Editor's note
On March 24, 1895, Li Hongzhang was assassinated while Japan was conducting negotiations after the Sino-Japanese War. Much research has been done on the details of this assassination, but this article is based on the rare wartime magazine "Records of the Nisshin War" published in the Meiji 27-28 (1894-1895) collection of the "Japanese Bunken" in Kyoto. In the report, Li Hongzhang's unfazed generosity was indeed admired by the people of the time. Although there is diplomatic condemnation from a civilized standpoint, the resulting statements from all sides cannot ignore the trade-offs that are influenced by the pattern of international relations and Eurasian relations within Europe. In the face of Li Hongzhang's "bloody yellow coat", will future generations still remember Guangxu's ambition to "study strength and not be famous" after the defeat of Guangxu?
A friend from Anhui said: "If you want to understand modern China, you can't help but come to Anhui; When you come to Anhui, you can't see Li Hongzhang. Although the words are a bit absolute, what I want to see most in the hometown of Luzhou is indeed the historical traces related to the "First Plenipotentiary Minister of the Qing Empire, the Crown Prince Taifu Wenhuadian, the First Class Su Yi Bo Zhili Governor Li Hongzhang". I say "looking forward" because Li Zhongtang always took the initiative or passively stood up on the final battlefield of the last battlefield in a series of failed diplomacy in the late Qing Dynasty; I said "Zhongtang" because in addition to that tragic history that needs to be treated kindly, I also vaguely heard a trace of resentment from the locals' nickname of "the man who carries the pot" from the corners of Li's mouth.
Li Hongzhang died in Beijing in 1901. Most of the relics left in his hometown are concentrated in the "Xiangtang" next to Heyu Road in Hefei City. Xiangtang was built by the Li family in 1903, and in the year of its completion, the military and political ministers of the late Qing Dynasty transported Li Hongzhang's coffin to be buried there. It is said that when he returned to his hometown to be buried, he entered the Nanqi River by the waterway through Chaohu Lake, so later officials also went ashore by the waterway when they worshipped. Enjoy the hall sitting in the south and facing north, on the tall stone archway in front of the door, engraved with the Guangxu Emperor in Li Hongzhang's 70th birthday to give "Jun Heng Duhu" four big characters. The whole hall is composed of three parts: the cemetery area, the parish area and the warehouse. Because it is only a few hundred meters away from the Song Bao Cemetery and the Cai Guo Cemetery in the Ming Dynasty, there is also a saying that "one mile buries three dukes" in the local area.
Li Hongzhang Xiangtang (Source: lihongzhang.org.cn)
On the morning of September 24, 2023, I went to Xiangtang with a few friends from Anhui University. The group of people took the martial arts, hesitated to pick up the steps, and held their breath as if they couldn't rest. The mood was already tense, and at this time, in the main hall of Xiangtang, there was a special glass case flashing in an unexpected form: what was displayed in the rosewood cabinet was actually a bright yellow dress stained with black blood stains on the left placket! This should be the bloody clothes left behind by Li Hongzhang after he was assassinated by Japan thugs when he went to negotiate in Maguan after the Sino-Japanese War, and the so-called "yellow coat with blood" in the market is also; However, as far as I know, the yellow jacket that was originally displayed here was in fact lost in the chaos of the war in 1928 – Ta Kung Pao has already recorded this incident in some detail in the article "The Bloody Clothes of the Treaty of Shimonoseki" dated March 30, 1935. However, I deeply understand the mood and significance of Xiangtang's launch of this imitation.
France portrait painter Jean ·Baptiste · Gus painted a portrait of Li Hongzhang in a yellow coat for United Kingdom Vanity Fair magazine (Source: librarycompany.org)
Recalling the beginning of the attack from the West, the Qing court felt that compared with the "body" of the Qing Dynasty, China only had some technical or trick problems in "use", so the "Westernization Movement" in the sense of "strong ships and guns" suddenly showed a national leap forward. However, the "Nagasaki Incident" (1886, also known as the "Zhenyuan Riot" and the "Nagasaki Kiyokuni Sailors Incident") as the first cause of the "First Sino-Japanese War". From time to time, four warships, Zhenyuan, Dingyuan, Weiyuan, and Jiyuan, arrived in Nagasaki, causing clashes between the Qing soldiers and the local police and people, resulting in mutual casualties), which not only exposed the hidden danger of the "arrogance" of the Beiyang naval division in terms of military discipline and strength, but also seriously stimulated the "ambition" of the Japan naval division to compete for East Asia. In the late Qing Dynasty, China's principle of "different forms and uses" of "middle school as the body, Western learning as the use" could no longer lead to social disorder, the redistribution of power, the collapse of the system, the competition in the Central Plains and the disintegration of values, and the series of reforms to deal with these chaos were successively presented as the "Westernization Movement", "Wuxu Reform", "Beiyang New Deal", "Xinhai Revolution", "May Fourth Movement", "National Revolution" and "Communist Revolution". It is a reflection of the difficulty of parrying the difficulties of Western school.
In contrast, although the Meiji government, which had just emerged from the feudal era of Tokugawa, also dragged the long tail of the previous era, its "three major policies" that went hand in hand -- "enriching the country and strengthening the army" representing political justice, "civilization and enlightenment" representing the legitimacy of values, and "colonization and industrial development" representing the prosperity of industry and commerce -- clearly highlighted Japan's ambition to "complete the battle in one battle" in its efforts to catch up with the road of modernization, and also seemed to have completed the institutional design of "physical use" in form. In the middle of this, it is misinterpreted as "breeding and industrial development" with little significance, but it attracts attention. Statistics show that about two decades before the First Opium War, the Qing Dynasty's GDP was not bad, but even ranked first in the world (Angus Maddison, "Shares of the Rich and Rest, in the World Economy: Income Divergence Between Nations, 1820-2030," Asian Economic Policy). Review，No. 3，2008）。
However, the first stitch sewn out of this stitch can hardly hide its nature of agricultural civilization. This means that when marveling at the intensity of the calamity of "Japan's island country of Yuer, whose land is 180,000 square miles, when China is one of Shu, dares to destroy our Ryukyu, cut me Korea, break our Liaodong, stomp our Weihai, capture our warships, and cut off my Taiwan" (Kang Youwei: "Bibliography of Japan"), the tremendous impact of industrial civilization has been cut off and cannot be forgotten, although many of the ideas and practices of the Meiji government in transforming itself into a "modern state" as quickly as possible in order to catch up with the West and override the countries of East Asia seem ridiculous:" Those who are disgusted with their past and its values, who advocate the wholesale acceptance of foreign things, say: 'Japan must be reborn, with United States as the mother and France as the father.' Derived from the prevailing social Darwinist doctrine at the time, it was suggested that Japan should draw high-class blood into their veins through interracial marriage. Such a suggestion was briefly supported by high-ranking political figures like Inoue and Ito.
The improvement of the Japan language, even its abolition, was also considered a need for 'progress'. Fanatically adopt Western methods and make them attack everything that Japan has past. Japan's government, art, literature, and philosophy are all considered to be the products of ignorance and barbarism. For many, the Western approach became irresistible fashion. They vigorously put on suits, put on Western-style hats, grow their hair, put on their watches, put on umbrellas, and learned to eat meat ......" (Hall: "Japan: From Prehistory to Modern Times") and even the street plans that seemed to be in contrast to modernity in architecture and appearance were imitated and transplanted in a European style, such as the Ginza Economic District and Chiyoda Kantakai Street.
The effect was certainly obvious, and with the increasing prominence and successful transformation of the Meiji government's martial arts, Japan finally won the attention of European countries in a short time: not only successfully revised the unequal treaty, but also concluded the Japan-Britain Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (referred to as the "Japan-Britain New Treaty") with United Kingdom, the world's largest empire at that time, on July 16, 1894. The significance of this is also as Lord Kimberley, the foreign secretary of United Kingdom, said in his congratulatory message after the signing of the "Japan-Britain New Treaty": "The nature of this treaty is superior to Japan than the defeat of the Qing army!" ("The Judgment on the British Talks Ended in the Settlement of the Confessions," July 19, Meiji 27, edited by the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Japan, Japan Diplomatic Documents, Volume 27, Volume 1 of the 27th Year of the Meiji Era)
The above can be regarded as the internal and external environment of China and Japan before the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War and their respective development trajectories. On August 1, 1894, the unsolvable Korean problem finally made Emperor Guangxu order to declare war on Japan, so there is the following record in the history books: "At the beginning, Hongzhang prepared for coastal defense for more than ten years, training military weapons; Outsiders shocked his name, saying that there were more than 100,000 non-use divisions, and they could not attack Lushun and take Tianjin and Weihai. Therefore, the police of Russia and France all knew that they were prepared and retreated. As a result, the ministers of Zhongxing and the famous generals of the Hunan and Huai armies all died of old age, and there were few survivors. Hongzhang knows that there are too many soldiers and the lack of equipment is not used, so he plans to solve the difficulties; The Chinese people thought that the Beiyang Navy was trustworthy, and they fought for words, so the court was determined to use troops. First defeat at Asan, then defeat at Pyongyang; Japan took advantage of the victory and invaded the country, and successively captured the cities of Jiulian and Phoenix. Dalian and Lushun were lost one after another, Weihaiwei and Liugong Island were recaptured, our warships were seized, and the navy was completely destroyed. So the speaker handed over the blame and relinquished his duties; With Wang Wenshao acting as the superintendent and directly subordinate, Hongzhang was ordered to go to Japan to negotiate peace. In February 21, he arrived at Maguan; Discussed with Japan's plenipotentiary ministers Hirobumi Ito and Mutsu Munemitsu, and threatened more. Hongzhang was stabbed and wounded, and he was very wounded, but his speech was free, and his anger was declining; The Japanese emperor sent envoys to express condolences and apologize. The pawn thus concluded a contract to dismiss the army, and will make a clause 12; After the cession of Taiwan, Japan returned the invaded territory. In July, he returned to Beijing and entered the cabinet to do business. (Zhao Erxun et al., "Qing Historical Manuscripts", vol. 411)
However, the writing of the Qing Historical Manuscript is obviously too simplistic. The complicated records of the "Japan Diplomatic Documents" show that due to the disastrous defeat of the Beiyang Naval Division in the Sino-Japanese War, Li Hongzhang was attacked by the ministers of the imperial court. Therefore, on the question of who should be in charge of the post-war negotiations with Japan, the first person sent by the Chinese side was Zhang Yinhuan, who was in charge of foreign affairs, but because Japan Prime Minister Ito Hirobumi used the excuse that the power of attorney did not contain the word "full power," he was returned and asked Li Hongzhang to go to "negotiate peace." This made the "criminal minister" in the eyes of the Qing court suddenly become an ambassador with full powers. However, some people also revealed the other side of the matter: "The Qing army was repeatedly defeated, and the soldiers and people of its country all rose up and blamed Li Hongzhang, because of the great decline of the Li family's power." However, the Qing government was in a dilemma and had to rely on Li Hongzhang. (Written by Hashimoto Customs, Jichen proofreading: "Records of the Qing-Japanese War") that year, Li Zhongtang was already seventy years old.
Ukiyo-e depicting the promulgation ceremony of the Constitution of the Great Japan Empire in the 22nd year of the Meiji era (1889) (source: library.metro.tokyo.lg.jp)
After the battles of Pyongyang and the Yellow Sea in 1894 and Weihaiwei in February 1895, the Beiyang Naval Division was completely annihilated. With the Qing having to accept negotiations, the war was not over. This means that Li Hongzhang, who arrived in Japan in March, is facing a bargaining dilemma in which he must continue to speak with his strength. What was on the negotiation table at Shimonoseki was precisely the posture of the Japanese army attacking Tianjin, the gateway to Beijing, in order to increase the bargaining chips. This is also the reason why Ito Hirobumi quickly threw out to Li Hongzhang "an indemnity of 300 million taels of silver" and other heavy clauses, such as "ceding Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula" and "confirming Korean independence," and claiming that if the Qing Dynasty did not allow it, he would continue to fight. Li Hongzhang was angry and helpless, or he raised his eyebrows to reason, or showed weakness and affection, and hoped that Japan would take into account the general principles of the international community and the common things of East Asia, retreat in the face of difficulties, and lower the conditions. However, it was at this time that an unexpected event occurred.
The sinking of the "Zhiyuan" ship in the Battle of the Yellow Sea (source: dangshi.people.com.cn)
The Kyoto "Japanese Bunken" has a set of rare wartime magazines published in Meiji 27-28 (1894-1895), "Records of the Nisshin War". It was the first to record the approximate longitude and latitude of Li Hongzhang's assassination, and also drew a schematic diagram: "At three o'clock in the afternoon of March 24, Li Hongzhang, the envoy of the Qing Dynasty, took a sedan chair, and Li Jingfang, Luo Fenglu, Ma Jianzhong, Wu Tingfang, and others took a rickshaw to enter the Chunfan Building, the negotiation site. This is already the third meeting. Li Hongzhang, as usual, sat there wearing gold-rimmed glasses and a noble velvet shirt. After Li and the others discussed with our ambassador plenipotentiary for about 1 hour and 10 minutes, Li and the others planned to return in a sedan chair at 4:20 p.m. However, when the group passed through Amitabha-cho and passed through the Wahamama-cho post office to the Emura Rentaro store in Wahamama-cho 20 times, they encountered a murder in an instant! It turned out that a 'mad man' suddenly flashed and shot at Li Hongzhang with a gun. The projectile grazed Li Hongzhang's left cheek under his eye. While the patrolling gendarmes shouted to catch the madmen and the thugs, arrived from all directions and subdued the assassins, Lee's sedan chair was escorted by dozens of police officers and gendarmes and drove to the vicinity of the temple. Li Hongzhang stroked the wound with his right hand, and commanded the sedan chair to march calmly, although it was bloody, his face did not change. To the stone steps of the leading temple, it is to climb the steps, and the appearance is not unusual. ("李鴻章の受難", edited by Nisshin 戦争実記 第弐拾弨, Tokyo: Hirobun, April 7, Meiji 28)
This original report from the scene of Li Hongzhang's assassination means that the later Japan scholar Saburo Kawasaki's "History of the Japanese-Japanese War" and Hashimoto Customs' "Actual Records of the Qing-Japanese War" were all retellings and copies of the above contents; "Li covered the sores with his hands, drove out of the sedan chair and led the temple to the hotel, looked calm, and climbed the stairs on foot" (Hashimoto, p. 365), "after being stabbed, he 'immediately covered the wound with the long sleeve of his right hand, and did not look shocked, but took a calm attitude'", "The governor was not frightened by the shooting, but sat still and calmly asked a palanquin man to give him a handkerchief to stop the bleeding" (Ji Chen: "Expensive Peace: A Study of the Sino-Japanese Maguan Discussion"), and the "Qing Historical Manuscript" contains "Hongzhang was stabbed and wounded, and his speech was free, and his spirit declined." The clouds are nothing more than paraphrases or detailed additions to the "Records of the Japanese and Qing Wars".
"Records of the Sino-Japanese War" (partial)
However, this is enough to arouse people's feelings. Liang Qichao said: "Tomorrow when the thorn is thorny, or see the blood full of robes, and say, this blood is so to serve the country." Hongzhang said: "Giving up one's life to benefit the country is not unremitting." 'His generosity is indignant, and the gentleman respects him. This passage is probably the origin of Li Hongzhang's so-called "this blood can serve the country", although the words "or" and "said" have indicated that the original words did not come from Li himself; In addition, the so-called "Li Hongzhang was shot and gave 100 million to Daqing Province" was also from "the Japanese emperor and the subjects of the whole country, and they were deeply mourned." He then agreed to draw the abridgement of the armistice proposed by China. Those who cannot fight with their tongues will be obtained by the wound of a shot" (on April 1, Meiji 28, Japan was the first to propose that Article 4 of the Peace Treaty was "as military compensation, the Qing State must pay Japan 300 million taels of silver in Kuping"). And the following passage also vividly passed on the image of a protector who helped the general to the building regardless of his personal safety: "At the beginning of the assassination, the emperor of Japan sent the imperial doctor and the military doctor to see the disease, and all the doctors said that they took out the gun, and the wound was a miasma. But although he recuperated for many days, he did not work hard. Hongzhang said angrily: 'The country is difficult, and the battle of peace and security cannot be delayed, so that it can be delayed to mislead the country! I'd rather die than be cut! (Li Wenzhong's Official Affairs, Chapter 8, "Li Hongzhang of the Diplomat")
Li Hongzhang's bloody case
As a politician, Li Hongzhang has considerable prestige in the Western world and has also been well received. This was not easy at the time of the overall decline of the Qing Dynasty. John ·Russell Young (1840-1899), a ·United States journalist, writer, and diplomat with a long history of China, recalled that on one occasion, General Grant once evaluated the four great statesmen of Eurasia, including Bismarck and Li Hongzhang, in his presence, and the result was that "the most outstanding of the four figures was Li Hongzhang" ("Beimi Hekoku [論] Li Hongzhang", Nissin 戦戦讟記, No. 4, April 17, Meiji 28). Because of this, as soon as the news of Li Hongzhang's assassination was announced, world public opinion quickly became in an uproar; European and American countries, which had previously adopted a "neutral" attitude toward the Sino-Japanese War, began to condemn Japan, making the latter extremely passive. New York, 25 March The Herald said: "All quarters in Japan strongly condemn the assassination of Li Hongzhang, especially when the governor of Naoli is visiting as a guest." ("Diorama" 15th volume "Overseas Historical Materials Look at Li Hongzhang")
France public opinion believes that the actions of the assassin Hill will have a negative impact on the peace talks. In Europe, when this happens, the government will try to defuse the dispute. However, they did not dare to guarantee that the hard-line Japan government would be able to handle the matter in a responsible manner, because the establishment of Japan's plan to attack Taiwan coincided with the incident ("Koyama の尉", "Nisshin 戦争実記" No. 7 缐拾七稨, May 17, Meiji 28). Compared with the above-mentioned diplomatic condemnation, some countries have begun to question whether Japan is a "civilized country" and how civilized it is. On March 26, 1895, the Russian official newspaper said: "Shocked to hear the news that 'Li Hongzhang, the peace envoy sent by the Qing Emperor, was shot by fanatics,' Europe was deeply saddened: How could the Japanese use pistols to infringe on the sacred foreign envoys!" Although the perpetrators should be punished considerably, the atrocities have exposed the shortcomings of the Japanese. It draws attention to how Japan is using European weapons and systems to hide its inner darkness with the appearance of European civilization in East Asian countries! "Today, the eyes of all Europe are focused on the distant neighboring city of Shimonoseki, the home base of Japan," and "If Japan wants to gain honor and status in the company of civilized countries and grabs too much practical profit in addition to moral rights, then it is clear that European countries will not ignore it" (Japan Diplomatic Documents, Vol. 28, Vol. 2, Vol. 2, edited by the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan).
In fact, this is the "bad comment" that Japan dislikes the most, and at the beginning of the incident, the Japanese side has realized that there may not be any good words from the mouths of Europeans and Americans: "The telegram of the madman Xiaoshan sniping Li Hongzhang has arrived in Europe, and I don't know how they will use their 'poisonous tongue' on this matter!" However, when the United Kingdom's "Times" made an exception, the Japanese suddenly brightened their eyes and specially marked the British understanding text: "Japan should not be criticized for the actions of a fierce man." An insane asylum is needed everywhere in any country. Even in Europe, such scenes and atrocities have been repeated. ("小山の凶行と英字新聞", "日清戦争実記" 第弐拾七編, May 17, Meiji 28)
Moreover, a week before Ding Ruchang committed suicide in the Battle of Weihai, the United Kingdom's "The Times" (5 February) also published a special article entitled "On the Pride of the Qing Kingdom" in order to disparage public opinion and provoke Japan's fighting spirit to destroy China ("On the Pride of the Qing Dynasty," edited by the "Nissin Controversy Records," written on April 7, Meiji 28). If one reads the Japan-Britain New Testament and the post-treaty remarks of United Kingdom Foreign Secretary Kimberley, one can understand why Russia said the following sentence: "United Kingdom entered into an alliance with Japan, a new power, aimed at seizing hegemony in the Pacific." (Japan Diplomatic Documents, Vol. 28, Vol. 2, compiled by the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan) The reason why United Kingdom never intervened when the "three countries intervened to return Liao" was obviously lurking other elements such as international relations within Europe and the pattern of Eurasian relations.
In fact, after the Li Hongzhang bloody case, Japan was the first to "faint politically," and it was Japan that expressed its position most "in place" at home and abroad. Emperor Meiji's first reaction was quite fierce: "I have firmly practiced international precedents, promoted the reputation of the country, and treated the Qing envoys with guards, and ordered that there should be a commander not to slack off." Unfortunately, the murderer came out and endangered the envoys, and I deeply regretted it. The offender is punished by the law of the case, and there is no pretense. He believes that only in this way can "not damage the glory of the country". Then, not only did the emperor send hundreds of servants to Maseki to ask him, but the queen also sent two "nursing women" to "give them imperial bandages." The assassination of Li Hongzhang has undoubtedly constituted tremendous pressure on the Japanese side in terms of public opinion and even interests. Only then did the Japanese emperor summon the plenipotentiary ministers Ito, Mutsu, and Kuroda's privy adviser to the Hiroshima Imperial Palace to discuss the matter, and even solicited the opinions of the generals and colonels of the headquarters camp, and categorically allowed a truce without a treaty.
As a result, not only did "the two plenipotentiaries pass to Lee, the Minister of Mutsu visited Lee at his hotel to comfort him, and sent Senator Li Jingfang [Fang] to Chunfan Tower to conclude a truce", but also the final negotiation of "30 days, the two plenipotenies were also printed, and the agreement was completed" (written by Hashimoto Customs, Jichen proofreading: "Records of the Qing-Japanese War", "Li Chuanxiang's Suffering", "Truce Treaty"). Faced with a thrilling shot that almost cost Japan the outcome of the war, Yukichi Fukuzawa, the mentor of the Meiji Restoration, even said that the murderer was a "thief of the Japanese people who cannot be forgotten even for a hundred years", although the real purpose behind his curses - "not to mislead big things with small anger" is no different from what Emperor Meiji thought (Shiji Shimbun, "Fukusawa Complete Works", vol. 8).
Assassin Toyotaro Koyama (Source: baike.baidu.com)
This article rarely discusses the Assassin Toyotaro Koyama. In a society where populism, nationalism, and xenophobia are rampant, the assassination of foreign envoys and dignitaries is no longer news in Japan. Just as when reflecting on the Li Hongzhang case, people from all walks of life in Japan will also mention in passing the attempted assassination of Russia Crown Prince Nikolai · Alexandrovich · Romanov, who came to visit him on 11 May 1891 by Japanese policeman Tsuda Sanzo. In this regard, the relatively rational Mutsu Munemitsu said frankly: "When this incident spread throughout the country, people in the society were a little embarrassed because of excessive regret, and representatives of public and private organizations and individuals from all sides of the mainland came to the residence of the Chinese envoy in Shimonoseki to express their condolences. Those who are far away also express their condolences by telegram or letter; Or give away all kinds of items, day and night. In front of the Chinese embassy, the masses gather like a market. Such an act is nothing more than an attempt to show both internally and externally that the actions of a murderer do not represent the will of ordinary citizens. Although the intentions are very good, they are often in a hurry to whitewash the surface, and their words and deeds are not without deliberate contrivance and hypocrisy, and they lose the golden mean.
After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war, various newspapers on the mainland, as well as at public and private meetings, exaggerated the weaknesses of the Chinese government and the people, and did everything in their power to insult and slander them. Even slandered Li Hongzhang's identity and made unbearable remarks. However, today, when these people express regret over Li Hongzhang's death, they have changed their attitude in the past, and often say flattering words similar to sycophants. Some people even enumerated Li Hongzhang's past exploits, saying that the future safety of the East depends on Li Hongzhang's life and death. The whole country is not so much lamenting the assassination of the Li family as it is afraid of the external criticism that will arise from it. Until yesterday, a society that had been intoxicated by extreme revelry due to victory today seems to be in a state of mourning. Human affection is like waves, and there is no right or wrong to speak of, but we can't help but be amazed by this kind of despicable behavior. (Mutsu Munemitsu: "Jian Jian Lu", translated by Ishershi)
This means that if Li Hongzhang's assassination is not a small mountain, it will be a Zhongshan or a big mountain; And the yellow coat stained with Li Zhongtang's blood is no longer important when it is not in Xiangtang. In fact, it has long been with the lessons of Emperor Guangxu after the defeat of the war, such as "study strength, do not be vain, do not ignore distant causes, do not delay the accumulation of habits, verify everything, and prescribe the text", which will always exist in the hearts of the people of heaven and earth.
Jian Jian Lu, Commercial Press, 1929 edition
* The pictures in the article are not marked with the source, all from the Internet
Source: "Reading" Issue 9, 2024