The first person in literary criticism - the first person in Liu Xun's literary criticism - Liu Xunyi, Liu Xun's literary historical status II, Liu Xun's life iii, And Liu Xun's literary theory

Wen \ Zhong Baichao

Liu Xun (c. 465–520), literary theorist and literary critic, lived during the Southern Liang Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He has held various official positions such as prefectural commander, infantry lieutenant, and palace general. However, his political performance was mediocre, and he became famous for "Wenxin Carved Dragon", which also established his position in the history of Chinese literary criticism.

In the history of Chinese literature, Liu Xun is by no means the first person engaged in literary criticism. "There are many people who have looked at the treatises of modern times in detail: to the Wei Wen Shu Dian, the Chen Si Shu Shu, the Ying Wei (yáng) Literary Treatise, the Lu Ji "Wen Fu", the Zhongzhi "Liu Bei", the Hongfan "Hanlin", each Zhao Yu Gap, the Xianguan Qu (qú) Road, or the Zang No Talent of the Time, or the Quan Pin Qian Xiu Wen, or the General Purpose of Elegant Customs, or the Meaning of the Chapter of the Pu (Cuō)." Cao Pi has "Treatises on Classics," Cao Zhi has "Treatises with Yang Dezu," Ying Wei has Literary Treatises, Lu Ji has Literary Endowments, Zhi Yu has "Treatises on The Flow of Articles," and Li Chong has "Treatises on Hanlin," but Liu Xun pointed out that most of these treatises only touch certain aspects of the articles, and rarely can focus on the big picture. Some of them praise or criticize contemporary writers, some comment on the works of their predecessors, some generally point out the elegance and vulgarity of the meaning of the article, and some give a brief description of the content of certain works.

Liu Xun also pointed out: "Wei Dian is secret and not thoughtful, Chen Shu is argumentative but inappropriate, should be discussed and omitted, Lu Fuqiao is skillful and chaotic, "Liu Bei" is refined but less meritorious, and "Hanlin" is shallow and undesirable. And Junshan, the disciples of the public cadres, the generations of Jifu and Shilong, the general discussion of literary meaning, often out of time, and failed to vibrate the leaf to find the root, Guanlan and ask for the source. Not to mention the wisdom of the prophets, there is no benefit to the worries of future generations. "Cao Pi's "Treatise" is relatively detailed but incomplete; Cao Zhi's "Book with Yang Dezu" is quite eloquent, but not necessarily appropriate; Ying Wei's "Treatise on Literature" is gorgeous, but relatively empty and simple; Lu Ji's "Literary Endowment" is ingenious, but it is considered trivial and messy; the content of "Theory of Article Flow" is superb, but unfortunately of little use; "Hanlin Theory" is relatively shallow and does not have the gist. In addition, people like Huan Tan, Liu Zhen, Ying Zhen, Lu Yun, etc., have also discussed the significance of the article in general, and sometimes there may be better opinions. But none of them could trace the roots from the branches and leaves of the trees, from the waves of water to the place of origin. Since they failed to inherit well the teachings of the sages of the past, they could not give much help to future generations either.

"Wenxin Carved Dragon" is a huge work that comprehensively explores and discusses the theory of literary creation and criticism, which is divided into four parts: general theory, stylistic theory, creation theory and criticism and criticism, with great thinking and rigorous system, which can be described as unprecedented in ancient literary criticism, which can be called a literary treasure, and has important guiding significance for literary creation and literary criticism.

Liu Xun, Zi Yanhe, Dongguan Juren. Zu Lingzhen, brother of Song SikongXiu. Father Shang, Lieutenant of the Yue Cavalry. He is lonely and studious. Poor and unmarried, according to the Shaman monk, living with it, accumulating more than ten years, Sui Bo Tong Sutra, because of the distinction between the ministries, recorded and ordered. Now Dinglin Temple is hidden, and It is also determined.

At the beginning of the Heavenly Prison, he began to serve the court. Wang Hong of the Chinese army Linchuan introduced and took charge of the room, and moved the car to ride Cangcao to join the army. Issued as the last order, the government has clear achievements. In addition to the Renwei Nam Kang King's Record Room, he was also a member of the Eastern Palace Tongshi Sheren. When the Seven Temples recommended vegetables and fruits, the Second Suburbs Farm Society was still sacrificed. Xun Nai said that the second suburb should be changed with the Seven Temples, and the edict paid the Shang Shu discussion, according to the Xun Chen. Relocated infantry lieutenant, and also gave up people as before. Prince Zhaoming is good at literature and loves it deeply.

At the beginning, xun wrote fifty articles on the "Wenxin Carved Dragon", on ancient and modern styles, followed by others. Its prologue reads: "Those who have the heart of the husband and the heart of the text, the intention of the word is also ..." Is established, not called by the flow of time. Xun self-esteemed his text, and wanted to take the Shen covenant. When the time is noble, there is no reason to reach itself, but it bears its book, waits for the covenant to come out, and does it in front of the car, like a cargo. About the order to read, the great weight, said to be deeply literate, often presented several cases.

Ran Xun is the chief of the Buddhist scriptures, the pagoda of the Kyoshi Temple and the inscriptions of famous monks, and must be written by The Emperor. There were edicts and Hui Zhen Shamen who wrote sutras at Dinglin Temple, and after completing their achievements, they begged for renunciation, and first burned their sideburns to swear an oath to themselves. It was changed to a temple and changed its name to Huidi. Died unexpectedly. The collection of essays is in the world. (Biography of Liang Shu Liu Xun)

Liu Xun (勰勰), courtesy name Yanhe (彦和), was a native of Ju County, Dongguan (present-day Ju County, Shandong), and his grandfather Liu Lingzhen (劉靈真), who was the younger brother of Liu Xiu (劉秀), a Song Dynasty (Song dynasty Song dynasty) Sikong (official name). His father, Liu Shang, served as a lieutenant (official name) of the Yue Cavalry Academy. Liu Xun became an orphan very early, loved to learn, and had a firm ambition. The family was poor and unable to marry relatives, and relied on the care of the Shamen monks to live with him for more than ten years, and finally read a lot of books and became proficient in economics. And distinguish between the departments, classes, and transcriptions of books and write them in order. Nowadays, the books in the collection of Dinglin Temple are all sorted out by Liu Xun.

In the early days of Tianjian (Emperor Wu of Liang of the Southern and Northern Dynasties), he was recruited from his home as a courtier (official name). Wang Hong (personal name) of the Chinese army (official name) Linchuan (place name) hired him to concurrently serve as a recorder (official name), and later changed to a cheqi Cangcao to join the army (official name). He served as the governor of Taiwei County and had clean and honest political achievements. He was promoted to the imperial office (official title) of Renwei Nam Kang, and concurrently served as the Tongshi Sheren of the Eastern Palace (official title). At that time, the seven temples were dedicated, and melons, fruits and vegetables were already used, while livestock were still used when sacrificing the two suburban temples. Liu Xun then wrote to the priests that the two temples should be changed to the use of fruits and vegetables like the seven temples, and the emperor issued an edict to give his suggestion to the Shangshu to discuss, and finally adopted Liu Xun's suggestion. Liu Xun was reappointed as an infantry lieutenant (official title), and still served as a sheriff (The General Of the Eastern Palace). Prince Zhaoming (Xiao Gang) liked literature and was very close to Liu Xun.

At first, Liu Xun compiled fifty articles on the Dragon of Wenxin, discussing ancient and modern articles and genres, quoting them and commenting on good and bad. He said in the main preface of "Wenxin Carved Dragon": "Wenxin, that is, the intention of writing articles..." After writing, he was not favored by the celebrities at that time, and Liu Xun himself attached great importance to his articles and planned to let Shen Yue evaluate them. Shen Yue was very honorable at that time, and Liu Xun did not have a chance to see him, so he carried his own book and waited for Shen Yue to come out of the palace and run to his car to meet him, looking like a seller. Shen Yue then ordered someone to read it, and he attached great importance to this book, saying that it was very reasonable and often placed on his own book case.

Liu Xun was good at writing Buddhist scriptures, and the temples and pagodas of Jingshi and the inscriptions of famous monks must have been written by Liu Xun. The emperor ordered him and the monk Hui Zhen to study and write the scriptures at Dinglin Temple, and when he was finished, he begged the imperial court to become a monk, and first burned his hair to show his determination, and the imperial court ordered permission. So he changed his costume in the temple and changed his name to "Huidi". He died less than a year ago. His collected writings are published around the world.

When Liu Xun explained in the Preface that his work should be named "Wenxin Carved Dragon", he pointed out that "those who are 'Wenxin' are also the intentions of the text." "The so-called literary heart is to use the heart for the text and create with the heart.

What does a person's life leave behind for the hereafter? "The universe is full of splendor, The Li sacrifices are mixed, the class is outstanding, and the wisdom is just that." The universe is endless, and talents are available from generation to generation; to be able to surpass others is nothing more than relying on human intelligence.

If it's just for fame, then you don't have to write. "Lady Xiao looks like heaven and earth, has five talents, intends to be eyes and ears in the sun and the moon, and the sound of the square is full of wind and thunder, which is beyond all things, and has also been spirited." Like the brittleness of grass and trees, the name is more than the strength of the golden stone, it is a gentleman's life, and the tree is moral! Liu Xun pointed out that the shape of human beings is taken from heaven and earth, and from the five elements, they acquire their own disposition; the eyes and ears are like the sun and the moon, and the sound and breath are like wind and thunder. Human beings can surpass all living things, which can be regarded as very supernatural. But the human form is as fragile as the grass and trees, and the reputation is stronger than the golden stone, so the gentleman lives in the world and must make a promise.

This kind of thinking of Liu Xun is consistent with the pursuit of Confucian ideals. "There is merit in the taishang, followed by meritorious service, and secondly there is a promise, although it has not been abolished for a long time, this is called the three immortals." The meritorious service of "Twenty-four Years of Zuo Chuan Xianggong" is by no means an easy task for a literati, but it can still be done by Shu De Liyan.

How to achieve the goals of Lide Liyan? Liu Xun pointed out a path for the literati. "The years are fleeting, the spirit does not dwell, the soaring sound is real, and the production is just." Liu Xun believes that if you want to pass on your reputation and career, you must rely on writing. Since then, this road has become the common path of Chinese scholars.

It was in this way that Liu Xun encouraged himself to achieve the goal of liyan with a "Wenxin Carved Dragon". Three immortals, the achievement of a decay, enough to be famous in history.