Phnom Penh turtle morphology and biological characteristics of soil element culture

It is distributed in Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hebei, Beijing, Anhui and other places. Phnom Penh turtle is also known as oriental back cockroach, red edge water cockroach, red edge water cockroach, oriental piece cockroach, medicinal name Phnom Penh soil yuan (Figure 1)

Phnom Penh turtle female adult

(1) The morphology of adults is similar in the female and male adults of Phnom Penh, and their wings are degenerated like scales. Male adults are 22–25 mm long and 14–16 mm wide, while female adults are 35–40 mm long and 16–20 mm wide. Female and male adults are oval, flattened, purple-brown to brownish-black in color, and have tiny indices on the surface of the body, which are shiny. Males are slightly lighter in color and have a stronger luster. The head is small and often hidden under the dorsal plate of the front chest. The compound eye is underdeveloped, and the distance between the two eyes is wider. The antennae are filamentous, the male is thicker than the female, and the internodes are also distinct. The forebrea is broad, accounting for about 1/2 of the total length of the 3 thoracic segments, and the dorsal plate is a half-moon shape with a straight anterior arc and posterior, or approximately triangular. The leading edge and lateral edge have orange trims that gradually narrow from front to back, so it is called the golden turtle. The trims are smooth, giving the inner edges a dark triangle covered with miniature grains, and the dorsal line is darker, with two inward curved brow lines on either side of the dorsal line near the trailing edge. The dorsal plate of the middle and posterior thorax is equal in width and narrowness, and distinct, scale-like wing buds can be seen on both sides. The dorsal line is brownish-black with wavy twill on both sides. The first dorsal plate of the abdomen is mostly covered by the posterior thoracic dorsal plate, the exposed part is arched, the width of the 2nd-7th segment dorsal plate is nearly equal, the internode membrane is pale, and the posterior edge of each dorsal plate protrudes backwards and downwards in a zigzag shape, and the 8th-9th segment is not seen. There is a pair of short, segmented tail whiskers on either side of the end. The posterior margin of the plate is inverted with no obvious incision in the middle. Each backplane has a light-colored circular valve hole on the inside of the outer edge, and the surrounding valve plate is approximately black. Female and male adults have a thick abdomen in addition to the difference in size of the body; the abdomen of the male adult is flat and thin, the tail tip is small, in addition to 1 pair of tail whiskers, there is also 1 pair of spikes.

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(2) The morphology of the pods is bag-like, 20 mm long, milky white at the beginning of birth, gradually becoming dull yellow, and then becoming yellowish brown to tan. The egg is slightly curved, pod-shaped, and the outward protruding side has a washboard-like trap 2 rows of hatching holes; there is a wavy curve in the middle, which is the dividing line between the two ovulations in the pod, and the surface of the pod has a groove-shaped horizontal pattern shown by the egg mold in the bag.

(3) Nymph form juvenile nymphs are similar to adults, but the body color is slightly lighter, the back is slightly raised, before 1-2 years old, there is no scale-like wing bud on the outer edge of the middle and posterior thorax dorsal plate, and the wing buds appear one after another after 3 years, and the adults are basically the same at 6 instars, when the elderly nymphs are reached, the golden yellow trims on both sides of the front edge of the dorsal plate of the forethora are obviously visible, and it is difficult to distinguish the size and color shade from the adults at this time.

(4) Biological characteristics of the egg stage of about 20 days, incubation under the protection of the outer membrane of the egg shell, first use the top of the head to break through the membrane at the hatching hole, and then rely on the continuous squirming of the body, when half of the pod is extended, take a short rest, that is, the extra-ovoid membrane is torn, out of the pod, after all the eggs in the pod are hatched, there are empty egg shells and remnants of the outer protective membrane of the eggs can be seen in the hatching hole of the pod.

Phnom Penh ground turtle is an oviparous fetus, and the Chinese real turtle egg is completely different from the female and male adults about 40 days after the tail, the female from the abdominal end of the half-cut egg pod, commonly known as "drag cannon", 1 day later and then slowly retract the pod into the abdomen. After another 20 days, the pods gradually protrude from the ventral end again, and the nymphs in the pods crawl out of the eggs and leave the mother. The nymphs are milky white at first, and then gradually turn dark yellow.

It takes 7-9 months to complete a generation.

The article "Phnom Penh Ground Turtle Morphology and Biological Characteristics of Soil Element Farming" reprinted from: Soil Element Farming Network http://www.tyjuji.com/thread-686-1-1.html