The light of the virtuous face through time and space: change the law to innovate the country, and establish the power of the tree and the foundation of Qinchang

The light of the virtuous face through time and space: change the law to innovate the country, and establish the power of the tree and the foundation of Qinchang

A generation of famous ministers and businessmen: the law was promulgated to rejuvenate the Qin land, and the reform was to forge a great chapter

Shang Ying (about 390 BC - 338 BC), a patriot during the Warring States Period, was the grandson of the monarch of the country. Later, in the Qin State, he was enshrined in Shangyi for his military exploits, known as "Shang Jun", and later generations generally called him Shang Ying. He was a politician, reformer, military strategist, and a representative figure of Legalism during the Warring States Period.

Portrait of Shang Ying

1. The following is an introduction to his life and deeds:

- Biography:

- Early years in Wei: Shang Ying was fond of the study of criminal names when he was young, and served as the middle concubine of the uncle of the state minister of Wei. When Uncle Gong was seriously ill, he recommended Shang Ying to King Wei Hui, but King Wei Hui did not appoint him, nor did he kill Shang Ying as Uncle Acne said. Shang Ying believed that King Wei Hui would not kill him for the time being, and did not leave Wei immediately.

- Appreciated by Wei into Qin: In 361 BC, Qin Xiaogong issued a recruitment order, and Shang Ying entered the Qin state in the west, and met Qin Xiaogong through Jing Jian, a favored minister of Qin Xiaogong. He had three conversations with Qin Xiaogong, the first two were to lobby with the "emperor's road" and "the king's road", Qin Xiaogong was not interested, and the third time he lobbied with the way of governing the country and the way of enriching the country and strengthening the army.

- In Qin:

- First Reform: In 359 BCE, when Qin Xiaogong was preparing to change the law, Shang Ying and his ministers Gan Long and Du Zhi started a battle to change the law and won. With the support of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Ying formulated the "Reclamation Order", initiated the reform of the law, and determined the direction of the Qin State to change the law. The "Grass Reclamation Order" contained a total of 20 measures, including stimulating agricultural production, weakening the privileges of aristocratic officials, implementing a unified tax system, registering household registration, prohibiting the people from relocating, and state-owned natural resources in mountains, rivers, lakes, and rivers. In 356 B.C., three years after the promulgation of the "Grass Reclamation Order", Qin Xiaogong worshiped Shang Ying as the head of the left and further implemented the reform. The main points of this reform include the implementation of Shiwu joint sitting in the household registration; Separation is encouraged, and those who have two or more sons without separating their households will be given double the military contribution for each person; pay attention to cultivation and weaving, and inhibit industry and commerce; Military law was decreed, military merit was rewarded, hereditary status was abolished, and a twentieth rank system was established.

- Second reform: In 350 BC, the capital of the Qin state was moved from Yongyang to Xianyang, and Shang Ying took advantage of the situation to start the second phase of reform, the main points of which included the opening of Qianmo, the waste of wells and fields, and the return of land to private ownership; abolish feudalism and establish counties and counties; Unified weights and measures; In order to unify thoughts, clarify laws and regulations, and eliminate the interference of retro thoughts, he ordered the burning of the "Book of Songs", "Shangshu" and the works of the hundred schools of thought.

- Reconquest of Hexi: In 352 BCE, Duke Xiao of Qin appointed Shang Ying as the Great Liangzao, and led his troops to besiege Wei and occupy Anyi, the old capital of Wei. In 341 BC, the state of Qi defeated the Wei army at Maling, and Shang Ying took the opportunity to persuade Qin Xiaogong to attack the Wei state. In 340 BC, Shang Ying led an army to attack Wei, and he designed to deceive the prince of Wei, capture him, and take the opportunity to defeat the Wei army. King Hui of Wei was forced to cede the Hexi region to the Qin state in order to reconcile it, and the Wei state withdrew from Anyi and moved the capital to Daliang. Shang Ying was awarded the title of Shang 15 Yi for his military exploits, and was called Shang Jun.

- Ending: In 338 BCE, Duke Xiaogong of Qin died and King Huiwen of Qin ascended the throne. The old nobles who were suppressed by Shang Ying made a statement to King Qin Huiwen, Gongzi Qian and others accused Shang Ying of rebellion, and King Qin Hui sent people to arrest Shang Ying. Shang Ying fled to the border pass, and because the innkeeper refused to let him stay without a communication card, he left Qin and fled to Wei, but the Wei people resented him for his design to deceive Gongzi Wei and obtain Wei land by fraud, and refused to accept him. Shang Ying had no choice but to return to Qin and flee to his fiefdom of Shangyi, mobilizing the soldiers of Yi to attack Zheng in the north to survive, and during the attack on Zheng, King Hui of Qin sent an army to attack Shang Ying and killed him. After Shang Ying's death, King Qin Hui split Shang Ying's car to show the public, and killed his entire clan. However, although Shang Ying died, the decrees he formulated were still implemented in the Qin state.

Second, the main idea:

- Emphasis on the rule of law: Shang believes that the governance of the country should be based on the law, advocates the formulation of clear laws to regulate people's behavior and social order, emphasizes the authority and impartiality of the law, and believes that the law should be equally applied to all people, regardless of status. For example, he implemented a series of edicts in the Qin state, which provided for specific punishments for various violations.

- Advocate for agricultural warfare: Advocate "agricultural warfare" and regard agriculture and the military as the key to national development. He believed that agriculture is the economic foundation of the country, and only by developing agriculture can the country's food supply and fiscal revenue be guaranteed. At the same time, it emphasized the importance of military strength, and encouraged the people to actively participate in the war and improve the combat effectiveness of the army through measures such as rewarding military merits, so as to achieve the goal of "enriching the country and strengthening the army."

- Strengthening Centralization: Advocating the weakening of local power and aristocratic privileges, and strengthening the central government's control over the localities. He abolished the system of land sub-feudalism and implemented the county system, which brought the administrative power of the localities under the control of the central government, and the central government directly appointed officials to govern the government, thus effectively strengthening the centralization of power.

3. Influence on future generations:

- Impact on the Qin State: The Shang Dynasty led to the rapid rise of the Qin State, the economic development, and the increased combat effectiveness of the army. The Qin State promoted the development of agricultural production by rewarding cultivation and weaving, and provided the country with a sufficient food and material base; The policy of rewarding military merit stimulated the enthusiasm of the people to participate in the war, cultivated a strong army, and laid the foundation for the victory of the Qin state in the war of annexation. For example, the Qin state gradually gained the upper hand in the subsequent wars, eventually unifying the six kingdoms and establishing the first great unified dynasty in Chinese history.

- Influence on Chinese History:

- In terms of political system: The centralized power system such as the county system established by the Shang Dynasty Reform Law was adopted and developed by successive dynasties, laying the basic pattern of China's feudal political system for more than 2,000 years. Since then, although the dynasty has changed, the basic political institutional framework such as centralization and the county system has been continued and continuously improved.

- Economic: The establishment of private ownership of land and related economic policies promoted the development of feudal land ownership, promoted the prosperity of the agricultural economy, and became an important foundation of China's feudal social economy. This land system and economic model has existed for a long time in China's history and has had a profound impact on the socio-economic structure and mode of production.

- Ideological and cultural aspects: Shang Ying's thought on the rule of law has had an important impact on the formation and development of traditional Chinese legal culture, and Legalist thought has become one of the important theoretical bases for the ruling class to govern the country for a certain period of time. The construction of the legal system and the concept of the rule of law in later generations were influenced by the Shang Dynasty's thought on the rule of law to a certain extent.

Shang Ying's film and television image

Fourth, practical significance:

- Rule of Law Construction: Shang Ying's emphasis on the authority and impartiality of the law, as well as the principle of equality before the law, has reference significance for the construction of the rule of law in modern society. This inspires us to continuously improve the system of laws and regulations, ensure the fairness and justice of the law, improve the enforcement and credibility of the law, and make the law truly an effective tool for social governance and protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens.

- In terms of social reform: The spirit of courage to reform and innovation demonstrated by the Shang Yang Reform has an encouraging effect on the reform and development of today's society. In the face of various problems and challenges, we need to have a firm determination to reform and a sense of innovation, dare to break through the shackles of traditional concepts and systems, and explore new paths and new methods suitable for the development of the times, so as to promote the continuous progress of society.

- Economic development: Shang Ying attaches great importance to the concept of agricultural development and promoting economic growth through incentive mechanisms, reminding us to attach importance to the development of basic industries, formulate reasonable economic policies and incentives, stimulate people's enthusiasm and creativity, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the economy. At the same time, it is also necessary to pay attention to the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure and realize the diversified development of the economy.

Shang Ying's film and television image

5. The specific measures and timeline of the Shang Martingale Reform Law are as follows:

- Timeline:

- In 361 BC, after his accession to the throne, Qin Xiaogong was determined to reform and strengthen the country, and issued a recruitment order to the world, and Shang Ying entered Qin.

- In 359 BCE, Duke Xiao of Qin ordered Shang Ying to promulgate the Grass Reclamation Decree in Qin, which determined the direction of Qin's reforms.

- In 356 BCE, Shang Ying presided over the first reform.

- In 352 BC, the Qin State Reform Law achieved initial results, and Shang Ying was promoted from the chief of the Great Shu to the Great Liangzao because of his merits.

- In 350 BCE, after Qin Xiaogong reconciled with King Hui of Wei, at the suggestion of Shang Ying, Qin Xiaogong moved the capital to Xianyang, and at the same time ordered Shang Ying to start the second reform.

- Specific measures:

- First change:

- Household registration and joint sitting: Implement the "Shiwu" system and implement the "Shiwu" joint sitting method. The people should be organized and managed according to the units of five "units" and ten "tithes", and supervise each other. If one family commits a crime, the rest of the families will be punished together if they do not report it; Whistleblowers are rewarded in the same way as beheading enemies on the battlefield, and those who harbor criminals are punished in the same way as those who surrender to the enemy. At the same time, the Qin state also implemented strict household registration management through this method of establishment, so as to facilitate the collection of soldiers and conscription, the collection of taxes, and the monitoring of the movement of personnel.

- Encourage separation: Enforce the system of small individual families and prohibit the growth of clan power. The law stipulates that if a family has two or more men who form a separate family without separation, double the tax shall be levied on them, in order to promote the formation of small families and accelerate the development of the small peasant economy.

- Rewarding military merits: Establish a system of awarding different officials according to the size of merit for military merits, and Shang Ying redefined the knighthood system on the basis of the original knighthood system of the Qin State, that is, the system of rewarding 20 knights according to military merits; At the same time, it is stipulated that private fighters shall be sentenced to different punishments according to the severity of the circumstances. For civilians, knighthoods can be obtained by killing enemies in battle; For the clan nobles, if they did not have military merits, they could not enjoy privileges, and the original Shiqing Shilu system was negated with a new order of dignity and inferiority, and political and economic rights and interests were redistributed according to the size of military merits.

- Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business: those who are actively engaged in agriculture and contribute a lot of grain and cloth to the country are exempted from labor by the laborers themselves; Merchants and craftsmen who were engaged in the "last business" were put into poverty because they did not work hard and became poor, along with their wives and children, and were punished as slaves. He also recruited slaves and peasants from the Three Jin Dynasty (Han, Wei, and Zhao) to come to Qin to open up the wasteland, change their status as slaves, and exempt them from the third servitude. In order to suppress trade, merchants were allowed to register the names and numbers of slaves they owned in order to pay for forced labor, and at the same time, the commodity tax at checkpoints and markets was increased.

- Second change:

- Land system: open up the field, abandoned well fields, and land is privately owned.

- Political system: The county system was widely implemented, with 41 counties set up throughout the country, which were governed by officials directly sent by the monarch, replacing the previous feudal system and strengthening the centralization of power.

- Unified weights and measures: The unified system of weights and measures, the promulgation of standard weights and measures, facilitated economic activities, facilitated the circulation of goods and the development of trade, eliminated the influence of separatist forces, and provided standards for the country's taxation and fiscal management.

- Consolidation of military endowments: Integrate and optimize the allocation of military resources.

- Changing customs: Fathers, sons and brothers were forbidden to live in the same room, changing the old backward customs of the Qin State.

Shang Ying's film and television image

6. After the reform of the law, Shang Ying took the following measures to promote agricultural development:

- Reform the land system: "open up the frontier for the fields", abolish the well-field system, recognize the private ownership of land in the form of law, and allow land sales and sales. This measure greatly stimulated the peasants' enthusiasm for production, because they were able to truly own the land they had cultivated and cultivated, and could obtain more benefits from the output of the land, thus prompting them to be more active in agricultural production, willing to invest more in and improve the land, promoting the development of agricultural production, and laying the foundation for the prosperity of the agricultural economy of the Qin State.

- Rewarding farming and weaving: Those who are actively engaged in agricultural production and contribute a lot of grain and cloth to the country are exempted from servitude; Merchants and craftsmen who were engaged in "last business" (commerce) were sentenced to slavery if they did not work hard and became impoverished, along with their wives and children. In this way, the important position of agriculture in the country's economy is highlighted, and more people are guided to devote themselves to agricultural production, while the excessive development of commerce is curbed to ensure the country's food supply and economic base.

- Encourage the reclamation of wasteland: The Reclamation Order was issued to encourage the people to reclaim wasteland and expand the area of cultivated land. In addition, it is stipulated that those who reclaim wasteland can get tax exemption for a certain number of years, which greatly mobilizes people's enthusiasm for reclaiming wasteland. With the continuous reclamation of wasteland, the arable land area of the Qin State increased significantly, and the grain production also increased.

- Adjust tax policies: Determine taxes based on food production, so that national policies are unified and people feel fair. This approach allows farmers to clearly see the relationship between their efforts and harvest, and as long as they work to increase food production, they can reduce the tax burden accordingly, thus further incentivizing farmers to actively engage in agricultural production and improve production efficiency.

- Increase the agricultural population: Implement the "Lai Min Policy" to attract people from abroad to come to Qin to open up wasteland and cultivate land, and increase the agricultural labor force. This not only increased the number of agricultural population in Qin, but also brought some agricultural production technology and experience from other countries, which contributed to the development of Qin's agriculture.

- Raising food prices: Raising grain prices through certain policy means enables farmers to earn more profits from selling grain, thereby increasing farmers' interests and stimulating their enthusiasm for production.

- Implement a tax policy that is conducive to agriculture: for example, the granting of official titles to those who hand in surplus grain to encourage farmers to produce more grain and increase the country's grain reserves, while also allowing farmers to receive corresponding rewards and honors for their contributions to the country.

Shang Ying's film and television image

7. The measures to reward cultivation and weaving in the Shang Dynasty Reform Law had a positive impact on the agricultural development of the Qin State in many ways:

- Increasing motivation for production: Incentives are given to farmers who produce a lot of food and cloth, including exemption from labor and taxes, which enables farmers to obtain tangible benefits from agricultural production, thus greatly increasing their motivation to engage in agricultural production. In order to be rewarded, farmers work harder to farm and weave, investing more time and energy, which in turn contributes to the increase in agricultural production.

- Promote improved agricultural technologies: Incentives provide incentives for farmers to explore and adopt better agricultural production technologies and methods to increase productivity and yields. For example, it is possible to more actively improve farmland irrigation technology, try new crop planting methods, use more advanced agricultural tools, etc., which promote the continuous progress and innovation of agricultural technology, and lay a technical foundation for the long-term development of agriculture in Qin.

- Increasing the area of cultivated land: As farmers' enthusiasm for production and the efficiency of agricultural production improve, farmers in Qin may be more willing to reclaim more wasteland and expand the area of cultivated land. This not only increased the total output of agricultural products such as grain and cloth, but also provided sufficient material support for Qin's population growth and economic development, and strengthened Qin's economic strength.

- Stabilize social order: The development of agriculture made the food supply relatively abundant in Qin, allowing the people to live and work in peace and contentment, reducing the social instability caused by hunger and other problems. Moreover, the peasants' focus on agricultural production reduced the number of idlers in society, which was also conducive to the stability of social order and created a good social environment for the reform and development of Qin's political, military and other aspects.

Shang Ying's film and television image

8. Some of the measures in the Shang Dynasty Reform Law still have reference significance for modern society, which are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

- Economy:

- Reform of the land system: Shang Ying's initiative to "abandon well fields, open up fields, establish private ownership of land, and allow land to be bought and sold" stimulated the enthusiasm of landowners and promoted the rational use of land resources and the development of agricultural production. In modern society, land is still an important factor of production, and a rational land system and property rights arrangements are essential to promote economic development. For example, we will continue to improve the relevant systems such as the right to contract land management and the right to use homestead land, protect the land rights and interests of farmers, promote land circulation and large-scale operation, improve agricultural production efficiency, and promote rural economic development.

- Encourage the development of a variety of economies: However, in modern society, we should not simply suppress commerce, but should encourage the common development of multiple economic sectors while attaching importance to the basic status of agriculture. It is necessary not only to support the agricultural industry and ensure national food security and the stable development of agriculture, but also to create a good environment for the development of other industries such as industry and service industries, promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, and realize economic diversification and sustainable development.

- Politics:

- Reform of the administrative system: Shang Ying established the county system, which strengthened the management and control of the central government over the local government and improved administrative efficiency. Modern society can learn from its management philosophy, optimize the administrative management system, rationally divide the responsibilities and powers of the central and local governments, clarify the functions and responsibilities of various departments, avoid overlapping responsibilities and prevarication, and improve the government's governance ability and administrative efficiency. For example, deepen the reform of "delegating power, delegating power, delegating power, and improving services", promote the transformation of government functions, and build a service-oriented government.

- Talent selection and appointment system: The Shang Dynasty Reform rewarded military merits, breaking the Shiqing Shilu system and providing a path for talented people to ascend. The modern society should establish a scientific and rational talent selection and appointment mechanism, pay attention to ability and performance, and eliminate unreasonable factors such as seniority and portalism, so that outstanding talents can stand out and play the greatest role in suitable positions, so as to stimulate the innovation vitality and development momentum of the whole society.

- Rule of Law:

- Establish the authority of the law: Shang Ying established the authority and credibility of the law through methods such as "migrating wood for trust", so that the people could believe in the effectiveness of the law. Modern society also needs to establish the supremacy of the law, strengthen the authority and seriousness of the law, ensure that the law is fairly and strictly enforced, ensure that those who violate the law are prosecuted, and maintain social fairness, justice and the rule of law.

- Refinement and standardization of laws: The laws formulated by Shang Yang are more detailed and standardized, reducing subjective misjudgments and making people clear about the boundaries of behavior. The construction of modern rule of law should also pay attention to the refinement and improvement of laws and regulations, improve the operability and adaptability of laws, make them cover all kinds of complex social situations, provide clear guidance for people's behavior, and facilitate the development of law enforcement and judicial activities.

- Social Management:

- Guidance of social customs: Measures such as "prohibiting fathers, sons, and adult brothers from living in the same room" implemented in the Shang Dynasty Reform Law changed social customs. Modern society can advocate good social customs and moral norms through publicity and education, policy guidance, and other means, such as carrying forward the core socialist values, cultivating citizens' sense of responsibility, sense of creditworthiness, and civilized literacy, and so forth, to promote social harmony, stability, and civilized progress.

- Establish an incentive and restraint mechanism: The Shang Dynasty Reform Law is an effective incentive mechanism for rewarding cultivation and weaving, rewarding military merits and other measures; At the same time, severe punishment for illegal and criminal acts is a restraint mechanism. Modern social management also needs to establish and improve the incentive and restraint mechanism, on the one hand, to reward and commend positive behaviors that contribute to the society, and stimulate people's enthusiasm and creativity; On the other hand, sanctions and punishments are imposed on violations of law and discipline and moral norms, so as to maintain normal social order and public interests.

Shang Ying's film and television image

9. In modern society, some ideas and principles of Shang Ying's reform are still of great significance:

- Rule of Law Ideology: Shang Ying's reform emphasizes the rule of law, clarifies the idea of rule of law, and implements quantitative and standardized legal regulations. This enlightens modern society to attach importance to the authority and fairness of the law, constantly improve the system of laws and regulations, ensure the fairness and justice of the law, improve the enforcement and credibility of the law, make the law truly an effective tool for social governance, protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, and promote social fairness, justice, harmony and stability.

- The spirit of reform and innovation: Shang Ying had the courage to break through tradition, boldly carry out reforms, and solve the problems faced by the Qin State at that time by reforming the old systems and policies, and promote the development and strength of the Qin State. In the face of various problems and challenges in social development, we must have the courage to break through the shackles of traditional concepts and systems, and explore new paths and new methods suitable for the development of the times, so as to promote the continuous progress and development of society.

- Incentive mechanism: The Shang Dynasty Reform Law established a clear incentive mechanism by rewarding military merits and rewarding cultivation and weaving, which stimulated people's enthusiasm and creativity. In modern society, whether it is enterprise management or national governance, we can learn from this concept, establish a scientific and reasonable incentive mechanism, and reward and distribute according to contribution and performance, so as to fully mobilize people's enthusiasm, improve work efficiency and innovation ability, and promote the development of various undertakings.

- Emphasis on economic development: The Shang Dynasty Reform Law promoted the economic development of the Qin State by emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce, encouraging farming and weaving, and recognizing private ownership of land. Modern society should also attach importance to economic construction, constantly promote economic restructuring, transformation, and upgrading, formulate policies conducive to economic development, stimulate market vitality and social creativity, improve the quality and efficiency of economic development, and provide a solid material foundation for social stability and progress.

However, there are also certain limitations to the Shang Dynasty reforms, such as severe punishment and contempt for education, which are not desirable in modern society. We should take the essence of it, get rid of its dross, and rationally learn from its beneficial ideas and principles.

Portrait of Shang Ying

10. The military merit system in the Shang Dynasty Reform has the following enlightenment for the selection of talents in modern society:

- Fair Competition: The military merit system is based on the size of the military merit, regardless of the family background, which reveals that the selection of modern talents should be based on fair competition, breaking all kinds of unreasonable restrictions, such as education, region, gender, family background and other restrictions, to provide equal opportunities for all, so that truly capable and talented people can stand out. For example, some companies pay attention to aptitude tests and actual job performance evaluations in recruitment, rather than just looking at academic background, which is a practice that reflects fair competition.

- Quantitative criteria: The military merit system evaluates military merit and confers knighthoods based on clear and quantitative criteria such as the number of enemy heads captured. Modern talent selection can also learn from this method, formulate clear, specific and quantifiable evaluation indicators and standards, reduce subjective judgment and ambiguity, and make the selection process more objective, fair and scientific. For example, in the civil service examination, the knowledge and ability of candidates are quantitatively evaluated by setting clear scoring criteria for written tests and interviews.

- Incentive mechanism: The military merit system gives rich rewards to those who have military merits, including titles, land, wealth, etc., which greatly stimulates people's enthusiasm to participate in the war. Talent selection in modern society also needs to establish an effective incentive mechanism to give appropriate material rewards and spiritual incentives to outstanding talents, such as high salaries, bonuses, honorary titles, etc., so as to stimulate people's motivation to continuously improve themselves and be aggressive, and play a greater role in their respective fields. For example, many technology companies have set up high innovation incentive funds to motivate employees to innovate.

- Competency-oriented: This system emphasizes the actual military merit as the basis for promotion, reflecting the importance of ability. The selection of modern talents should highlight the ability orientation, pay attention to the professional skills, practical experience, innovation ability, problem-solving ability of talents, etc., rather than only pay attention to superficial factors such as academic qualifications and qualifications. For example, when recruiting, some industries will test the real ability of candidates through practical assessment, case analysis, etc.

Shang Ying's film and television image

11. The impact of the Shang Dynasty Reform on the unification of the six kingdoms of Qin is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

- Economic:

- Reform of the Agrarian System: The Shang Dynasty recognized the private ownership of land and allowed land to be bought and sold, which stimulated the peasants' enthusiasm for production and promoted the reclamation of wasteland, which greatly increased the area of cultivated land and increased grain production in the Qin state, providing a sufficient material base for the long-term war of the Qin state.

- Policies that emphasize agriculture and suppress business: encourage farming and weaving, and reward those who work hard to engage in agricultural production, while discourage those who engage in commerce. As a result, Qin's agricultural economy was prominently developed, and the country's wealth continued to accumulate, which strengthened Qin's economic strength.

- Political:

- Implementation of the county system: The Shang Dynasty divided the Qin state into a number of counties, which were administered by officials directly appointed by the central government, replacing the original feudal system. This move strengthened the central government's control over the local government, improved administrative efficiency, enabled the implementation of Qin's decrees more smoothly, and strengthened the cohesion and centripetal force of the state.

- Establishment of a bureaucratic system: A new bureaucratic system was established by breaking with the traditional system of Shiqing and selecting officials based on military merit and talent. This attracted a large number of talents to work for the Qin State and improved the management level and governance ability of the Qin government.

- Military aspects:

- Military merit system: A knighthood promotion system based on military merit has been established, and knighthoods are awarded only according to military merit, regardless of family origin. This greatly inspired the soldiers of the Qin State to fight bravely on the battlefield, which made the combat effectiveness of the Qin army improve rapidly, and cultivated a brave and warlike army.

- Military Training and Equipment Improvement: The Shang Dynasty emphasized military training and improved the military quality of the Qin army. At the same time, the Qin State also paid attention to the improvement and development of weapons and equipment, which gave the Qin army a certain advantage in weapons and equipment.

12. In addition to the Shang Dynasty reforms, there are also the following changes in Chinese history that have had a profound impact on later generations:

- Wang Anshi's reforms: During the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi carried out a series of reforms to solve problems such as financial difficulties, military weakness, and social contradictions. Including the Seedling Law, the Farmland Water Conservancy Law, the Exemption Law, the Fangtian Tax Law, etc. Although the reform ended in failure, it changed the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty to a certain extent, and some of its ideas and measures had a certain enlightenment for the economic reform and financial system of later generations, such as the taxation system and agricultural development policies.

- Zhang Juzheng's reforms: In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Juzheng implemented reforms to save the crisis of his rule. Among them, the "One Whip Law" combines field levies, forced labor and other miscellaneous levies into a levy of silver taels, which are converted and paid according to the mu. This move simplified the tax system, facilitated collection and management, promoted the development of the commodity economy, promoted the monetization of silver, and had a profound impact on the reform of the tax system in later generations. At the same time, he also implemented the examination method to evaluate officials, which improved the administrative efficiency of the government.

- Wuxu Reform: In 1898, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and other reformers launched a bourgeois reform movement through Emperor Guangxu's advocacy to learn from the West. The content of the reform involves political, military, economic, cultural, and educational aspects, such as reforming the political system, developing agriculture, industry, and commerce, and reforming the education system. Although the Wuxu Reform Law ultimately failed, it was an important political reform in China's modern history, and it was also an ideological enlightenment movement with patriotic significance, which promoted national awakening to a certain extent.