Over the past 75 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the mainland has made brilliant achievements in economic and social development that have attracted worldwide attention, and has become the world's second largest economy. At the same time, the mainland has always integrated economic restructuring into its economic and social development, and has continuously promoted the optimization and upgrading of its economic structure. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core, all regions and departments have unswervingly implemented the new development concept, deepened the supply-side structural reform, and accelerated the economic restructuring, transformation and upgrading. 1. The industrial structure has been continuously upgraded, and the transformation and upgrading have achieved remarkable results Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 75 years ago, with the continuous development of the mainland's economy and society, the continuous optimization of the industrial structure, the continuous consolidation of the basic position of the primary industry, the acceleration of the transformation and upgrading of the secondary industry, the sustained and rapid development of the tertiary industry, and the continuous optimization of the structure of the tertiary industry, the proportion of the added value of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in the gross domestic product (GDP) has been adjusted from 50.5%, 20.8% and 28.7% in 1952 to 7.1% in 2023. 38.3% and 54.6%, realizing the transformation from the primary industry to the coordinated development of the three industries, and strongly supporting the sustained and healthy development of the national economy. (1) The comprehensive production capacity of the primary industry has been enhanced, and the internal structure has been more optimized Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 75 years ago, the mainland's comprehensive agricultural production capacity has been continuously enhanced, and the added value of the primary industry has increased from 34.3 billion yuan in 1952 to 8,975.5 billion yuan in 2023, with an average annual growth rate of 3.5% at constant prices. The internal structure of agriculture has been further optimized, and the transformation from a traditional agriculture based on cropping to a modern agriculture with comprehensive development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery has been realized. In 1952, agriculture accounted for 85.9 percent of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. After the reform and opening up, along with the implementation of the household responsibility system and the agricultural product circulation system, the rural social productive forces have been greatly liberated, and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery have been developed in an all-round way. In 2012, the proportion of agriculture in the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery decreased to 51.9%, while the proportion of forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery professional and auxiliary activities increased to 3.9%, 30.7%, 9.7% and 3.7% respectively. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee and the State Council have continued to strengthen the policy of strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers and rich farmers, further promoted the structural reform of the agricultural supply side, sustained and stable growth of the agricultural economy, and further optimized the industrial structure, In 2023, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery professional and auxiliary activities accounted for 54.9%, 4.4%, 24.6%, 10.2% and 5.9% of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery respectively. In 2023, the mainland's grain output will reach 695.41 million tons, with abundant varieties and sufficient supply of vegetables, melons and fruits, meat, poultry, eggs and milk, fishery products and other varieties. (2) The secondary industry has accelerated its transformation and upgrading, and industrial production has moved towards the middle and high-end Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 75 years ago, the mainland's secondary industry has developed rapidly, providing strong support for the steady and healthy development of the national economy, and the added value of the secondary industry has increased from 14.1 billion yuan in 1952 to 482589 billion yuan in 2023, with an average annual growth rate of 10.3% at constant prices, 2.4 percentage points higher than the average annual growth rate of GDP, and the added value of the secondary industry has accounted for 20.8% of GDP in 1952 It will increase to 38.3% in 2023, an increase of 17.5 percentage points. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the mainland's industrial base was weak, with only mining, textile, and simple processing industries. With the development of socialist industrialization, before the reform and opening up, the mainland initially built an independent and relatively complete industrial system. Since the reform and opening up, the mainland's industrial development has entered a period of take-off, with an average annual growth rate of 11.4% from 1979 to 2012. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, driven by major national strategic measures such as supply-side structural reform and innovation-driven development, mainland industries have accelerated transformation and upgrading, and gradually moved towards the middle and high-end. In 2023, the added value of equipment manufacturing above designated size will account for 33.6% of the added value of industries above designated size, an increase of 5.4 percentage points over 2012, and the added value of high-tech manufacturing above designated size will account for 15.7% of the added value of industries above designated size, an increase of 6.3 percentage points over 2012. In 2022, the R&D expenditure of industrial enterprises above designated size reached 1,936.2 billion yuan, an increase of 1.7 times over 2012 and an average annual growth rate of 10.4%. (3) The scale of the tertiary industry is growing day by day, and the emerging service industry is booming In the 75 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the scale of the mainland's tertiary industry has continued to expand and its strength has been continuously enhanced, and the added value of the tertiary industry has increased from 19.5 billion yuan in 1952 to 688238 billion yuan in 2023, with an average annual growth rate of 8.2% at constant prices, 0.3 percentage points higher than the average annual growth rate of GDP, and the proportion of the added value of the tertiary industry in GDP has increased from 28.7% in 1952 to 54.6% in 2023. an increase of 25.9 percentage points. From the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to the beginning of reform and opening up, the development of the tertiary industry on the mainland was relatively slow and the structure was relatively simple, mainly in traditional service industries such as wholesale and retail trade, and transportation industry. After the reform and opening up, with the gradual advancement of economic system reform, the service industry has achieved rapid development. In 2012, the added value of the tertiary industry accounted for 45.5% of GDP, surpassing the secondary industry for the first time and becoming the largest industry in the national economy. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, with the continuous deepening of the reform of the service sector, the development quality of the tertiary industry has been continuously improved, and the modern service industry and emerging service industry have developed rapidly, accounting for a significant increase in the proportion of GDP. In 2023, the added value of information transmission, software and information technology services, leasing and business services will account for 4.4% and 3.5% of GDP respectively, an increase of 2.2 and 1.5 percentage points respectively over 2012, and the online retail sales of physical goods will be 130174 billion yuan, accounting for 27.6% of the total retail sales of consumer goods, an increase of 18.4 percentage points over 2014. 2. The demand structure has been continuously optimized, and the coordination and sustainability of development have been significantly enhanced Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 75 years ago, with the overall improvement of the mainland's economic development level, the continuous expansion of domestic demand, and the solid progress of high-level opening up, the internal structure of the three major needs of consumption, investment, and net exports has continued to improve, and the proportion of the three major needs in GDP has been adjusted from 79.2%, 22.0%, and -1.1% in 1952 to 55.7%, 42.1%, and 2.1% in 2023, and the quality of economic development has been continuously improved. Coordination and sustainability have been significantly enhanced, laying a solid foundation for accelerating the construction of a new development pattern with the domestic cycle as the main body and the domestic and international cycles reinforcing each other, and striving to promote high-quality development. (1) Consumer demand has steadily expanded, and the fundamental role of driving economic growth has become more solid The total consumer demand of the mainland has continued to expand, and the final consumption expenditure has increased from 54.6 billion yuan in 1952 to 701361 billion yuan in 2023, with an average annual growth rate of 10.6%. From the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to the beginning of reform and opening up, the mainland's economic foundation was relatively weak, the degree of opening up to the outside world was low, and economic growth was mainly driven by consumer demand, and from 1952 to 1978, the mainland's final consumption rate averaged 70.4 percent annually. In 2012, the contribution rate of final consumption expenditure to economic growth was 55.4%, an increase of 16.7 percentage points over 1978. From 2013 to 2023, the final consumption rate has remained above 50%, the proportion of household consumption expenditure in final consumption expenditure has stabilized at about 70%, and the annual average contribution rate of final consumption expenditure to economic growth is 53.9%, which is the first driving force of economic growth. The transformation and upgrading of consumption has been steadily promoted, and service consumption has flourished. In 2023, the Engel coefficient of residents will be 29.8%, down 3.2 percentage points from 2012, and new consumption forms such as online consumption and cultural tourism consumption will continue to emerge, with national online retail sales 154264 billion yuan, ranking first in the world for 11 consecutive years. There were 4.89 billion domestic trips and a total of 4,913.3 billion yuan spent by domestic tourists, which were 1.65 times and 2.16 times that of 2012, respectively. (2) The investment structure has been further optimized, and the key role of effective investment has continued to play The mainland's investment demand has maintained rapid growth, with total capital formation increasing from 15.2 billion yuan in 1952 to 53,044 billion yuan in 2023, with an average annual growth rate of 12.2%. From the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to the beginning of reform and opening up, the mainland's investment was mainly used for key construction projects and the development of heavy industry. After the reform and opening up, the pace of infrastructure construction in the mainland has accelerated, and investment in real estate development and social fields has achieved remarkable results, providing solid support and guarantee for better meeting the people's growing needs for a better life. In 2012, the capital formation rate was 46.2%, up 7.8 percentage points from 1978. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the mainland has actively expanded effective investment and given full play to the key role of investment, which has played an important role in the sustained and healthy development of the economy. From 2013 to 2023, the average annual capital formation rate of mainland China is 43.6%, and the annual average contribution rate of gross capital formation to economic growth is 41.4%. The construction of new infrastructure, new urbanization, transportation, water conservancy and other major projects has been accelerated, and the investment structure has been continuously optimized. In 2023, the mainland's investment in high-tech industries will increase by 10.3% year-on-year, 7.3 percentage points higher than that of all fixed asset investment (excluding rural households), of which investment in high-tech manufacturing and high-tech services will increase by 9.9% and 11.4% respectively; By the end of 2023, the total number of 5G base stations in mainland China will reach 3.377 million, and the operating mileage of high-speed rail will reach 45,000 kilometers. (3) Foreign trade has achieved leapfrog development and the level of openness has been comprehensively improved Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 75 years ago, the mainland has achieved a historic transformation from a closed and semi-closed economy to an all-round opening up, and foreign trade has made remarkable achievements, with net exports of goods and services from -800 million yuan in 1952 to 2,684.7 billion yuan in 2023, accounting for 2.1% of GDP in 2023. In 1980, the party and the state approved the establishment of special economic zones in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen, taking a key step in opening up to the outside world, and in 2001, the mainland formally joined the World Trade Organization, opening up to the outside world entered a new stage of development. In 2010, the mainland's general trade imports and exports accounted for more than 50% of the total imports and exports of goods. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the mainland has implemented a more proactive strategy of opening up, accelerated the construction of a trade power, and made new steps in the high-quality development of foreign trade. From 2013 to 2023, the annual average of net exports of goods and services as a proportion of GDP is 2.2%, and the annual average contribution rate to economic growth is 4.7%, an increase of 2.2 percentage points over 2012. The new momentum of foreign trade is booming. In 2023, the export of automobiles, integrated circuits, and lithium batteries will increase by 7.3 times, 1.8 times, and 15.2 times respectively compared with 2012; The import and export of knowledge-intensive services was 2,719.4 billion yuan, an increase of 8.5 percent over the previous year. Over the past 75 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, all regions and departments have conscientiously implemented the major decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on regional coordinated development, continued to promote the regional coordinated development strategy and major regional strategies, continuously innovated the system and mechanism for promoting regional coordinated development, accelerated the construction of a regional economic layout with complementary advantages and high-quality development, and steadily improved the overall efficiency of regional development. (1) The regional economic aggregate continues to increase, and the development gap is gradually narrowing The regional development coordination mechanism has been continuously improved, and the economic aggregate of the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions has been steadily improved, and the balance of development has been gradually enhanced. In terms of economic scale, in 1952, the GDP of the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions was 25.7 billion yuan, 14.6 billion yuan, 12.7 billion yuan and 8.4 billion yuan respectively, and in 2023 it will increase to 65.2 trillion yuan, 27.0 trillion yuan, 26.9 trillion yuan and 6.0 trillion yuan respectively. From 1953 to 2023, the average annual growth rate of GDP in the four regions will be 9.1%, 7.9%, 8.3% and 7.5% respectively at constant prices. Among them, from 2013 to 2023, the average annual growth rate of GDP in the four regions will be 6.5%, 6.9%, 7.1% and 4.4% respectively, and the economic growth of the central and western regions will be faster than that of the east. From the perspective of per capita GDP, the ratio of extreme differences between the four regions [1] was 2.54:1 in 1952, narrowed to 2.09:1 in 1978, and further narrowed to 1.86:1 in 2023, showing a gradual narrowing trend. (2) Regional Comparative Advantages Continue to Be Brought into Play and Development Coordination Gradually Strengthened The eastern region has played the role of "taking the lead". In 2023, the proportion of GDP in the eastern region will reach 52.1% of the country[2], exceeding 50% for 31 consecutive years; At constant prices, it increased by 5.4 percent year-on-year, contributing 53.0 percent to the national economic growth. The rise of the central region has accelerated. In 2023, the GDP of the central region will account for 21.6% of the country's total, an increase of 0.3 percentage points over 2012, and the overall strength and competitiveness will be further improved, providing strong support for the construction of a new development pattern. The strategy of large-scale development of the western region has been further promoted. The per capita GDP in 2023 will be 70,385 yuan, and the ratio with the eastern region will increase from 0.54:1 in 2012 to 0.61:1. New progress has been made in the revitalization of the Northeast region. In 2023, the added value of the tertiary industry will account for 52.3% of the GDP of Northeast China, an increase of 12.2 percentage points over 2012, becoming an important force to promote the economic development of Northeast China. (3) Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, a series of major regional strategies have been accelerated, the spatial allocation of resources has been optimized and upgraded, and the leading role of power source regions has been strengthened. The coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei [3] has been promoted in an orderly manner. In 2023, the GDP of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region will reach 10.4 trillion yuan, with an average annual growth rate of 5.8% from 2013 to 2023 at constant prices. The development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt[4] has achieved positive results. In 2023, the GDP of the Yangtze River Economic Belt will reach 58.4 trillion yuan, accounting for 46.7% of the country's total economic output, an increase of 2.9 percentage points over 2012. The development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area[5] has been steadily promoted. A series of livelihood projects such as the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, the Shenzhen-Zhongshan Corridor, and the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong High-speed Railway have been completed and put into use. The integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta [6] is progressing smoothly. In 2023, the GDP of the Yangtze River Delta region will reach 30.5 trillion yuan, accounting for 24.4% of the country's total economic output, an increase of 0.9 percentage points over 2012. The number of "GDP trillion cities" in the Yangtze River Delta region has reached 9, an increase of 7 over 2012. New progress has been made in ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin[7]. The Yellow River accounts for 2% of the country's water resources, supporting 12% of the country's population and 17% of the country's arable land. IV. The Proportion of Income in the Household and Enterprise Sectors Has Gradually Increased, and the Macroeconomic Income Distribution Structure Has Been Continuously Improved Since the beginning of reform and opening up, along with the establishment and gradual improvement of the socialist market economic system, the mainland has carried out an all-round reform of the income distribution system, which has greatly stimulated the working people's enthusiasm for production. In particular, since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have always made continuous efforts to develop the economy and improve people's livelihood, and the macro income distribution structure of the mainland has continued to improve. (1) The growth of residents' income is basically synchronized with economic growth, and the results benefit all the people more Over the past 75 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China, the living standards of urban and rural residents have continuously crossed several steps, and the growth of residents' income has basically synchronized with economic growth. From 1992 to 2022[8], the total primary distribution income of the mainland household sector increased from 1,781.4 billion yuan to 742883 billion yuan, with an average annual nominal growth rate of 13.2%. From 1992 to 2003, the proportion of primary distribution of gross income and gross disposable income of the household sector in gross national income and gross national disposable income remained above 60%. From 2004 to 2011, the income of the household sector remained at nearly 60%. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core has implemented a series of measures to optimize and adjust the economic structure, further promote the reform of the distribution system, and continuously improve the income level of residents. From 2012 to 2022, the average annual growth rate of the primary distribution of gross household income in mainland China was 8.9%, 0.5 percentage points higher than the average annual growth rate of GDP at current prices in the same period, and its share of gross national income increased from 58.8% in 2012 to 62.2% in 2022. Among them, the remuneration income of workers in the household sector increased from 26.8 trillion yuan in 2012 to 63.4 trillion yuan in 2022, with an average annual growth rate of 9.0%, driving the proportion of workers' remuneration in the total national income to increase from 49.8% to 53.1%. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the construction of a multi-level social security system has been accelerated, and the adjustment mechanism for income redistribution has been continuously improved. In 2022, the total disposable income of the household sector accounted for 60.8% of the total national disposable income, an increase of 3.4 percentage points over 2012. The in-kind social transfer from government departments to the household sector increased from 2,910.1 billion yuan in 2012 to 7,988.4 billion yuan in 2022, driving the adjusted disposable income of the household sector to account for 67.4% of the national disposable income, an increase of 4.6 percentage points over 2012. (2) Transformation and upgrading, improving quality and efficiency, and the overall proportion of enterprise sector income has increased Over the past 75 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, mainland enterprises have undergone a transformation from a planned economic model to a market economy model, and the vitality of enterprises has been greatly stimulated, and the proportion of enterprise sector income in the distribution of national income has risen amid fluctuations. In 2008, the share of primary distribution income in the enterprise sector reached 28.9 per cent of GNI, an increase of 5.3 percentage points over 1992. After 2008, affected by the international financial crisis, the global economic growth was sluggish, the economic growth rate of the mainland slowed down, and the proportion of income of the enterprise sector declined. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the mainland has continued to deepen the supply-side structural reform, and the development of enterprises is undergoing a transformation from factor-driven to technology-driven, from high-speed growth to high-quality development. In 2022, the proportion of the primary distribution of gross national income of the enterprise sector was 26.6%, an increase of 1.2 percentage points over 2012, and the proportion of total disposable income in total national disposable income was 22.6%, an increase of 1.3 percentage points over 2012. (3) Deepening the Reform of the Fiscal and Taxation System, and the Government's Fiscal Adjustment Ability Has Been Increasingly Strengthened Over the past 75 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the mainland's financial system has gone through three stages of development: unified revenue and expenditure, the lump sum system, and the tax-sharing system. In 1994, the reform of the fiscal management system under the tax-sharing system was implemented, which effectively mobilized the "two enthusiasms" of the central and local governments, created a fair and competitive tax environment for all kinds of enterprises, and gradually expanded the scale of the mainland's fiscal revenue. In 2012, the proportion of the primary distribution of gross national income of the broad government sector was 15.8 percent, an increase of 4.8 percentage points over 1992, and the proportion of total disposable income in gross national disposable income was 21.4 percent, an increase of 8.5 percentage points over 1992. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the reform of the fiscal and taxation system has been further deepened, and the Party Central Committee and the State Council have taken the supply-side structural reform as the main line, more effectively implemented the active fiscal policy, and focused on ensuring and improving people's livelihood. In 2022, the proportion of primary distribution of gross national income of broad government departments was 11.2%, down 4.6 percentage points from 2012, and the proportion of total disposable income in gross national disposable income was 16.6%, down 4.8 percentage points from 2012. On the whole, over the past 75 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the mainland's industrial structure, demand structure, regional structure, and income distribution structure have been continuously optimized and improved, injecting strong impetus into sustained and stable economic and social development. However, we must also be soberly aware that at present, the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development on the mainland is still prominent, and the task of optimizing and upgrading the economic structure is still arduous. We must accurately grasp the new stage of development, thoroughly implement the new development concept, take promoting high-quality development as the theme, organically combine the implementation of the strategy of expanding domestic demand with the deepening of supply-side structural reform, accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with the domestic cycle as the mainstay and the domestic and international cycles reinforcing each other, further promote the optimization and upgrading of the economic structure, and provide strong impetus for high-quality economic and social development. Note: [1] Range ratio refers to the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a set of data. [2] Refers to the proportion of the total GDP of each province (autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government), the same below. [3] The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region includes Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. [4] The Yangtze River Economic Belt includes Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan. [5] The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area includes the Hong Kong S.A.R., the Macau S.A.R. and Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Huizhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Jiangmen and Zhaoqing. [6] The Yangtze River Delta includes Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui. [7] The Yellow River Basin includes the relevant county-level administrative regions of the nine provinces and regions through which the main tributaries of the Yellow River flow, including Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, and Shandong. [8] According to the system of national accounts, the latest macro income distribution data is for 2022.
Source: Statistical WeChat