There are no rules and no circles, and successive dynasties have established systems to govern the state, and these systems have similarities and differences, but the main purpose is to maintain imperial power.
So how much do we know about these systems? In the history of junior high school and high school, I learned a lot about the national system, many people are very interested in the Three Kingdoms period, and the Internet is also more concerned about the history and culture of the Three Kingdoms, so what kind of system is there during this period? What is the profound significance of these systems? Walk into the Three Kingdoms and analyze the official system in the Three Kingdoms period and the concubine system in the harem.
<h1>The system of three dukes and nine secretaries in the court</h1>
For the system, there is a system in the court, a local system, a system of dividing the state, and a system of managing the harem.
So let's first talk about the system in this court, for the waves and secrets in the court, who is not more than a few eyes of the officials? In order to manage these talents, the emperor also came up with different methods.
Since it is the court system, the official must be the first, about the official, in the Three Kingdoms era still adopted the system of three dukes and nine secretaries, first of all, let's introduce the three dukes, these three official positions, can be said to be the highest official position in the Three Kingdoms era. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three dukes were from the Great Sima (大司馬), the Great Situ (大司图), and the Great Sikong (大司空) to the Taiwei (太尉), Situ (司图), and Sikong (司空).
At the end of the period, Dong Zhuo became Xiangbang, and his position was above these three official positions; and during the Wei Dynasty, that is, in 208 AD, Cao Mengde abolished the system of three dukes and established the official positions of Xiang Xiang and Yushi Dafu, which lasted for two hundred years in the former two Han Dynasties, and ended at this moment.
The reason for the establishment of the Three Dukes is clear to us for better centralization of power, which was indeed the case at first, but as the emperor established more and more official positions, the contradictions of interests between the various nobles became larger and larger, and the relationship with the court became closer and closer, and the Three Dukes gradually became the victims between the imperial power and the rights of the nobility.
That is to say, for example, the emperor wanted to control the water, the treatment was not good, the emperor could not lose people, so he put the responsibility on the three dukes, according to historical records, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three dukes were often dismissed. The main power of the three dukes was gradually transferred to other officials, and the later chancellor was the most convincing.
At that time, the three dukes were also called reserve officials, which shows that the three dukes at that time only had a name but no real power, which was very different from later generations.
Let's talk about the Nine Qings again, the Nine Qings at this time can be different from the nine secretaries of the later generations, and the Nine Secretaries system here is not the one set by the later generations.
First: Too often, the main task of this official position is to manage the sacrifices of the state and other matters and the etiquette of the former harem. Below him we set up Taishi Ling, Doctor Sacrifice Wine, Tai Zhu Ling, and so on.
Second: Wei Wei, this is mainly to serve the emperor, equivalent to the general manager, but not an eunuch. Below it we set up left and right middle lang generals and so on.
Third: Lang Zhongling, which is the forbidden army of the Imperial City.
Fourth: Tai Shu, who was mainly responsible for the emperor's carriage, set up the Weiyang Stable Order under it.
Fifth: Ting Wei, that is, the Dali Temple Secretary of the later Dali Temple, also similar to the later Shangshu of the Punishment Department, was mainly in charge of prison litigation cases.
Sixth: Da Hongxu, whose task is to be a good diplomat and deal with the affairs of the princes and the various ethnic minorities.
Seventh: Zong Zheng, because this official position is to manage the affairs of the royal family, so the candidates are generally selected from the royal family to be some older and more authoritative people to hold.
Eighth: The Great Sinong, at first glance, is in charge of grain cultivation, but this position also manages the country's treasury and finances, and also holds a part-time salt and iron tax, and has set up a leveling decree under it.
Ninth: Shaofu, this official position is actually closer to the organization that specializes in providing various services to the emperor, such as medical treatment, such as eating, in fact, this is more like the attendants of later generations, because it manages eunuchs. There is no distinction between these nine officials and the top, they are all members of the Nine Secretaries.
Then, in addition to these three dukes and nine secretaries, many official positions with the same nine secretaries were also set up in the court, such as Jinwu, such as the crown prince Taifu. Although these officials were not in the ranks of jiuqing, they also enjoyed the same treatment as jiuqing.
<h1>Nine products in the right system</h1>
In the late Wei Dynasty, there was also a more familiar official name, called the Jiupin Zhongzheng system, which was a kind of official selection system established during the reign of Cao Pi, and the main reason for its birth was because the original election system could not continue to operate after the contradictions between eunuchs and imperial power and family, so it had it.
However, its role is not good, because in the early days, everyone used their talents to select, and in the later stages, bribery began, and the system of selecting officials became the highest priority of the door, which also opened the door for the later door valve to take power.
<h1>The eunuch system in the harem</h1>
At that time, the requirements for the harem were also relatively strict, let's first talk about the eunuch system, the Changqiu Palace is generally the place where the empress of the Han Dynasty lives, the head of the management is the great Changqiu, and its candidate is the person around the empress.
One of the ones we know of The Great Changqiu is Cao Mengde's grandfather, and the other eunuch systems include the official positions of Zhongchang Shi, Xiaohuangmen, and Zhonghuangmen. Then what we call the waiter is held by a bachelor with relatively high talent, and the status is lower than that of the Jiuqing, which is equivalent to the emperor's exclusive adviser.
The rest of the official positions are also into the Shangshu, his Feng Lu is 600 stones, far less than the Jiuqing, and then such as the scattered riding regular attendant, who specializes in supervising the emperor's negligence, and some such as Zhongshu Sheren, Doctor, are some subordinate officials, the status is relatively low.
<h1>The local state system</h1>
Then, in the Three Kingdoms period, the local system was generally based on the state and county system. The purpose of the state and county system was to better centralize power, so the imperial court would send officials it trusted to serve as local governors to administer.
<h1>The concubine system of the harem</h1>
Next, we will talk about the concubine system of the harem, take the concubine system in the Wei Dynasty, when Cao Mengde was in power, his harem had a sixth rank, the first rank was the queen, the rest were the lady, the lady was second only to the queen, and the rest were Zhaoyi, Jie Yu, and Rong Hua and Meiren, and the beauty should be the lowest concubine rank.
After his son ascended the throne, he also added 5 ranks, among which there are concubines that we are familiar with, we can also see some ranks in later generations, others are Shuyuan, followed by Xiurong, then Shuncheng, and finally Liangren, after which the emperor also added other ranks, such as concubines.
Finally, let's talk about the concept of legislation, at the beginning of the Wei state, they adopted Han laws, and it was not until the time of Emperor Wei Ming that they established their own dynastic laws, called Wei laws.
Later, there was also the Northern Wei Law, in the criminal law, the use of quasi-five services to control the crime, its basic content is three points: The first is in the personal aspect, the low status of people infringing on people with noble status, the punishment is serious, and people with high status infringe on people with low status, the punishment is lighter, and such a system is that the greater the difference in status, the heavier the punishment (light).
The second point: if you infringe on the property of others, then at this time, you do not look at rank, only look at kinship.
Third: To modify the crime of rape, not to look at the inferiority or the old and the young, if the uniform is closer, then the more serious the criminal law will be.
These are some of the systems of the Three Kingdoms period brought to you by this issue, I hope that you will be helpful in your understanding of the history of the Three Kingdoms after reading it, so if there are any different opinions, please comment in the comment area below.
bibliography:
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Book of the Later Han Dynasty
Wei Lu
"The Order of Meritocracy"
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