What are Zhuge Liang's mistakes and biggest shortcomings
Zhuge Liang is an outstanding politician, military strategist, and writer in Chinese history, who did his best for the Shu Han regime, and his achievements are indelible. But no one is perfect, and he also has some mistakes and shortcomings, the following are related discussions:
Zhuge Liang's film and television image
1. Mistakes:
- Improper hiring:
- Misuse of Ma Tan to guard the street pavilion: Although Ma Tan was talented and had a study of military affairs, he once offered Zhuge Liang to successfully subdue the Southern Barbarians, and also separated Emperor Wei and Sima Yi. But he has always held a staff position, lacking actual combat experience and leadership ability. Liu Bei once pointed out that Ma Tan could not be used, but Zhuge Liang had a deep friendship with Ma Tan and trusted him, so he overrode public opinion and asked him to be the vanguard and lead the army to fight with Zhang He in the street pavilion.
- Problems with Guan Yu's appointment: Guan Yu was both civil and military, brave and brave, but he had an arrogant temperament, lacked strategic acumen, and looked down on Soochow, refusing to implement the strategic policy of uniting Wu to resist Cao. Zhuge Liang showed in "Longzhong Pair" that Jingzhou's strategic significance was extremely important, but he appointed Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou. Later, Sun Quan proposed to Guan Yu to form a family of children, Guan Yu not only refused but also scolded, insulting the people of Eastern Wu to propose relatives, causing Sun Quan to be angry, and finally Eastern Wu attacked Jingzhou, Guan Yu was defeated and killed, Jingzhou was lost, which had an extremely adverse impact on the development of Shu Han.
- Mishandling of Wei Yan's conflict with Yang Yi: Wei Yan's plan to send troops from Meridian Valley to attack Chang'an was not adopted by Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge Liang often rejected Wei Yan's plan and treated him like a child. Zhuge Liang knew that there was a contradiction between Wei Yan and Yang Yi, but out of cherishing the talents of the two, he let the contradiction go and did not deal with it thoroughly, but only reconciled it on the surface. After Zhuge Liang's death, Wei Yan and Yang Yi had a fire and merger incident, Wei Yan unfortunately died, and was also charged with "rebellion", and Shu Han's vitality was greatly damaged.
- Mistakes in strategic decision-making:
- Persuade Liu Bei to occupy Yizhou: After Liu Bei occupied the land of the five counties of Jingzhou, Zhuge Liang and Pang Tong believed that "Jingzhou is desolate, the characters are exhausted, there is Sun Quan in the east, and the Cao family in the north, and it is difficult to achieve ambition with a full plan", so they persuaded Liu Bei to attack Liu Zhang in Yizhou. Although this action expanded Liu Bei's strength, it also brought many drawbacks. Liu Bei changed from a benevolent and righteous gentleman to a hero in troubled times, and his moral position was questioned, resulting in basically no talents and scholars willing to follow Liu Bei in the later period; At the same time, external allies were lost, and Sun Quan was angry at Liu Bei's treacherous seizure of Yizhou, and the Sun-Liu alliance was on the verge of collapse; Internally, because the forces in the late Shu Han Dynasty were divided into the patriarchal faction, the Jingzhou faction and the Yizhou faction, the three parties were dissatisfied with each other, and the internal friction was serious, and Liu Bei's means of seizing Yizhou made many people in Yizhou sympathize with Liu Zhang, which made the internal chaos constant.
- Deficiencies in military strategy: Zhuge Liang formulated a strategic plan in the Longzhong Pair to "cross Jingyi, divide the troops into two routes, and attack the Central Plains", that is, attack from Jingzhou and Yizhou to form a pincer offensive to attack Wei. However, Jingzhou and Yizhou are separated by thousands of miles, and the practice of dividing troops between the two places made Liu Bei's army lose the advantage of troops, and Guan Yu's Jingzhou was attacked by Sun Quan's army, Guan Yu's father and son died, and Longzhong planned to die halfway, since then the objective situation has changed greatly, and Shu has fallen into passivity strategically.
Second, the biggest disadvantages:
- Hands-on, not good at delegation: Zhuge Liang was conscientious, dedicated, and extremely passionate about his work. But because of this, he does not trust his subordinates enough, thinking that it is difficult for them to meet their own requirements, so he must bow down to everything and never pretend to others. For example, after the White Emperor City entrusted Gu, Zhuge Liang alone provoked the great task of Xingshu, both outside and inside, and was exhausted. He monopolized power and refused to delegate power to his subordinates, resulting in a lack of growth opportunities for his subordinates, Liu Chan was unable to take on the responsibility of the country, and the descendants of the former Five Tiger Generals failed to repeat the glory of their ancestors. The consequence of Zhuge Liang's approach was that after his death, there was a shortage of talents in Shu, and there was an embarrassing situation of "there was no general in Shu, and Liao became a pioneer". As a leader, you should call the shots and lead the overall situation, rather than handle everything yourself.
3. In "The Teacher's Table", Zhuge Liang has the following evaluations of himself:
- Loyalty and diligence: "The ministers are clothed, ploughing in Nanyang, living in troubled times, and not seeking to be heard by the princes." The first emperor was not despicable to his ministers, he was humiliated, and he looked after his ministers in the grass house, and the ministers were grateful for the things of the world, so he allowed the first emperor to drive. After the overthrow, when he was entrusted with the defeat of the army, he was ordered to be in danger, and he would be twenty years and one year." This statement reflects Zhuge Liang's gratitude to Liu Bei for his kindness, and since following Liu Bei, no matter what kind of difficulties he is in, he has always been loyal and dedicated to assisting. He closely linked his life to the cause of Shu Han, and made unremitting efforts to realize the last wishes of the first emperor.
- Prudent and responsible: "The first emperor was cautious, so he sent his ministers to major events. Since he was instructed, he has been lamenting all night, fearing that the entrustment will not be effective, so as to hurt the wisdom of the first emperor." Zhuge Liang was well aware of the heavy responsibility on his shoulders, and he was extremely cautious and cautious in handling affairs, worrying day and night, lest his work would not be effective and damage the wisdom of the previous emperor. This cautious and responsible attitude ran through his various affairs in the management of Shu Han.
- Have a sense of mission: "Now the south has been decided, the armor is sufficient, the three armies should be rewarded, the north is set in the Central Plains, the army is exhausted, the traitors are eliminated, the Han dynasty is restored, and the old capital is returned." This minister is loyal to His Majesty's office because of his return to the emperor." It shows that he regards the revival of the Han dynasty as his mission and duty, and even in the face of many difficulties and challenges, he is determined to lead the army on the Northern Expedition and strive for the reunification and rejuvenation of the country.
Zhuge Liang's film and television image
Fourth, Zhuge Liang's position and role in the Shu Han regime are extremely important:
-Status:
- Political Core: Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the Shu Han regime, presided over state affairs, and was the core figure of Shu Han politics. Liu Bei entrusted Liu Chan to Zhuge Liang on his deathbed, gave him great power and responsibility, and even made Liu Chan "like a father", which made Zhuge Liang have a very high political status and decision-making power in Shu Han, and was able to control the overall situation and plan the development of the country.
- Spiritual Leader: His loyalty, wisdom, and diligence became an example and spiritual pillar for the subjects of Shu Han. His existence stabilized the hearts of the people of Shu Han, gathered the strength of all parties, and allowed Shu Han to unite and work together for the survival and development of the country.
-Function:
- Political: A series of policies were formulated to stabilize the situation and promote development in Shu Han. He strengthened the centralization of power, weakened the local powerful forces, and ensured the smooth implementation of government decrees; Rectify the rule of officials, select capable people as officials, and improve the government's governance ability and efficiency; Attaching importance to agricultural production and encouraging the people to reclaim wasteland and build water conservancy projects promoted economic development and provided a material foundation for Shu Han's military operations and national stability.
- Military: As the supreme commander of the Shu Han army, he personally commanded many important battles, and although the Northern Expedition ultimately failed to unify the world, his military talent and strategic vision were fully demonstrated. He was good at using troops, administering the army rigorously, inventing military tools such as wooden oxen and flowing horses, and improving the army's transportation capacity and combat effectiveness. Under his leadership, the Shu Han army maintained a high level of combat effectiveness and morale, posing a certain threat to the Cao Wei regime.
- Culture: Zhuge Liang's literary works such as The Book of Commandments and The Teacher's Table not only reflect his personal character and thoughts, but also become classics of ancient Chinese literature, which have had a profound impact on the cultural development of later generations. He attached great importance to cultural education, advocated Confucian morality, cultivated a group of literate and moral talents, and made contributions to the cultural construction of Shu Han.
In short, Zhuge Liang was at the core of the Shu Han regime and played a vital role, and his contributions were not only reflected in the political, military and cultural aspects, but also in the fact that he laid a solid foundation for the stability and development of the Shu Han regime, and his loyalty and wisdom also became a model for later generations to admire.
(The picture comes from the Internet.) It is not easy to create, please do not infringe. ）