Protigenic realm — Rotifera phylum
Charophyta , also known as Charophyta , is a phyla of algae that contains the closest relatives of embryos. Because embryonic plants are excluded , the Phylum is a parallel group ( although it is sometimes limited to a simple order of algae , which is a monophyletic group ) .
The structure of the algae is more complex, similar to the differentiation of roots, stems and leaves, the size is about 10-50 cm, and the appearance is very similar to goldfish algae; the "stem" node is rotated on the side of the "branch", and the reproductive organ with "leaf" on the "branch" is the "branch"; sexual reproduction is egg reproduction; the egg sac is born in the "leaf" axillary, usually ovate, with 5 spiral-wound tube cells outside, forming 5 crown cells at the apex, the oocyst is initially green, and when mature, it is dark brown; the spherical sperm sac is born under the egg sac, and there are 8 shield cells on the outside, which are green at first and orange-red after maturity.
The relatively complex species in the phylum rotifers have more complex reproductive structures: sperm-producing sperm reservoirs and egg-producing egg-producing organs, which are born on the nodes, and for hermaphrodites, the egg trap is above and the sperm is below. In the reproductive structure of rotifers, germ cells are protected by vegetative cells on the outside, and the outer side of the egg trap has a number of long, tubular, twisted cells to protect the inner egg cells, while the outside of the spermatic organ is protected by several shield cells. Sperm is the only cell with flagella in the life cycle of rotifers, which, after its formation, passes through the protective structure of the egg trap and combines with the egg to form a fertilized egg, and the zygotes are dormant and then meiosis to produce four daughter cells, of which only one develops into a new individual. [2]:356-358
With the exception of the taxa, the reproduction pattern is similar to that of the green algae.
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Mesostigmatophyceae
Chlorokybophyceae
Streptomyce algae Klebsormidiophyceae
Bistigella Zygnemophyceae
Bistrogena Zygnematales
Bulbophyllum Desmidiales
Charophyceae
Coleochaetales
Rotifers
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The order Zygnematales , also known as Spirulina , is one of the plant orders of algae. The plant is on the plant taxonomy and belongs to the Charophyta bistral class Zygnematophyceae , the only order under the order , containing spiroganes.
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Mesotaeniaceae Nägeli, 1849
Zygnemataceae Kützing, 1843
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The middle band algae family ( scientific name : Mesotaeniaceae ) is a family of algae of the order Diplodocus.
There are 10 genera, about 94 species.
Ancylonema Berggr.
Cylindrocystis Menegh. ex De Bary
Geniculus Prescott
Mesotaenium Nägeli
Fusiform algae Netrium (Nägeli) Itzigs. & Rothe
Nucleotaenium Gontsch. & Melkonian
Planotaenium (Ohtani) Petlovany & Pal.-Mordv.
弯柱藻属 Roya West & G. S. West
Spirotaenia Bréb.
Tortitaenia Brook
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Charophyceae ( scientific name : Charophyceae ), also known as Axle Algae , was a green algae that used to belong to the axle algae gate.
Its classification status remains controversial. Some botanists believe that it is possible to incorporate the phylum and the phylum trichophyllum into the plant kingdom, but some botanists believe that the phylum triatophytes is classified into the phylum of phylum chlorophyllum, the phylum of chain plants, or the nether of the chain plant, and other systematic taxonomists classify the phylum of rotifers under the phylum of rotifera, because there are still obvious differences between phylum rotifers and phylum of chlorella.
Regardless of the true classification of rotifers, most botanists agree that rotifers are the closest organisms to embryonic plants (terrestrial plants). Analysis of reproduction, photosynthesis, cpDNA (chloroplast DNA), and other features suggests that embryonic plants evolved from rotifers.
underling:
Charales
Characeae
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Algae, also known as suspended plants, include several different types of organisms that produce energy by photosynthesis, including algae belonging to eukaryotic cells and algae belonging to prokaryotic cells. They are photosynthetic organisms, and some algae are associated with higher plants. Although other algae appear to derive their ability to photosynthesize from blue-green algae , they have separate branches of evolution. All algae lack true roots, stems, leaves, and other tissue structures that can be found in higher plants. Algae differ from bacteria and protozoa in that the way algae produce energy is photosynthetic.
Algae cover the prokaryotes, the protists and the plant kingdom. The algae in the prokaryote community include prokaryotic green algae that live in inorganic animals. Algae belonging to the protigenic community are the phylum naked algae, dinoflagellate phylum (or edta), cryptoalgae phylum, phylum golden algae (including planktonic algae such as diatoms), red algae phylum, green algae phylum and brown algae phylum. The complex reproductive structure of the algal phylum belongs to the plant kingdom. Those who belong to large algae generally have only red algae phylum, green algae phylum and brown algae phylum as solid algae that can be visible to the naked eye. Almost 99% of these macroalgae species inhabit the seawater environment, so macroalgae are mostly called seaweed. In addition, some of the visible solid blue-green algae and a few diatoms should also strictly belong to the range of macroalgae.
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Algae are very common in water, as are terrestrial environments. However, terrestrial algae are generally less conspicuous and more common in wet, tropical areas than in dry areas, because they lack vascular bundles and other adapted structures that camp for terrestrial life. Algae coexist with fungi in other locations such as snow or in the form of lichens on bare rock surfaces.
A wide variety of algae plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems. Microscopic suspended in water columns (phytoplankton) provide food to most marine food chains. When algae density is very high (blooms), it can discolor the water, compete with other organisms or poison or suffocate other organisms. Most of the seagrass grows in shallow waters, although some have been recorded growing at depths of 300 metres. Some are intended for human consumption or production of useful substances such as watercress, carrageenan or fertilizer.
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The discipline of studying marine or freshwater algae is called algaeology.
The U.S. Algae Collection Program is known for its inventory of 300,000 specimen species.
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Although blue-green algae has traditionally been classified as algae, called Cyanophyte, recent studies have generally excluded it because it differs greatly from algae, such as organelles that lack membrane-bound organelles, contain single ring chromosomes, cell walls contain peptidoglycans, and are different in ribosome size, composition, and eukaryotes. Blue-green algae undergo photosynthesis on a specialized folded protoplasmic membrane called chlorophyll capsule membrane. Therefore, even though they have similar ecological locations, they are still very different from each other and are now classified as bacteria.
William Henry Harvey (1811-1866) first divided algae into four categories based on pigments, and for the first time applied biochemical criteria to plant classification: red algae, brown algae, green algae, and diatoms.
As defined now, algae are eukaryotes that undergo photosynthesis in membranous organelles called chloroplasts. Chlorophyll contains cyclic DNA, is structurally similar to blue-green algae, and may represent the symbiotic organelles within the degenerated blue-green algae. The exact properties of algal chloroplasts vary from lineage to lineage, reflecting different endosymbiosis events. The following table lists the three main groups, whose evolutionary relationships are expressed on the left. Note that many groups contain members who no longer perform photosynthesis. Some still retain pigmented bodies but not chloroplasts, while others have been completely lost.
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