Phylum Chlorella - Comoletes
Leukocycoccus ( scientific name : Trebouxiophyceae ) is a class of algae in the algae family. Its taxonomic position in green algae is unclear and requires more higher-level genetic research data to determine.
This compendium includes the following five headings:
Chlorellales
Microthamniales
Oocystales
Phyllosiphonales
Prasiolales
Trebouxiales Trebouxiales
Trebouxiophyceae ordo incertae sedis
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Chlorellales is a species of green algae belonging to the order Chlorellales, belonging to the order Chlorella algae.
As at 21 March 2018, there are currently four sections under this heading:
Chlorellaceae[3] (Chlorellaceae Brunnthaler, 1913)
Chlorellales incerta sedis (Chlorellales incertae sedis)
Ankistrodesmopsis
Picochlorum
Ctenocladaceae
Eremosphaeraceae
Koliellaceae
Leptosiraceae
In addition , the Oocystaceae family was originally a taxonomy of this order , which has now been independently formed into the order Oocystales under the comonophyllaceae.
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Chlorellales ( Chlorellales ) is a species of chlorella that belongs to the order Chlorella , chlorella , which belongs to the order Chlorella of the phylum Tetracytomatis.
As of March 22, 2018, the WoRMS Record Undergraduate includes the following approximately 50 genera:
Acanthosphaera Lemmermann, 1899
Actinastrum Lagerheim, 1882
Apatococcus F.Brand, 1925
Apodococcus F.Hindák, 1984
Auxenochlorella (I.Shihira & R.W.Krauss) T.Kalina & M.Puncochárová, 1987
Chodat Chain, 1900
Chlorella M. Beijerinck, 1890
Chloroparva Somogyi, Felfoldi & Voros, 2011
Closteriopsis Lemmermann, 1899
Compactochlorella L.Krienitz, C.Bock, K.Kotut & T.Pröschold, 2012
Coronastrum R.H.Thompson, 1938
Cylindrocelis Hindak, 1988
Dicellula Svirenko, 1926
Dicloster C.-C.Jao, Y.S.Wei & H.C.Hu, 1976
Dictyosphaerium Nägeli, 1849
Didymogenes Schmidle, 1905
Fissuricella R.S.Pore, R.F.D'Amato & L.Ajello, 1977
Follicularia W.W.Miller, 1924
Geminella Turpin, 1828
Gloteotila Kützing, 1843
Golenkiniopsis Korshikov, 1953
Hegewaldia T.Proschold, C.Bock, W.Luo & L.Krienitz, 2010
Helicosporidium D.Keilin, 1921
Heynigia C.Bock, Proschold & Krienitz, 2010
Hindakia C. Bock, Proschold & Krienitz, 2010
Kalenjinia L.Krienitz, C.Bock, K.Kotut & T.Pröschold, 2012
Keratococcus Pascher, 1915
Kermatia T.Kalina & M.Puncochárová, 1987
Leptochlorella Neustupa, Veselá, Nemcová & Skaloud, 2013
Marasphaerium L.Krienitz, C.Bock, K.Kotut & T.Pröschold, 2012
Marinichlorella Z.Aslam, W.Shin, M.K.Kim, W.-T.Im & S.-T.Lee, 2007
Marvania F.Hindák, 1976
Masaia L.Krienitz, C.Bock, K.Kotut & T.Pröschlod, 2012
Meyerella Fawley & K.P.Fawley, 2005
Micractinium Fresenius, 1858
Mucidosphaerium C.Bock, Proschold & Krienitz, 2011
Muriella J.B.Petersen, 1932
Nannochloris Naumann, 1921
Nanochlorum C.Wilhelm, G.Eisenbeis, A.Wild & R.Zahn, 1982
Palmellochaete Korshikov, 1953
Parachlorella L.Krieniz, E.H.Hegewald, D.Hepperle, V.A.R.Huss, T.Rohr & M.Wolf, 2004
Planktochlorella P.Skaloud & Y.Nemcová, 2014
Podohedra Düringer, 1958
Prototheca W. Krüger, 1894
Pseudochloris B.Somogyi, T.Felföldi & L.Vörös, 2013
Pseudosiderocelopsis Massalski, Mronzinska & Olech, 1999
Raphidonema Lagerheim, in 1892
Siderocelis (Naumann) Fott, 1934
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Chlorella ( Chlorella ) is a genus of single-celled chlorella in the family Chlorella comorbiformes , a species of plant that grows on the surface of the water. Chlorella species are able to reproduce rapidly through photosynthesis in simple environments, providing only enough carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and a small amount of minerals.
Species in this genus are commonly used in the common nutritional supplement "green algae". At present, the world's largest chlorella farming base is located in the Yaeyama Islands of Ryukyu. In addition, species in this genus have been and are used to treat sewage and to attempt to use human urine to cultivate species of this genus (including Chlorella sorokiniana[4] and Chlorella vulgaris).
Certain species in this genus may cause zoonotic diseases, namely Chlorellosis, which mainly infect sheep and cattle, and case reports have also been reported in humans, antelopes, dogs, beavers, camels and fish.
Chlorella' scientific name, Chlorella, comes from the Greek root χλώρος (chloros, green) and the Latin suffix ella (small).
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="80" >(1) History of discovery and research</h1>
Chlorella was discovered in rivers and lakes in 1890 by Dutch microbiologist Martinus Wilhelm Bayerlink, and german biochemist and cell physiologist Otto Heinrich Waalberg, who won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1931, was the first scholar to conduct biological research on green algae. In 1961, Melvin Calvin of the University of California was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his study of the pathways of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="82" >(2) patterns and characteristics</h1>
Chlorella, as the name suggests, has a spherical appearance, about 2 to 10 microns in diameter, no flagella, but a cell wall, consisting of a multilayered cellulose framework. Chlorella species cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria scattered across the cytoplasm. Chloroplasts contain green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll-a and -b in the same proportions as those of generally higher plants [9].
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="84" >(3) taxonomy</h1>
The monophyleticity of Chlorella species remains questionable: although its patrilineal taxa has continued to separate distantly related species, Chlorella greenery is still considered a cohologic group, containing a number of species with similar patterns due to convergence effects.
There are currently 24 species that are generally agreed to be members of this genus, some of which are listed below:
Chlorella autotrophica
Colonial chlorella
Chlorella ellipsoidea
Chlorella lewinii
Chlorella minutissima
Chlorella pituita
Chlorella pulchelloides
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Chlorella rotunda
Chlorella singularis
Chlorella sorokiniana
Chlorella variabilis
Chlorella volutis
Chlorella vulgaris (also known as Porphyllum algae)
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="101" >(4) edible</h1>
Many believe that chlorella can be a potential source of food and energy because its photosynthetic efficiency could theoretically reach 8%, surpassing other highly efficient crops such as sugarcane.
As early as the 1960s, people's daily quoted a study by the Institute of Aquatic Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and found that the protein content of chlorella species was as high as 30%, which could treat the edema disease caused by long-term malnutrition of Chinese citizens at that time. In October 1960, secretary Hu Qiaomu wrote to Mao Zedong that promoting chlorella could cure puffiness and "ensure that people don't starve to death." On October 27, 1960, Mao forwarded Hu Qiaomu's letter to the whole country and began to vigorously promote it, using human urine to cultivate green chlorella on a large scale. In fact, dried chlorella species can contain up to 45% protein, as well as 20% fatty acids, 20% carbohydrates, 5% edible fiber, 10% minerals and vitamins. As a result, health food producers are already producing chlorella in large quantities in large artificial round ponds for consumption.
When scientists harvested farmed chlorella on a large scale for the first time, it was thought that these chlorella would be a source of cheap protein supplements in the human diet. Some advocates sometimes focus on other supposed health benefits of algae, such as weight control, cancer prevention, and immune system enhancer. According to the American Cancer Society, "Available scientific research does not support its effectiveness in preventing or treating cancer or any other human disease." ”
Under certain growth conditions, chlorella is able to produce an oil with a high content of polyunsaturated fats — Chlorella minutissima produces eicosapentaenoic acid, which also accounts for 39.9% of total lipids.
Globally feared during the "baby boom" population explosion of the late 1940s and early 1950s, green chlorella was seen as a new and promising major food source and a possible solution to the current world hunger crisis due to fears that uncontrolled population growth would trigger a food crisis. During this period, many believed that hunger would be an overwhelming problem and believed that chlorella had ended the crisis by providing large quantities of quality food at a relatively low cost.
Many institutions began studying algae, including the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the University of California, Berkeley, the Atomic Energy Commission, and Stanford University. After World War II, many Europeans were starving, and many Malthusians believed that war was not the main cause of famine. They argue that the inability of global food production to keep up with the increase in population is the main cause of famine. According to a 1946 FAO report, it was expected that 25 to 35 per cent more food would be produced in 1960 than in 1939 to catch up with population growth, and that proportion would have to be raised to 90 to 100 per cent for the health of all.
In 1965, BIOS-3, the Controlled Ecological Life Support System experimental site in former Soviet Russia, was cultivated in large vats under artificial light to remove carbon dioxide from the experimental site and provide oxygen to the people inside. Experiments determined that as long as there is 8 square meters of exposed chlorella area, it is possible to remove the carbon dioxide emitted by an adult in a sealed environment and replace it with the oxygen it needs.
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Chlorella is primarily marketed as a health supplement in the United States and Canada, while as a food supplement in Japan[18] Chlorella has some purported health effects, including its ability to treat cancer. However, according to the American Cancer Society, "existing scientific research does not support its effectiveness in preventing or treating cancer or any other human disease."
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="111" >(6) Health problems and chlorella</h1>
A 2002 study found that the cell wall of Chlorella greenery contains lipopolysaccharides, an endotoxin found in gram-negative bacteria that affects the immune system and may cause inflammation. However, more recent studies have suggested that lipopolysaccharides found in organisms other than gram-negative bacteria, such as those found in blue-green bacteria, are significantly different from those found in gram-negative bacteria.
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When there is chlorella in the aquarium, it can make the color of the water green and reduce the light transmittance of the water. This is due to the high concentration of nitrates and phosphates excreted by other organisms in the aquarium, which help chlorella grow under direct sunlight. By continuously replenishing new water and gradually replacing the water in the aquarium, it helps to reduce the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the aquarium, and shading the aquarium can also help alleviate the problem.
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Prototheca is a genus of chlorella, classified in the chlorella family Chlorella of the order Chlorella in the family Chlorella in the family Phylum Chlorella.
Species in this genus are currently classified as green algae, but they all lose their photosynthetic capacity due to the loss of chloroplasts and must parasitize other organisms. Certain prosporosporidium can cause animal and human diseases, called prosporosporosis. Severe infection can lead to sepsis and death.
The scientific name Prototheca comes from the Latin words proto- (meaning "primitive") and theca (meaning "sac").
Protothecosis is a rare infectious disease caused by Prototheca and is a zoonotic disease found in dogs, cats, cattle and humans. Prosporangia are a class of microalgae, a widely occurring single-celled organism that cannot be self-nourished due to the lack of chloroplasts and must parasitize other organisms. Prosporothicosis can be localized or disseminated, can be acute or chronic, and the latter is more common.
Human prosporosporosis is divided into cutaneous prosporosporosis, elbow joint (hawk-billed) bursitis, and disseminated prosporosporosis. People who are immunocompetent or immunosuppressed can be infected, but immunocompromised individuals tend to develop more severe and more widespread infections. The main pathogenic strains found so far are Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii. Diagnosis is based primarily on histopathological examination combined with laboratory culture. Antifungal drugs are the treatment of choice, and commonly used drugs include ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, and amphotericin B, of which amphotericin B is the most effective. A small number of patients require surgical debridement or drainage.
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