Hello everyone, I'm Brother Ant. In this issue, we will explain "Yuanye" in detail<铺地>.
Paving, that is, paving, is also an important part of the construction of gardens. Although it <相地><借景>can't be compared with the importance we talked about before, a good pavement can also add a lot of color to the garden, and I will analyze and summarize it sentence by sentence for you<铺地>.
Original text: Dafan paves the street, and Xiaoyi Garden Residence. However, the hall and the building are paved, all of them are grinding bricks, such as the path is winding, the long masonry is like a lot of stones, the atrium or should be stacked, and the near masonry can also be palindrome. Octagonal inlay, choose goose to pave into Shu brocade; Stepping out of the floor, it is a fancy to think about Qintai. Brocade line tiles, Taiwan stone version, Yin flower on the ground, drunken moon carpet. When the waste tiles are also in line, when the lake stone is cut and paved, the ripples are turbulent; Broken bricks can be left for great use, grinding around plum blossoms, and the ice cracks. The path is ordinary, and the steps are refined. The bottom of the lotus socks stepped out of the middle; The green forest is deep, where is the spring from. The garland narrow road is more suitable for stone, and the hall is empty and the courtyard must be made of bricks. All kinds of square circles, paved as appropriate, grinding back to tiles, miscellaneous hooks.
The original text is punctuated with a total of 206 words, and I have divided it into ten sentences, and I will explain the words and rare words that have sources in them to you one by one, so let's get started.
First sentence
Dafan paves the streets, and the small garden residences.
Meaning: Roughly paved pavement and ground, garden houses are slightly different.
Detailed analysis:
This sentence is very simple, just look at the translation, we only say one word "Dafan".
Dafan, used at the beginning of a sentence, indicates a general description of a certain range of people or things, which can be translated as approximately.
Second sentence
However, the hall and the building are all ground bricks
Meaning: Only the floor of the hall of the building is paved with terrazzo bricks.
Detailed interpretation:
Guangsha is a wide and tall house.
The idiom Guangsha first appeared in the "Historical Records · Xiang Yu Benji". The story tells that after Xiang Yu invaded Xianyang, his subordinates advised him to make good use of Xianyang's resources and build a palatial palace to show his ambition. Xiang Yu said: "Under the vast building, how can you educate people? What he means is that magnificent buildings do not train talents, and that efforts should be focused on developing human resources.
However, the most famous use of the word "Guangsha" is the famous sentence in Du Fu's "Song of the Thatched House Broken by the Autumn Wind": "There are tens of thousands of mansions in Ande, and the poor people in the world are happy!" ”
At that time, it was the Anshi Rebellion and social turmoil, Du Fu came to Chengdu to escape the war, and the four years in Chengdu were a relatively stable period of his life.
He built a residence on the banks of Huanhua Creek, the "Du Fu Thatched Cottage". As the name suggests, the roofs of the houses are laid with thatch, who knows that a strong wind in August swept away the thatch on the roof, Du Fu at this time is already old and frail, watching the thatch blown off by the child to take away, when sleeping at night, the thatched hut becomes leaking rain everywhere, and no place in the house is dry, making it difficult for Du Fu to sleep.
From his own experience, he thought of thousands of people in the world who had suffered a lot, and wrote this sentence: "There are thousands of mansions in Ande, and the poor people in the world are happy!" "I hope that there will be thousands of spacious and tall houses, so that all the poor scholars in the world can be sheltered and live a stable life.
Let's go back to the original text, "but the hall is paved in the middle of the building, and all the bricks are grinded" The hall is the largest and most luxurious building in the garden, and it is also the most formal building, so it needs to be paved with "grinding bricks" here.
Some also extend it to the front of the building, like the boat hall in the garden.
Third sentence
If the path is winding, the long masonry is like a lot of stones, the atrium or should be stacked, and the near masonry can also be palindrome.
Meaning: If it is a zigzag and looping ground, the route length can be paved with a variety of rocks. The garden in the garden is suitable for laying in a stacked pattern, and the place near the steps can be laid with a hollow pattern.
Detailed analysis:
蹊 is a zigzag path, 蹊 is a polyphonic word, we usually say "蹊跷 (qī qiāo)" and here it is pronounced xī, the meaning of the path.
The path in the garden has two characteristics, one is tortuous and winding, the other is long, if this kind of road is built with square bricks, the loss will be great, and it seems too formal, generally paved with stones, which seems more in line with nature.
The atrium refers to the courtyard in the middle of the ancient courtyard house, and most of the gardens only appear in the architectural part.
Ji Cheng said that this kind of square courtyard masonry stacked sheng pattern is the best, and the stacked sheng pattern is the square sheng pattern that we are familiar with, which is composed of two diamond-shaped superimpositions. Fang Sheng mainly symbolizes auspiciousness, goodness, and reunion.
In fact, "Sheng" originated from the hair ornament worn by the Queen Mother of the West, which was popular in the Han Dynasty and was divided into many styles in the Tang Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, the custom of "carving gold to win" was popular. People use paper, gold and silver leaf, silk and other materials to cut and carve various patterns of "katsu". Among them, the one that cuts into sets of square geometric shapes is called "Fang Sheng"; The one cut into the shape of flowers and plants is called "Huasheng"; The one cut into a human shape is called "human victory".
Fang Sheng resembles a concentric knot and was later given the auspicious meaning of "concentric and conjunction, communicating with each other". Fang Sheng's figure often appears in literary works, such as the first compromise of the third book of Wang Shifu's "The Legend of the West Chamber", saying that Cui Yingying wrote a letter about Zhang Sheng, "When you don't move, fold the flower notes and brocade characters to make a concentric Fang Sheng'er", which also reflects the symbolic meaning of Fang Sheng in expressing emotions.
Therefore, in the atrium, the party wins
But Ji Cheng also said that the back pattern can be used near the steps, what does this mean?
We said before that it is a very ancient pattern, after a long evolution, it has been endowed with multiple layers of meaning, such as the characteristics of the one-stroke painting of the back pattern imply the continuity of family and wealth, and the characteristics of inward curl can be regarded as auspicious and profound.
Fourth sentence
Octagonal inlay, choose goose to pave into Shu brocade; Stepping out of the floor, it is a fancy to think about Qintai.
Meaning: in the octagonal inlay pattern of masonry, the pattern of Shu brocade paved with pebbles is selected; The front of the floor is carved out of the step, and the flowery looks like Qintai.
Detailed analysis:
The octagonal inlay is the paving pattern of the octagonal spaced square.
This is one of the basic patterns of paving, and it is also a classic pattern in Shu brocade.
There are four Ming brocades in Chinese history, namely Shu brocade, Yun brocade, Song brocade and Zhuang brocade.
Among them, Shu brocade has the longest history, which can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and Shu brocade was not only a commodity for foreign trade at that time, but also a source of military expenditure. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu, put sericulture production in an important position. ("Zhuge Liang Collection": "Today's people are poor and the country is empty, and the only way to defeat the enemy is to rely on Jin'er.") )
Shu brocade during the Three Kingdoms period
Therefore, laying the pattern of Shu brocade on the ground is equivalent to weaving a piece of exquisite Shu brocade on the ground, which is indeed very romantic.
"Floor step" is the open space in front of the high pavilion, a little carving can be compared to Qintai.
We know that "tai" is the oldest garden element, and the early taiduo is related to the functions of sacrifice and lookout. For example, in the pre-Qin period, the princes built a platform, and there was a fashion of "high platform pavilion, beautiful palace room".
Personally, I feel that the platform is the place where the emperors of the world use to greet the gods in the sky, you see a lot of immortals flying down to earth, there must be a place that is both conspicuous and flat.
The Qintai in the article "Pondering Qintai on the Tip of the Flower" says that Qin Shihuang was particularly fond of building Taiwan, among which the more famous one is Qintai in Fengxian County, Jiangsu.
Legend has it that during the reign of Qin Shi Huang, Prime Minister Li Si watched the sky at night and thought that there would be an emperor (that is, Liu Bang) in Fengxian County, Jiangsu, and the King of Qin was shocked. In order to suppress the dragon qi in Feng County, Qin Shi Huang sent people to dig a deep pit in the center of the ancient city of Feng County (now the west of the People's Armed Forces Department of Feng County), bury dansha and sword and other magic weapons, build a 20-meter-high altar, and worship heaven and earth on the altar. Later generations called this platform "Qin Tai", also called "Anaerobic Platform". This is also the origin of Fengxian County, Jiangsu, which is also known as Qintai.
There is also a Qintai in Binzhou, Shandong, where Qin Shi Huang climbed high and looked at the sea during his eastern tour.
Sending Xu Fu to lead the boys and girls to the sea god mountain to ask for the elixir, but after a long time, Qin Shi Huang ordered each army to use a gray helmet and soil, with rice milk and it, to build a platform to hope. The platform is 19 meters high, with a circumference of 188.4 meters at the bottom and 62.8 meters at the top, also known as Qinhuangtai.
There are many famous platforms in history, such as the Langya platform of King Goujian of Yue, the Phoenix platform of Emperor Wen of Song, the Youzhou platform of King Yanzhao, the Tongque platform of Cao Cao, the Zhanghua platform of King Chuling, the Lutai of King Shang and so on.
Let's go back to the original text: "When you step out of the floor, you will think about Qintai with flowers." "Since it is the function of worshiping the heavens and welcoming the gods, the pavement on the stage must be carved in a key way, and the center of the general platform must be put together into a pattern.
Fifth sentence
Brocade line tiles, Taiwan stone version, Yin flower on the ground, drunken moon carpet.
Meaning: the lines are made of tiles, the table is paved with stone slabs, and the flowers chant poetry, and the ground is worthy of a seat; Drinking under the moon is like a blanket.
Detailed analysis:
This sentence is about the stitching of pavement patterns, the lines of which are drawn by erecting the tiles, and the other spaces are paved with stone slabs.
Such an artistic pavement, whether it is poetry among flowers or drinking under the moon, can become a good scenery.
"The flowers are on the ground, and the drunken moon is carpeted." Let's explain the words "mat" and "felt" in this sentence.
Today we use the word "sitting on the ground", which means sitting directly on the ground.
But in ancient times the word meant to sit on the ground covered with a mat. And the sitting posture is also exquisite, kneeling on the ground and sitting on the heels with hips, which is where the sitting posture of Japan today comes from.
So in ancient times, the mat was a very important seat. Moreover, the mats were divided into ranks, and the mats of the Son of Heaven may have been woven with the finest guans, and had elaborate embroidery or decoration; The banquets of princes and doctors are decreasing in material and decoration.
Looking at "felt", felt is a flaky material made of animal hair (mainly wool) through wet, heat, extrusion, etc.
For example, in "Mulan Poems", "Chirp and chirp, Mulan is a household weaving." I didn't hear the sound of the machine, but I heard the woman sigh. Ask the woman what she thinks, and ask the woman what she remembers. The woman said, 'I have no other, I hate only the absence of felt in the camp, and I cannot warm my body.' The word "felt" here refers to this kind of warm woolen fabric.
Felt originated from nomadic peoples, who lived in pursuit of water and grass, and needed lightweight, easy-to-carry insulation. Compared with heavy animal hides, felt products are relatively light, and can be made into different shapes according to needs, such as felt hats, felt boots, etc.
For example, Mongolia bags are built with felt, so they are also called "felt tents".
Both mats and felt are important means of paving in ancient times, so it is very appropriate to compare the paving in the garden to mats and felts.
Sixth sentence
When the waste tiles are also in line, when the lake stone is cut and paved, the ripples are turbulent; Broken bricks can be left for great use, grinding around plum blossoms, and the ice cracks.
Meaning: When discarded tiles are also used, they are erected on the ground with lake stones, as if lake stones are born from the turbulent waves; The broken bricks can also be used for a long time, and they can be put together in a garden planted with plum blossoms, like plum blossoms blooming in the cracks of the ice.
Detailed analysis:
This passage introduces two important intentions of garden paving - waves and ice cracks.
In daily life, water changed the most in the eyes of the ancients, sometimes with rough waves, sometimes with cracked ice. Therefore, many gardens and dry gardens combine different forms of pavement and water.
For example, when the waves are surging, the tiles are erected and inlaid to form layers of patterns like waves, and with the lake stones, you can create the artistic conception of "huge waves hitting the fairy mountain".
The pavement in front of the boat hall of He Yuan is typical, and the water pattern pavement and the rockery surrounded on three sides make people really have a feeling of sailing on the sea in the hall.
Another example is to show that when the ice cracks at the beginning of spring, you can "grind the bucket" of the remaining materials of the bricks, which is to grind into shapes and spell into the shape of ice cracks, and if you plant a plum blossom in the courtyard, it will be more into the painting.
The main hall of the loquat garden in the Humble Administrator's Garden is not only the doors and windows of the building are ice cracks, but even the courtyard paving is also ice cracks, so it is also named "jade pot ice", which not only compares the noble and honest owner of the garden, but also echoes the surrounding environment.
Seventh sentence
The path is ordinary, and the steps are refined. The bottom of the lotus socks stepped out of the middle; The green forest is deep, where is the spring from.
This means that although the path is a common project, it should rid the garden floor of the vulgar atmosphere. The feet are like lotus flowers blooming, and the steps seem to come from the flowers; The greenery is found in the depths of the forest, and the court is full of spring love.
Detailed analysis:
In order to explain how the pavement is refined, this sentence uses two words: "lotus sock bottom" and "green forest deep". Let's explain them one by one.
"Lotus Sock Sock" from: "Southern History· Qi Ji · the Abolished Emperor Dongwu Marquis": "(Dongwu Hou) and chiseled gold for the lotus flower (flower) to stick to the ground, so that Concubine Pan walked on it, saying: 'This step by step to give birth to lotus (flower) also. ’”
To the effect that the Marquis of Dongwu (Xiao Baojuan) had the gold chiseled into the shape of a lotus flower and pasted it on the ground, and let Concubine Pan walk on it, (Xiao Baojuan) said: "This is (Concubine Pan) giving birth to a lotus flower every step she takes." ”
"Step by Step" has become a well-known cultural image. It not only describes a woman's light and graceful gait, but is also often used to satirize the absurd and extravagant life of feudal emperors.
Jicheng does not mean that the pavement of the garden must be made into a lotus pattern, but a simple and connotative pattern can make the garden pavement with the artistic conception of "step by step lotus".
Let's take a look at the phrase "deep in the forest", which has no origin, but is original, and depicts a picture of a deep mountain forest, surrounded by greenery and lush vegetation, in which people wander and occasionally pick up the feathers of kingfishers.
However, "Cui Shi" has appeared in many poems, such as Cao Zhi's "Luo Shen Fu" "or picking pearls, or picking up green feathers", and Du Fu also has the famous sentence "Beautiful women pick up green spring". In fact, this shows the vitality of spring in nature.
That is to say, a good pavement, can not dominate, the original intention of the garden is to create a deep natural environment, and paving is only the icing on the cake, do not overly decorative, carved.
Eighth sentence
The garland narrow road is more suitable for stone, and the hall is empty and the courtyard must be made of bricks.
This means that the path around the flower room is best paved with stones, and the open space around the hall must be paved with square bricks.
Detailed analysis:
This sentence is easier to understand, the closer to people, such as buildings, platforms, porches, etc., the pavement should use bricks, because the bricks are flat and more suitable for walking. And far away from people, and closer to nature, use stones, so that people will have a feeling of coming to nature.
The main explanation here is "堂迥", many books here are written as "hall return" or "hall 迴" are wrong, and the reading of jiǒng has the meaning of lofty and far-reaching, and "hall is wide, open, that is, the meaning of open hall.
Ninth sentence
All kinds of square circles, paved as appropriate, grinding back to tiles, miscellaneous hooks.
Meaning: a variety of square and round pattern styles, to choose according to different environments, laying grinding bricks is the work of bricklayers, auxiliary chores also need small workers.
Detailed analysis:
The last sentence "brickwork" refers to the bricklayer, the bricklayer. The main job of the bricklayer is to carry out various grinding processes on the bricks, not only to make the surface of the bricks smooth and flat, but also to adjust the size and shape of each piece through polishing, so it is called "grinding back to the tile".
Hook, is the Ming Dynasty Suzhou proverb, is to do odd work, there are a large number of repetitive and untechnical work in the paving project of the garden, such as inlaying pebbles, etc., these jobs can be handed over to small workers to do.
At this point, <铺装>we have finished dismantling the general part of the chapter of "Yuanye", so what are the classic pavement styles of the garden, which of these styles are elegant and which are vulgar, we will dismantle them one by one for you in the next issue.
I'll talk about it here in this issue first, I'm Brother Xiao, ant landscape, see big from small, let's see you next time.