Chapter Six: The Roman Empire Augustus and His Successors (6)

Octavian, after his victory in 31 BC, took full control of The Roman regime, and it was from him that the Republican era ended and the imperial era began. He earnestly discussed the virtues and meanings of republicanism and the importance of discipline and family morality. Although he retained some of the institutions of the Republic, including the Senate, at this time some of the institutions that could exert the power of the leaders of the Covenant were no longer effective. For he arranged his cronies to weaken the Senate and exercise full control. In 27 BC, the Senate voted to grant Octavian the title of "Augustus". For the first few years, the title simply meant "general of the constant victory," and finally the title was extended to "divine, sacred," referring specifically to positions in which enlightened people with super-leadership dominated the country. So the emperor took control of the state apparatus.

As years of war led to a decline in the Roman population, Octavian, in order to allow women to have more children, he amended the law that only women born in three or more children could acquire new rights. This encourages people to have more children. At the same time, he also implemented a plan to rebuild Rome, which brought new jobs and entertainment to the Roman public. The (orthodox) leader, who was born as a military general, always regarded the army as extremely important, and his QL and the promotion of policies depended on an army of 250,000 people. Distribute them rich rewards to thank them for their long service and loyalty and reliability. Octavian also actively promoted the construction of Roman colonies. For example, in the provinces of North Africa and Western Europe.

Both Caesar and Octavian were effective monarchs of the early Roman period. More than a hundred years ago, historians in the West, especially in Europe, revered Caesar and Octavian as superheroes. As if millions of other people who make up society, especially those at the bottom, had not lived in the world, by the end of the 19th century some German scholars, especially sociologists, began to challenge this dominant view. Historians have turned to these monarchs as insignificant figures. Neither of these extreme views is true. Sadly, our current Chinese history is still at the stage of telling the stories of great people.

Neither caesar nor Octavian is seen as great heroes or as insignificant. Caesar and Octavian were neither the saviors of Rome nor the greatest statesmen of all ages, for they treated the Republic with contempt. It also makes it more difficult for the latecomers to govern the country. However, some of the policies adopted as dictators did have far-reaching implications for future generations. Like what. Caesar took an important step towards eliminating the distinction between the various ethnic groups in the provinces. He also helped to alleviate economic inequality by resettling many veterans and some of the urban poor on vacant land. A more important initiative, Caesars was the first region to realize the potential for development in northwestern Europe. Unlike the other conquerors Pompey, who saw these regions only as places of wealth. He incorporated Gaul into the Roman world, while also bringing urban life into a region that was still wild at the time.

Octavian's achievements were greater than Caesar's. He ruled the Roman era for 44 years, and his main contribution was the use of the prevailing currency in all parts of Rome, which greatly promoted the activity of commerce. A series of public utilities construction, including police (economic) inspection and fire protection, are also cited. The earlier tax package system for provinces was abolished. Thus reducing (greed) talk and wanton expropriation. Agents collect taxes to get paid from the government and exercise strict oversight to prevent corruption. More importantly, he encouraged the overcrowded roman city of Rome's surplus population to emigrate to other provinces. Thus eliminating the contradiction between social tension and political turmoil.

The roman highlights that followed them gradually entered a long period of decline. Octavian did little after that, except for Claudius, almost nothing else. Those emperors were almost all brutal. But after 96 AD, except for five kings known as the "Five Wise Emperors". During this period, Rome's politics were relatively stable. By the time of Trajan, Rome had maintained a trend of external expansion. Today's Switzerland, Austria, and Bulgaria are the fruits of Octavian's expansion. Trajan brought Dacia (present-day Romania) into Roman territory.

In 180 AD, the power of the empire reached its peak, and after that it began to decline. Rome was not built in a day, nor did Rome decline in a day. At this time, Rome's foreign policy began to become defensive. Build city walls and increase support for border garrison funds to prevent foreign invasion.