Pavlov's classical theory of conditional action

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Pavlov's classical theory of conditional action

In the secondary school teacher qualification examination, the behaviorist learning theory in educational knowledge and ability is a common examination point, especially pavlov's classic conditional action theory, which needs to be mastered. In this regard, many students feel that the knowledge points are very abstract, difficult to understand, and cause headaches. Today, Xiaobian will take you to sort out the relevant knowledge about Pavlov's classical conditional action theory.

First, the classic experiment: the rattle experiment of dog eating

Pavlov found in the study of dog eating behavior that when dogs eat food, they will naturally secrete saliva, which is a natural physiological response and does not need to be learned, he calls this reaction unconditioned reflex, so the stimulus that causes this reaction is food, which is called unconditional stimulation. Follow-up experiments found that if the dog every time it eats a bell, after a period of time, the dog as long as it hears the ringtone will also secrete saliva, which is as a neutral stimulus bell due to the connection with the unconditional stimulus and become a conditional stimulus, the resulting saliva secretion is the conditioned reflex, posterity called "classical conditional effect".

Pavlov believes that the most basic activity of the cerebral cortex is signal activity, which can essentially be divided into two categories of conditional stimuli: one is the specific stimulus of reality, such as sound, light, electricity, taste and other stimuli, called the first signal. To put it simply: all physical conditioned stimuli that can cause a conditional response are called the first signal system, which is common to animals and humans. Such as: dogs drooling when they hear bells, parrots learning their tongues, cup bows and snake shadows, smelling chickens dancing, etc. The other type is abstract stimuli, i.e. language words, called second signals. Simply put: any language-mediated conditional stimulus that can cause a conditional response is called a second signaling system, which is unique to humans. For example, hearing the teacher shout "class" into the classroom, talking about tiger discoloration, talking about Mei Shengjin, drawing cakes to fill hunger, etc.

Second, the basic law of classical conditioning

(1) Acquisition and fading

The acquisition of conditioned reflex refers to the process of conditioned stimuli (such as ringtones) repeatedly matching with unconditioned stimuli (such as food) so that the conditioned stimulus obtains signal meaning, that is, the process of conditioned reflex establishment. For example, in Pavlov's experiment, the dog did not have any reaction from the first hearing of the ringtone to the later hearing the bell drooling, which is the acquisition of conditioned reflexes.

The regression of the conditioned reflex refers to the fact that after the conditioned reflex is formed, if the conditioned stimulus is repeated many times without an unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response becomes weaker and weaker, and eventually disappears. For example, after the end of the experiment, if the bell is only sounded many times without feeding, the dog will gradually lose its response to the bell, which is the regression of the conditioned reflex.

(2) Stimulate generalization and differentiation

Stimulus generalization refers to the fact that once humans and animals learn to make a conditioned response to a particular conditioned stimulus, other stimuli similar to that conditional stimulus can also induce their conditioned response. Such as: once bitten by a snake, ten years afraid of well rope; Grass and trees are soldiers; Cup bow snake shadow, etc.

Stimulus differentiation refers to selective reinforcement and regression that enables organisms to learn to respond differently to conditioned stimuli and stimuli similar to those with conditioned stimuli. For example, teachers let us distinguish between bravery and recklessness, and students can distinguish between b and d.

Third, a small test of the cattle knife

In psychological experiments, in order to enable puppies to distinguish between circular apertures and oval apertures, researchers only give food reinforcement when a circular aperture appears, and do not give reinforcement when an oval aperture is presented, so the puppy can learn to react only to the circular aperture and ignore the oval aperture. This process is called ( ).

A. Stimulation differentiation B. Stimulation generalization C. Stimulation obtains D. Stimulation subsides

Answer: A. Analysis of Public Education: This question examines the understanding of stimulus differentiation.

Option A, stimulus differentiation, refers to selective reinforcement and regression that enables the organism to learn to respond differently to conditioned stimuli and stimuli similar to those with conditioned stimuli. Puppies learn to react only to circular apertures and ignore the elliptical apertures as a process of differentiation that stimulates. Option B, stimulus generalization is the formation of a conditioned reflex that responds identically to a similar stimulus. In the C option, stimulus acquisition refers to the process by which a conditioned stimulus (such as a bell) is repeatedly matched with an unconditional stimulus (such as food) to make the conditioned stimulus gain signal significance, that is, the process by which the conditioned reflex is established. D option, stimulus regression means that after the conditioned reflex is formed, if the conditioned stimulus repeats multiple times without an unconditional stimulus accompanying it, the conditioned response becomes weaker and weaker and eventually disappears. Therefore, choose option A for this question.