierce battle. Every fifteen minutes, nine enemy planes bombed around the wall of our camp, I used anti-aircraft machine guns to strafe enemy planes, the enemy planes did not dare to bomb at low altitudes, I saw that the enemy planes were coming, the peripheral enemy was retreating, the enemy planes were flying, and the peripheral enemy was fiercely attacking, and I said to my comrades on the left and right: "I jumped out of the wall to kill the Japan ghost soldiers when the enemy retreated, and when I returned, please continue the bullet bag and pull me up the wall." I made a plan to kill the enemy, and when the enemy retreated, I jumped out of the camp wall more than ten times, killing and wounding dozens of enemies, and the enemy was repulsed several times, leaving corpses to fill in the outer territory. We are in a bloody battle, our captain Wang Huaizhen sent Chairman Song's order, our military academy and troops are all withdrawn to the northwest mountains of the People's Assembly, when we retreated, we learned that our chairman Tong Linge was killed in the military inspection hall with the Japanese soldiers, and saw that the naked young women on the street of the camp were gang-raped by the Kou and then used a bayonet to pee open, bleeding all over the ground and died, there were twenty or thirty corpses of women on the street, the students asked the captain to turn back and kill the enemy to take revenge, the captain said that there was a chance to kill the enemy if he went only ten miles. Our military academy retreated to Xihongmen and engaged in a white-knuckle battle with the mobile outposts on the periphery of the Japanese invaders, and our cadets held a deep grudge against the enemy, and in less than 20 minutes, we completely wiped out the enemy's mobile outposts at Xihongmen, totaling about 200 people. After the battle, Principal Pang asked me to lead the sergeant team to retreat from the left side across the Yongding River to the West Mountain of the People's Assembly Field, we marched to the southwest for about 70 miles, it was already dusk, the sergeant team stopped in the open space of Daiji, I said to the people in the village: "We are the sergeant team that Nanyuan withdrew, they used to be high school graduates, and they fought with the Japanese invaders in Nanyuan for a day, please ask my father and old man to cook us some food." The local masses rushed to be the first, and in less than an hour they sent white noodle monocake chickens and noodles, and I personally distributed them to each class to eat; after dinner of the sergeant training team, I expressed my gratitude to the people on behalf of the group, and the masses said that the 29th Army had been stationed in Beijing and Tianjin for many years, and the peasants were protected, and there were many wishes, and now that Japan has invaded the mainland and killed our people, everyone has the responsibility to resist the war, and there is no need to thank for a meal; I said that I have to ask you to be guides and lead the troops across the Yongding River, and the masses said that it is not a problem to go to a few people, please rest the troops for one night, and cross the river west tomorrow, I said that the order is like a mountain and the military plane cannot be lost, and the head of Daimei Village has two middle-aged people as guides, and the two of them said that the Yongding River is less than halfway in Jixi, the river is wide and shallow, and the depth of the middle reaches is only waist deep, and the flow speed is not fast. After hearing this, I divided into two formations and followed the guide to cross the Yongding River safely, and it was twelve o'clock at night. I thanked the two of you and resigned. The military training team camped in the eastern suburbs of Wagang Station on Jinghan Road for three hours, and still advanced to the assembly ground at dawn, who expected that the assembly field was bombed by enemy planes, and Brigade Commander Luo Zichen was killed, and our officer corps assembled from both sides of Jinghan Road to Zhuo County, and our principal was injured in the back of his left limb, so he still ordered me to lead the military training team as the left guard to cover the advance to Zhuo County, and after our officer corps arrived in Zhuo County, it received an order from Song, and the officer corps went to Baoding to stop standby. At this time, we learned that one of our wounded troop cars at Xushui Station had been completely blown over by enemy planes and that the railway had been damaged, and that at night the railway sappers had repaired Xushui Station

After our officer corps arrived in Baoding, they rested in a suburban village.

When the officer corps was resting, President Pang ordered me to go to the six prefectures, see Commissioner Ding to receive the conscription documents, and assign me to the five counties of Nanle, Qingfeng, Puyang, Changyuan, and Dongming to recruit soldiers, and Song Fuqing, Zhang Zhenguo, Wang Qingkui, Wang Ri, and Sun Qingyou were conscripts in the five counties, and designated me as the director of the five counties, and the other five as the director of Fu, and ordered me to live in Nanle County, gather recruits from the five counties, and prepare for training in the Wuhua Battalion in Nanle County, so as to replenish the losses of each division. I took the letter sent by President Pang to Commissioner Ding, to the Daimyo Mansion to see Commissioner Ding, to do a good job of recruiting documents, I and the conscripts of the five counties went to Nanle County, through the Jade River, crossed the Jade River, near the embankment is the Longwang Temple Market, it is the market, densely populated, there is anything to eat, we eat here, the meal is not finished, the people are noisy, a big chaos, see the south of the Yuhe River about seven or eight hundred meters of the river to the east, the head of the water is two or three zhang high, a few minutes on the Longwang Temple Street water is waist-deep, I urgently settle the accounts with the food seller, and book a boat in the Yuhe River, I asked the boat owner to send us to Wuhuaying first, and when we arrived at the root of Wuhuaying, I cleared the price of the boat, went up the embankment slope and entered the north gate of Wuhuaying, and saw that the streets were neat and there were many shops, but they were all half-hidden and people were sad, needless to say, it was all for Japan's invasion of Beijing and Tianjin and the heart of worrying about the country. I found Mr. Shoushi, please borrow a place to rest for a while, and they led us to arrange us in the school. I asked them how many people there is in the Wuhua Battalion, they said there are more than 9,000 people, I asked if there is a place to live in the army, they said, in ancient times, Wang Yanzhang had trained soldiers here, so it was called the Wuhua Battalion, there are more than 100 barracks at the east end of the village, which have been repaired in successive dynasties and have not collapsed. I said that in the future, I might train new soldiers here, depending on the environment, and they said that in the past, this was the old road of the Yellow River, also known as the Ma River, and the north gate of Nanle was the south embankment of the Ma River. This year, the Zhanghe River and the Qinghe River in southern Hebei are broken everywhere, Nanle, Qingfeng, Puyang are all over the ocean, and the people are seriously flooded, I said please send us to Nanle, they say that there is a lack of boats now, and people from the county today are wading through the water, the shallow place is waist-high, the depth is to the chest, the shallow place is more and the depth is less, we can only tie the raft to send you. I said I'd get us up at five o'clock tomorrow morning. They resigned, tied two small rafts, a large raft, I took a large raft from five o'clock in the morning to Nanle forward, the small raft arrived in advance, the big raft traveled for a day, accommodation in the county four miles away from the small Fanzhuang, the county came to pick me up at half past four in the morning. I saw that the county magistrate was Ding Shouye, the nephew of Commissioner Ding, and the opinion of the county magistrate Ding was to wait for the water to be low before recruiting soldiers, saying; "At present, the farmers are sheltered from the water and do not know where to go, and most of the villages are flooded and cannot work. Now the southern city wall and the western city are filled with sacks and filled with earth to block the battlements, and the residents and industrial and commercial populations in the city patrol and defend day and night in shifts, and it is not easy to recruit soldiers now"! Recently, I heard that our 29th Army was still fighting fiercely with the Japanese in the Zhuoxian area, Chiang Kai-shek angrily shouted at the 29th Army to provoke national disasters, regardless of the national disaster, Pang Bingxun's troops did not move, Shanxi Yan Xishan waited and watched, and Shandong Han Fuji garrisoned both sides of the Yellow River, not a single soldier was dispatched, which made it sad, and the front urgently needed to replenish the source of troops, what should I do? I consulted with the county magistrate again, and I said: "Although the flood is wide, I have not heard that more people have been drowned, but it is only the loss of materials, and the Japanese invaders have invaded the mainland and killed our people, and what he relies on is the aircraft and chariots, and the southern Hebei is full of ponds and oceans, and the chariots are useless, and the planes drop bombs, and the head effect of entering the water, this time the Yuhe, Qinghe, and Zhanghe rivers burst, how can it not be the people's guarantee." I said two methods of conscription, "One is to select a part of the number of soldiers from the county security brigade, although they are local corps, they raise soldiers for a thousand days, and they use soldiers for a while, and it is incumbent on them to order them to go to the front to resist the war." The second is to open a warehouse to relieve the victims, by the village chief to sign up to receive food, we mobilize with righteousness, there is no shortage of farmers have patriots, those who sign up are rewarded, as the saying goes, "there must be brave men under the heavy reward", those who know the grace serve their lives, and the Wuhua Battalion has a population of 9,000, and it will be able to complete the task. I also made a poem of seven laws: "The Japanese invaders are stubborn and stubborn, invade my Beijing, Tianjin and the Central Plains, the corpses of Pinggu sink all over the wilderness, Shanghai Wusong bones become mountains, aspiring men and women must rise up, sweep the battle in front of the big slash, and be afraid of death when it is difficult, and win the reputation of the eternal people." Then he said: "It is useless to talk about ambitions, you can't save the country, and you are too afraid of the sun, so I ask the county magistrate to prepare ships and send conscripts to the counties, not only Nanle does this, but also the counties do this." I also briefed the county magistrate Ding on the process of my arrest and surrender to the army and the above Nanyuan battle, and the county magistrate Ding was solemn and respectful, and his spirit was greatly lifted and said: "The ship will be correct tomorrow morning, and the director proposes to do so." "I returned to the conscription office, explained to the conscription personnel the method of conscription in Nanle, and assigned Song Fuqing to stay in Nanle, Zhang Guo to Qingfeng, Wang Qingkui to Puyang, Wang Riqi to Changyuan, and Sun Qingyou to cross the Yellow River to Dongming. After the assignment had been decided and preparations were set for departure at 5 o'clock the next morning, I said to the conscription personnel in all counties: "When we arrive at the place, we must devise all kinds of methods to achieve our conscription goal, strictly prohibit the arrest of soldiers, hope that we can send new recruits within five days, do not be rigid in case of trouble, we must be flexible, and we hope not to lose the tradition of Commander-in-Chief Feng Yuxiang's past training discipline and patriotism and love for the people." "After the conscripts from each county set off, I urgently reported to President Pang of Baoding and Commissioner Daimingding, explaining that the floods were serious and the rural victims avoided the water, and most of them were in other places. He also explained that the Wuhua Battalion is not suitable for training, because the terrain is too high, and it is easy for enemy planes to find targets for reconnaissance. On the same day, President Pang and Commissioner Ding replied that the forward defense operation urgently needed to replenish the source of troops, and the method of transferring local corps was very good, and it should be handled as soon as possible, and one part of the area should be kept to maintain the locality, and the training of the Wuhua Battalion should be stopped. After I received the callback, I asked for a small boat and personally went to the counties to handle the transfer of local corps, Qingfeng selected 200, Puyang selected 300, Changyuan 200, Dongming 100, Nanle 200, a total of 1,000 people were sent to Daimyo. Commissioner Ding sent an order that the conscripts from the five southern counties should go to Dongming, and after Director Liu Huaizhen was responsible for clearing up the conscription accounts of each county, they would go to the temporary office of the 29th Army at Zhengzhou Station in Henan Province to explain the formalities. It was also said that the troops at the front were broken into pieces, guerrilla warfare was fought, and the daimyo special office was ready to be transferred. After I got the order, I summed up the conscription accounts of Nanle with the county magistrate Ding, and informed the conscripts from all counties to go to Batou and wait for them, cross the Yellow River to Zhengzhou, and after the personnel were assembled, Wang Rigeng asked to return to his hometown in Huojia County and join the guerrillas to resist the Japanese, and I allowed him to go home, and I went to the office of the 29th Army at Zhengzhou Station in Henan Province with Sun Qingyou, Song Fuqing, Wang Qingkui, and Zhang Zhenguo to give the accounts, and I told Director Zhang that I would go home and use my personnel relations to organize guerrillas to resist Japan, and Director Zhang approved me to do so, so I left the 29th Army and returned to my hometown, and participated in some anti-Japanese activities at home.

Mr. Liu Huaizhen is a native of Tiangongtang, Rangu Town, Dingtao County, he was born in a peasant family in 1903, and due to his poor family background, he dropped out of school after finishing primary school. However, during his school years, he was influenced by the "Xinhai Revolution" and the "May Fourth Movement", and the idea of loving the motherland germinated

This was the basis of his participation in the Northwest Army. He left the team for the second time in 1938 and returned to his citizenship. In his more than 10 years of military life, he personally experienced the "Zhifeng War," the "Beijing Coup," the "77 Incident," and the warlords Jin Yunpeng and Sun Chuanfang. However, due to the limitations of historical conditions, Mr. Liu's military life was still tortuous. From his memories of his military life, we can learn about some aspects of semi-feudal and semi-colonial Chinese society.

This recollection of military life involves a lot of events, but due to space limitations, some abridgements have been made when collating, if it is inconsistent with the original meaning, please forgive Mr. Liu.

(Compiled by Zhang Zhantao)

Sources:

Dingtao Literary and Historical Materials, Volume 5 (1987)