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The "Guanlong clique" that Yuwen Tai relied on in the establishment of Western Wei was the joint ruling clique of the Wuchuan military nobles of the Xianbei clan and the Guanlong Han clan. In the process of organizing this group, the prefectural military system founded by Yuwen Tai played a certain role.
As a common name, Fubing has long existed. Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, local governors have led the army to command the troops, and the kaifu has placed subordinate officials; the soldiers who belong to the military government are called fu soldiers. These soldiers are also known as prefectural households, military households, camp households, military households, and urban residents. At this time, the status of soldiers was relatively low.
However, the Western Wei and Northern Zhou soldiers were different from the above, it was a military system that the Western Wei began to establish and did not disappear until the middle of the Tang Dynasty. It has a special organizational system, not a border guard army but a forbidden army, and the status of soldiers is relatively high. Of course, the prefectural military system has also changed in the early and late periods.
During the reign of the Western Wei Dynasty (535-551), Yuwen Tai initially established a military system, the core of which was the Xianbei soldiers of the six towns in Guanzhong, that is, he Bayue's Wuchuan Army; the second was the Li Bi Army under He Bayue's subordinate Li Bi who had returned after Yuwen Tai attacked Hou Mo ChenYue; and the third was the Northern Wei Su Wei Forbidden Brigade that followed Emperor Xiaowu into Guanguan.
The sum of these three groups was only about 30,000 people, and Yuwen Tai ordered 12 generals to lead each, called the Twelfth Army.
In the third year of the reign (537), the Battle of Shayuan (沙苑, in present-day Dalinan, Shaanxi) took place in eastern and western Wei. Gao Huan sent 100,000 troops, claiming 200,000, and Yuwen Tai fought, only more than 10,000 people.
Gao Huan's troops advocated that the wall should not be fought, and Gao Huan did not comply, resulting in the failure of the Eastern Wei army in the Ambush of the Western Wei Army, losing 80,000 soldiers and losing the Henan States.
After this victory, Yuwentai continued to replenish his army. In the eighth year of the unification (542), Yuwen Tai imitated the system of the Six Armies of zhou li and changed the Twelfth Army to the Sixth Army.
In the ninth year of the reign (543), Yuwen Tai and Gao Huan fought at the Battle of Yaoshan in northern Luoyang, where Yuwen Tai was defeated, losing more than 60,000 troops and seriously injuring his strength.
In order to replenish the army, Yuwen Tai extensively recruited the local armed forces of the Guanlong Hao clan to enrich the prefectural soldiers; at the same time, he appointed these Hao clans with "township soldiers" and "tribes" as "governors" and "shuaidu governors", thus greatly expanding the prefectural military system.
The supreme commander in the prefectural military organization system is called the Eight Pillar State. This is a formal imitation of the eight-part system in the Xianbei tribal military system in the early Northern Wei Dynasty. Yuwen Tai himself served as the great general of the Pillar State and the Governor of the Chinese and foreign militaries, and was the actual supreme commander, ranking above the other Pillar States.
The prefectural soldiers belong to the nature of the Central Janissaries. Non-commissioned officers are commanded by generals at all levels and have a separate household registration, which is different from that of civilian households. The soldiers did not undertake conscription, but many of the items needed in the army, such as bows and knives, and even cattle, donkeys, and grain had to be brought by themselves. Important weapons such as armor, goss, crossbows, etc. were supplied by officials.
In each month, the prefectural soldiers guarded the court in the first half of the month, patrolling day and night, and in the second half of the month, the officers taught the battle and reviewed the ranks. Their status has been greatly improved compared to the government households in the last years of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The core of the Fu Bing is the six towns of Xianbei that enter the customs. But soldiers under the prefectural military system had already replenished many Han and other ethnic peasants. The middle and high-ranking generals of the prefectural army ranged from Xianbei to Han, and most of the middle-ranking officers were Guan Longhaoqiang.
Yuwen Tai was born in the Xianbei Yuwen Department, and many of the Eight Pillar Kingdoms and twelve generals were Xianbei Tuoba people. In order to soothe this person and ease the contradiction between the Yuwen clan and the Tuoba clan, Yuwen Tai expanded the blood relationship between the Xianbei clan among the prefectural soldiers, stipulating that all the generals of the prefectural soldiers should be changed to the Xianbei surname.
In the fifteenth year of the reign (549), it was ordered that the Xianbei people who changed their surnames during Emperor Xiaowen's reforms should be restored.
In the first year of Emperor Gong's reign (554), he issued another edict that after the meritorious generals inherited the 36 kingdoms and 99 surnames in the early years of Xianbei, the soldiers under his command also changed their surnames. Some Han generals gave shuai a surname to one of the 36 large tribes. For example, Li Hu gave the surname of Ohno, Li Bi gave the surname of Tu He, Yang Zhong gave the surname of Puliuru and so on.
It was not until Yang Jian was zhou xiang that he ordered all the civil and military attaches who changed their surnames to restore their original surnames.
There were changes before and after the prefectural military system. Chen Yinke, a famous historian, said: "In the previous period of the prefectural military system, it was the Xianbei military system, the system of separating soldiers and peasants, the system of dividing the chiefs of the ministry, and the system of special nobility; in the later period, it was the Chinese military system, which was the system of combining soldiers and agriculture, and the system of direct monarchy... ＂
The changes before and after this period were mainly in the era of Emperor Wu of Zhou and Emperor Wen of Sui.
After emperor Yuwen Yong of Zhou ascended the throne, he implemented a series of reforms. In the reform of the prefectural military system, he renamed the prefectural soldiers "attendants" in the third year of Jiande (574) and recruited many Han Chinese to join the prefectural soldiers; thus, the Han people accounted for almost half of the prefectural soldiers.
Emperor Wu of Zhou's reform of fubing mainly had three points:
First, the power of the monarch and the centralization of power have been strengthened. In the past, the command of the fu soldiers actually belonged to the Xiangfu. Yuwen Tai was at that time the Grand Chancellor and the Governor of various Chinese and foreign militaries, and Emperor Yuan Baoji was just a puppet. The Six Pillars are similar to the six tribes, and their power is not small. Emperor Wu of Zhou, proclaimed himself empress dowager, seized the command of the Xiangfu army and made the fubing directly subordinate to the monarch. He changed the number of sergeants to attendants, who were the monarch's bodyguards, thus becoming instruments under the emperor's direct control to exercise his supreme power.
Second, the composition of the army has been changed and the source of troops has been expanded. When the Fu Bing was first established, due to the long and continuous war between the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties, the source of Fu Bing soldiers was often lacking. After Emperor Wu of Zhou took control of the fu soldiers, in order to expand the source of troops, he had to divide the sixth class or more of the tian households, and the family had three dings, and one person was selected to serve as the prefectural soldier. Its preferential treatment is that after entering the military, it is not included in the local household registration and is exempted from military service. In this way, many people in The Field Household joined the prefectural army and expanded their military strength. This was the continuation and development of Yuwen Taishi's recruitment of Guan Longhaoqiang's soldiers. By the time Northern Zhou destroyed Northern Qi, the number of soldiers had grown to nearly 200,000.
Third, Emperor Wu of Zhou recruited civilians as soldiers, further breaking the boundary between Xianbei and Han in the army, which was conducive to promoting the Sinicization of Xianbei and national integration.
The prefectural military system played an important role in the history of the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties. Yuwen Tai relied on measures such as the prefectural military system to form the Guanlong ruling clique and fought against the Eastern Wei Dynasty, which was stronger than him. Emperor Wu of Zhou destroyed Qi, and the prefectural military system was also one of the important factors in its success.
From the establishment of the Western Wei Dynasty, to the eighth year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty (749), there were no soldiers to hand over, and the Fu soldiers existed in name only, and existed in Chinese history for 200 years. Like the Juntian system, it occupies an important place in the history of China's feudal society.
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The content of this article is compiled from the "History of the Two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties" of the China International Broadcasting Publishing House's China Reading Book "Classic Chinese General History".
There are 16 books in the complete set of "Classic Chinese General History", namely: "Xia Shang History", "Western Zhou History", "Spring and Autumn History", "Warring States History", "Qin and Han History (Part I)", "Qin and Han History (Part 2)", "Three Kingdoms History", "Two Jin And Northern And Southern Dynasties History", "Sui and Tang History (Part 1)", "Sui and Tang History (Part 2)", "Five Dynasties History", "Song Dynasty History", "Yuan Dynasty History", "Ming Dynasty History", "Early Qing Dynasty History", "Late Qing History".
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