"Epitaph of Yang Xiong", also known as "Epitaph of King Yang Xiong of Sui Guande", the full name is "Epitaph of King Guande of Sui Jingzhao Yin Sikong Gongguang She". Zhi length and width of 102 centimeters, thickness of 12 centimeters, Zhiwen Kaishu, 46 lines, full line of 46 characters, a total of more than 1900 words. Zhigai seal book "Great Sui Jing Zhao Yin Sikong Gongguang She Doctor Gu Guan De King's Epitaph" 5 lines and 25 characters.
At the same time, there are also Princess Yang Xiong's "Epitaph of the Eldest Sun Shuxin" and "Wang Yuanhua's Epitaph", and the unearthed time cannot be examined. In 2005, a large mural tomb of the Sui Dynasty was rescued and excavated in Tongguan County, Shaanxi Province, and experts speculated that Yang Xiong was the owner of the tomb, and the epitaph of his wife and wife should have been unearthed here.
Detail of "Yang Xiong's Epitaph".
"Yang Xiong's Epitaph" is the largest epitaph of the Sui Dynasty with the largest form, the most inscriptions and the highest specifications found so far. Yang Xiong, the lord of the Sui Dynasty, was a famous minister of the Sui Dynasty, held important positions in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty, played an important role in the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, and was named the King of Guande of the Sui Dynasty.
"Yang Xiong's Epitaph" details Yang Xiong's life and history, which can be invented with handed down documents, and can glimpse the political wrestling during the Zhou and Sui periods. Zhiwen calligraphy and its concubine Sun Shuxin, step-concubine Wang Yuanhua at the same time engraved at the same time, like out of the hand of one person, the upper inheritance of the Northern Wei Dynasty calligraphy, the lower Qi Tang Dynasty new style, the shape of the character is square, neat and broad, fair and sparse, strict and beautiful, with high calligraphy art value.
1. The main content of "Yang Xiong's Epitaph" is the political wrestling with the Northern Zhou and Sui dynasties
The Northern Zhou Dynasty (557-581) was one of the Northern Dynasties of the Northern and Southern Dynasties in Chinese history, and the Western Wei Dynasty minister Yuwentai laid the foundation of the state, which was formally established by Yuwenjue under the support of Yuwenhu. It is also known as Hou Zhou and Yuwen Zhou. Five emperors, a total of twenty-four years. In 577, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty and unified the north. In 581, Yang Jian was proclaimed emperor by the Zhou of the Chan Dynasty, changed the name of the country to Sui, and died in the Northern Zhou.
Yang Xiong served in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty, and rose to prominence at the time of the change of dynasties, playing an important role in the political wrestling between the two dynasties. Although the epitaph called it "Hongnong Huayin people", in fact, it started in a military town. As a son of a nobleman with military merits, Yang Xiong started as a janitor according to the rules, and in the first year of Emperor Xiaomin (557), he was awarded the right attendant sergeant and took charge of the prohibition of the imperial bed. In the first year of Tianhe (566), he was awarded the commander of the governor, and the sergeant of the rear servant, "in charge of the north gate of the imperial bed". At this time, Yang Xiong was in charge of the imperial bed, and also led the guard of the north gate, which was very important.
Detail of "Yang Xiong's Epitaph".
In the third year of Jiande (574), the Northern Zhou Dynasty Wei Wang Yuwen conspired to rebel, and Yang Xiong in the Book of Sui wrote: "Emperor Xingyunyang Palace, Wei Wang directly made a rebellion, and attacked Suzhangmen with his disciples, and the male rebelled and refused to break it." Zhiwen contains: "The king of Shi Wei directly favors his brother and is arrogant, plotting against chaos, sharpening his soldiers, and attacking the forbidden door...... The king swore to the left, the first to be sharp, to avoid burying the wheel, desperate for his life, the atmosphere was faint and heavy, and Zong Yi was in danger and restored. Yang Xiong was rewarded by Emperor Wu of Zhou, "With merit, he sealed the founding son of Qingshui County, ate 300 households, and awarded the envoy and the general of Shangyi." ”
Epitaph: "In the first year of the elephant (579), he was awarded the Zhu State and Yongzhou Mu", which should be in the second year of the elephant (580). In July of the first year (579), Bi Wang Yu Wenxian was the pastor of Yongzhou, and Yang Xiong was also transferred from the forbidden army to Yongzhou. It is likely that it was arranged by Yang Jian, the prime minister of the Northern Zhou Dynasty at the time, to let Yang Xiong spy on Yu Wenxian.
Yu Wenxian was a member of the Northern Zhou clan, and when Emperor Xuan was declared, he ascended to the throne of Dasikong, and was crowned as a pillar and a prince, posing a serious threat to Yang Jian. "Zhou Shu ● Yuwen Xian Biography" Yun Qi "Worried that Emperor Wen of Sui overthrew the sect, his words were quite leaky, and he was looking for harm." "The Biography of Yang Xiong" contains: "Yongzhou Mu Bi Wang Xian plotted to make it difficult, Xiong Shi was a different driver, knew his plan, and told the ancestors. ”
It can be seen that this leaker is Yang Xiong. Yu Wenxian was sentenced for plotting rebellion, and Yang Xiong was awarded the Pillar Country and Yongzhou Mu with "meritorious." Zhiwen deliberately omitted to denounce Yu Wenxian, not only for His Holiness to hide, but also to downplay the political struggle methods of Emperor Wen of Sui Emperor Yang Jian in the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
In 581 AD, Yang Jian was proclaimed emperor by the Zhou Dynasty of the Chan Dynasty and changed the name of the country to Sui. Zhiwen contains: "Even if you inherit the sky in the ninth and fifth years, the sun and the moon in glory, and the fog in the four or seventh, you will feel the wind and clouds." The night worship belongs, not the king Moke. In the first year of the emperor's opening, he was awarded the general of the left guard, the left and right military affairs, and the Zongzhengqing. …… It is to canonize the king of Guangping County and 5,000 households. So far, Yang Xiong has been a military general to "participate in political affairs", and Gao Gong, Yu Qingze, and Su Wei are collectively known as the "Four Nobles", and they are extremely honored.
However, the good times did not last long, and soon the high-ranking and powerful Yang Xiong was suspicious of Emperor Wen of Sui. Ben Chuanyun: "The male is tolerant of the corporal, and the government and the opposition are paying attention." Gaozu hated his popularity, was jealous, and did not want his soldiers and horses. It is the next book, and Baixiong is commonplace...... Showing superiority and reverence, and seizing its power. Regarding the personnel arrangements of this rise and fall and the political game hidden behind it, the epitaph only stated it with a sentence "In the ninth year of the emperor's reign (589), he was awarded Sikong and Shangzhu Kingdom, and the king was as before".
Since then, Yang Xiong has survived a political trough period of more than ten years, and although he is in a high position, he has no power. During this period, the title was changed twice, and the epitaph is slightly the same as that recorded in this biography. "The Biography of Yang Xiong" contains: "At the beginning of Renshou, Gaozu said: 'The name of Qingzhang is not allowed to be prestigious. 'Ordered the official to enter the map, and pointed to Ande County to show the ministers, saying: 'This number is worthy of the name and virtue.' So he changed his title to King Ande. ”
The change of name to Ande is not only an affirmation of Yang Xiong's more than ten years of closed-door thanks, but also a further knock on him, hoping that his name will be worthy of his name and be content with the virtue of his courtiers.
Part of "The Epitaph of the Eldest Sun Shuxin".
After Yang Xiong's comeback was enthroned by Emperor Yang of Sui, he was awarded the crown prince in the first year of the Great Cause (605), and in the second year (606), he was appointed as the assassin of Zhengzhou, and in 607, he was transferred to Jing Zhaoyin.
In the fourth year of the Great Cause (608), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty took Yang Xiong as the chief manager to water the military of the river and attack Tuyuhun, and Yang Xiong was able to regain military power. In the sixth year (610), he was renamed the king of Guan. Zhiwen contains: "For four years, Tugu Hun lived in deserted clothes and escaped...... Surrender the king's division, go out of the car and cut down, and there is an edict to water the river general, and the responsibility is heavy...... There is an edict to change the title of the king...... Seven years and concurrently the general of the left imperial guard".
In the eighth year of the Great Cause, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent troops to Goguryeo, so that Yang Xiong led the left army out of Liaodong Road, at this time Yang Xiong was 73 years old, "Kaile did not spin, Brother Yu rebelled, and died in Liaoxi County on March 10 of the eighth year of the Great Cause, and there were three of the seventy in the Spring and Autumn Period." …… He is called King De. ”
The historical figure is closest to the image of the backer king Yang Lin
It's not Yang Shuang, Yang Su, but Yang Xiong
2. The calligraphy art characteristics of "Yang Xiong's Epitaph".
Although the Sui Dynasty did not last long, it inherited the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the Tang Dynasty, which had a great influence on Chinese history. At that time, neighboring countries such as Gochang, U, Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje and Eastern Turks were deeply influenced by the Chinese culture and institutions of the Sui Dynasty, and Japan sent Sui envoys to the Sui Dynasty the most famous.
Detail of "Wang Yuanhua's Epitaph".
The calligraphy of the Sui Dynasty inherited the calligraphy style of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the new appearance of the Tang Dynasty calligraphy, the regular method was mature, the knot was stretched, the penmanship was proficient, the chapter cloth was white and sparse, and it was beautiful and beautiful and ancient and clumsy, and it was beautiful and vigorous in one, and had high artistic value.
Luo Zhenyuyun: "The law to the Sui and Tang dynasties is a great preparation, and in recent times, the Sui carved to "Dong Meiren", "Wei's Daughter", and "Zhang Guiming" are three Zhi stones, especially called peerless. "Yang Xiong's Epitaph" and his princess's "Epitaph of the Eldest Sun Shuxin" and "Wang Yuanhua's Epitaph" are similar to "Dong Meiren's Epitaph", the penmanship is mature and neat, the knot stretches freely, and the cloth is white and sparse, giving people a pleasing feeling.
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