The Mongolian song art "Urigel" means to tell the book Urigel

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Urigel is a Mongolian form of quyi storytelling, formed around the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. The Chinese meaning of "Urigel" is "shushu", and because it is performed in Mongolian, it is also called "Mongolian storytelling".

In Mongolian folklore, Urigel, who speaks in vain and has no instrumental accompaniment, is called "Yabagan Uligel", also known as "Huri Uligel"; Urigel, who uses Chao'er accompaniment rap performance, is called "Shioren Urigel"; and Urigel, who uses the accompaniment of the four hus, is called "Huren Uligel".

The singing structure of Urigel Art presents a multi-song body, which is presented in the form of a single sitting, sitting, no dress, no makeup, and no body, and can be sung with four hus, which can be self-singing. The language of Urigel is relatively unique, it is born from the local dialect of Mongolian, belongs to the Mongolian Korqin dialect, and is characterized by highlighting the linguistic function of the dialect. Urigel's artistic accumulation is very deep, the program has short, medium and long parts, especially the long ones are the most attractive, representative works include "The Story of suppressing Python", "Tang Five Biography", "Kublai Khan" and so on.

Urigel is a typical representative of Mongolian song art and the product of the high development of Mongolian rap art. On May 20, 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the First List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Historical origins

Urigel was formed in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and has a history of about 400 years. Urigel's Chinese meaning is "storytelling", and because it is performed in Mongolian, it is also called "Mongolian storytelling". In Mongolian folklore, Urigel, who speaks in vain and has no instrumental accompaniment, is called "Yabagan Uligel", also known as "Huri Uligel"; Urigel, who uses Chao'er accompaniment rap performance, is called "Shioren Urigel"; and Urigel, who uses the accompaniment of the four hus, is called "Huren Uligel".

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Urigel became a popular landscape in the Ten Banners of Norn. At the beginning, the rap content was taken from the legends of the time, such as "Ubash hongtaiji" and "The Biography of Alatan Khan". This form of rap, once introduced, was immediately popular with herders with its unique charm.

In the Qing Dynasty, with the imperial court's reclamation of land in Inner Mongolia, agriculture infiltrated, and also brought the culture of the Han people in the interior. Classical literary masterpieces, one after another, were introduced to the Mongolian people, such as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the Journey to the West, etc., which were successively compiled into Urigel. In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), a Urigel artist named Dansen Nyima, together with other literati, carefully adapted the Mongolian commentaries such as "Speaking Tang" and "Sui and Tang Yanyi" popular in the Zhaowuda and Zhuosottu grasslands, and launched a "Five Biographies of Tang", forming a major bibliography among many Urigels, which attracted the attention of the masses and was very popular. For a long time after that, the "Five Biographies of Tang" was like an unsound flower, which flourished for a long time. The princes and nobles also often invited Hulqi to enter the palace to rap, such as the Royal Palace of Dalkhan, the Royal Palace of Tushiyetu, the Temple of Wangye, and the Royal Palace of Arukorqin.

In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), in the eastern part of Horqin, the Tuxi TuwangFufu at that time invited more than 100 well-known Urigelqin to hold a grand performance competition, and the scene was magnificent. In the end, Jin Baoshan and four other Urigel Qin passed the pass, stood out, and enjoyed a reputation inside and outside the flag. And most Urigel entertainers are still a person, carrying a beard, walking on the endless grassland, wandering around, and supporting their families with rapping.

After the founding of New China, the social status of Urigel artists improved and their living conditions improved. The cultural departments of governments at all levels attach great importance to Urigel, often hold training classes for folk artists, and successively establish Mongolian storytelling halls in some flag government seats and Sumu (towns), which greatly promote the development of Urigel art, Pajie, Mao Yihan, Zhana, Runbu, Menggen Gaolitao and other people have been active in various parts of the grassland, Baishun, Chojigowa, Dolji, Baisuo, etc. are the best among many Urigelqin, and it is said that the number of their teams is as high as more than 200.

The establishment of the Mongolian storytelling hall in Inner Mongolia has become a major event for Urigel lovers. With artists such as Pa Jie and Mao Yihan visiting the lobby to show their talents, Urigel's influence in Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia, and the Mongolian ethnic concentration area has increased significantly. In the early 1950s, the Inner Mongolia People's Radio launched a Mongolian storytelling program, and radio stations in various league cities and counties also opened or broadcast Urigel programs, so that farmers and herdsmen living in all parts of the grassland could hear the rap of Urigel artists at the same time.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Mongolian storytelling opened up a new landscape. Xing'an League's Zagat Banner, Zhaowuda League's Aru Korqin, Hulunbuir League's Hailar City, and Xilinhot City of Xilin Gol League have successively built 18 Mongolian storytelling halls and storytelling halls, which have been put into use one after another. In July 1957, the Xing'an Mengke Right Middle Banner held a pilot work conference for all-flag folk artists, and most of the participants in the meeting were Urigelqin. Various Urigel experts discussed the problems existing in Urigel's performance and how to rap new songs, and the "Statutes of the Horqin Right Wing Chinese Flag Folk Artists Association" were adopted at the meeting. In September of the following year, the Inner Mongolia National Music And Drama Festival was held in Tongliao City, and Wuliger artists Pa Jie, Run Unable to Run, Haibao, Wu Daoerji and other artists took the stage to rap. In order to summarize the experience gained in the grass-roots Mongolian storytelling activities in a timely manner and promote the further development of Urigel art, in October 1963, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region held a Mongolian storytelling club in Hohhot, and 11 artists such as Unable to Run, Usfu Baoyin, SarnMandula, Wu Qianbao, Baishun and other artists took the stage to rap, and in addition to the traditional rap bibliography, new books such as "Ao Bao Rendezvous", "Five Heroes of Wolf-Tooth Mountain", and "Plain Fire" were also launched.

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the cause of national music and art entered a new historical period, and in addition to Wuliger's continued folk rapping, many repertoire were disseminated and promoted on radio, television and stage. Inner Mongolia has held five consecutive national Uligel and Hollywood competitions, and held commemorative activities for the monuments erected by the qu art masters Pa Jie and Mao Yihan. In 2005 and 2006, the first and second Urigel Art Festivals in Inner Mongolia were held in the Right Middle Banner of Xing'an Mengke and the Zarut Banner of Tongliao City, respectively, which had a great impact.

Artistic features

Performance format

Urigel is translated as "Shushu" in Chinese and performs in the Mongolian language, hence the name "Mongolian Storytelling". Judging from the form of Urigel's performance, it can be divided into three types, namely Yabagan Uligel, Shioren Uligel and Huren Uligel. Yabakan Uligel is a form of music performance in which the speaker is spoken without any instrument to provide accompaniment; Chaoren Urigel is a form of music performance that uses Chao'er to provide accompaniment for rap; Huren Uligel is a form of music performance that uses the four hus to provide accompaniment for rap.

Quyi structure

The singing structure of Urigel Art presents a multi-song body, which is presented in the form of a single sitting, sitting, no dress, no makeup, and no body, and can be sung with four hus, which can be self-singing. In the entire Urigel art performance activities, a musical instrument can play a variety of functions at the same time to achieve the purpose of multi-purpose of one thing; one person plays multiple roles on the stage, allowing men and women, old and young as one; sometimes advancing and retreating, sometimes fast and sometime slow, showing the free change of speed.

Linguistic characteristics

Urigel's language is relatively unique, it is born out of the mongolian local dialect, belongs to the Mongolian Horqin dialect, to highlight the language function of the dialect as a feature; the rap and singing into one, first speak and then sing, sing in the singing, absorb the strengths of all, unique; the colloquialisms, after the break, proverbs, etc. are written into Urigel, the language is popular, witty, more popular with the public; exquisite use of rhetorical techniques to create an artistic effect of elegant and common appreciation.

Expressive techniques

Urigel art has three kinds of expression techniques in the whole process of quyi performance, namely speaking, singing and doing. First, speaking gong, the art technique requires Urigel artists to be able to spit out words clearly, have a strong sense of rhythm, use Mongolian to tell the story, according to the specific conditions of Ulagar's performance content, appropriately increase some local dialects, native languages or Chinese; second, singing skills, the art technique pays attention to the right cavity of the word, and needs to control the weight, urgency, high and low, fast and slow of the voice during the singing process; third, do the work, the art technique is an auxiliary skill, Ulagal artists rely on the eyes, body, hands, steps, Changes such as the law simulate the details of life described in the repertoire, and the characters portrayed in the repertoire are vividly displayed, highlighting the personality, emotional changes and individual forms of the characters, so as to achieve the purpose of setting off the atmosphere.

Artistic genres

In the long-term development and evolution, Urigel performances in different popular areas have formed their own different characteristics. For example, in the Horqin steppe, "Huren Uligel" is more developed, and three different styles of genres represented by Menggen Gaolitao, Erdun Zhurihe, and Buren Bayar have been formed in history; Urigel in Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County, Liaoning Province, is more common in transplanting and arranging Han Stories, and has bred and spawned new art styles such as "Fuxin Mongolian Opera".

Classic repertoire

Urigel's artistic accumulation is very deep, the program has short, medium and long parts, especially the long one is the most fascinating, "The Story of suppression of Python", "Tang Five Biography" (that is, "Weeping Joy Biography", "Family Portrait", "Biography of the Demon Demon", "Qi Shu Biography", "QiangHu Biography"), "Kublai Khan", "Golden History", "Western Han Dynasty", "Yuanshi Yanyi", "Qingshi Yanyi", "Marshal Baiyinna", "Spring and Autumn Warring States", "Great Western Liang", "Northern Liao", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and "Dream of the Red Chamber" are among the classics. The themes of Urigel's programs come from a wide range of sources, some from folk tales, such as "The Sun Girl"; some from literati or entertainers, such as "Qingshi Yanyi"; some from folk narrative poems and narrative folk songs, such as "Gada Merlin" and "Danabala"; some are created according to events that occur in real life, such as "Red Sun", "The Harm of Tobacco and Alcohol", and "Neat Forest Falls"; and some are transplanted and adapted from similar forms or literary stories of han nationality, such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Fengshen Yanyi", "Yang Jinhua Seizes the Seal", etc. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the new programs compiled and performed include "Twenty-five Thousand Miles Long March", "Liu Hulan", "Huang Jiguang", "Heroine Guo Junqing", "Children of the Grassland", "Red Women's Army", "Red Lantern", "Fighting Tigers on the Mountain", "LianXin Lock", "Golden Light Avenue", "Children of Xisha", "Entrepreneurship" and so on. [1]

Endemic areas

Urigel is widely spread throughout the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and in the neighboring provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. [1]

Inheritance protection

Circulate the status quo

After entering the 1980s, many well-known artists have passed away one after another, the new generations are seriously insufficient, coupled with changes in lifestyles, the diversification of entertainment methods, the survival and development of Urigel's artistic tradition are facing crises, performances are shrinking day by day, the activity position is lacking, and the team is lacking, and it is urgent to take effective measures to support and protect them.

Protective measures

There are three main ways to pass on and protect Urigel:

Oral language: The inheritance of traditional Urigel mainly relies on the oral transmission of folk artists, oral transmission between teachers and apprentices, even today, the older generation of "Hulqi" in many places still use this way to preach and teach. This approach gave birth to different schools of art and promoted the diversity of art forms, but the spoken language was miscommunicated, limiting to some extent the integrity and breadth of Urigel's spread. Written writing: In modern times, many research and protection institutions and traditional artists have sorted out the Urigel repertoire and singing segments circulated by the people, and formed them into a collection of characters, which reflects the main content and form of Urigel's dissemination at that time, leaving valuable historical materials. Limited by historical changes, natural climate and preservation conditions, books will be moldy and faded, and the records of books are flat, which cannot reflect the charm and scenes of the inheritors in the performance process, and posterity can only rely on the records of words and pictures, plus mobilizing their imagination to reproduce them, and the results of this reproduction vary from person to person, to a certain extent, destroying the authenticity of the transmission. The audio and video recording method has reached the contemporary era, and the inheritance and protection of Urigel has gradually attracted the attention of all parties, and many places have carried out protective audio and video recordings of some songs that are on the verge of being lost, and have set up rap columns on television and radio, which is vivid and intuitive and easy to understand. However, the video tape will be damp and aging, the audio tape will be demagnetized and distorted, so that the recorded information is damaged or even lost, which is not conducive to long-term preservation and utilization. Especially with the passage of time, there are many audio and video playback equipment that have long been discontinued and eliminated in the market, resulting in a situation where valuable resources are available but cannot read applications. On August 24, 2016, the Tongliao Municipal Party Committee organized a symposium on cultural work (Urigel topic), which proposed the "Ten Ones Project" for the inheritance and development of Urigel. The content puts forward detailed planning from the aspects of the cultivation of inheritors, the establishment of the protection system, the implementation of the inheritance and development mechanism, and the guarantee of funds, and encourages and supports the development of Urigel. This meeting will play an important guiding significance for the cause of protecting and inheriting Urigel in the Tongliao region in the coming period, and at the same time encourage us to do a good job in the next stage of work tasks with more enthusiasm and pragmatic work style. In November 2019, the "List of Units for the Protection of Representative Projects of National Intangible Cultural Heritage" was announced, and the Zarut Banner Cultural Center, the Horqin Right Wing Zhongqi Cultural Center, and the Tongliao Institute of Literature and Art (Tongliao Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center) were qualified as the protection units of the "Urigel" project.

Selected as an intangible cultural heritage

On May 20, 2006, "Urigel" was approved by the State Council to be included in the First List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Representative figures

Well-known Urigel entertainer

Historically, the Urigel artists who have traveled through the steppes of Inner Mongolia and the Mongolian settlements in northeast China can be described as shining stars. Notable people of the Qing Dynasty include Dansen Nyima, Baiyin Baolizhao, Qibang, Samula, Sarnmandula, Heritengdugur, Baitanqi, Uzhtanastu and Siennitu, during the Republic of China, During the Republic of China, Zana, Jinbaoshan, Changming, Kumang, Menggen Gaolitao, Erdunzhu Rihe, Burenbayar, Wendusu, Zamusu and Shirib, Pajie, Maoyihan, Zana, Dolji, Chojigawa, Rausil and Baoliang, Laixi, Uligisang, Meng Bangzhu, Rinchen, Shulin, Tege xibayar, Demuhig, Kangyur, Yuanbao, Temur Gol, Mengen Aola, and so on.

Representative inheritors

Kangyur, male, ethnic Mongolian. Representative inheritors of the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects, Urigel.

Deward, male, Mongolian, born in March 1950. Representative inheritors of the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects, Urigel.

Quyi value

Mongolian Urigel art is a typical representative of Mongolian music art and is the product of the highly developed Mongolian rap art. Urigel rap art is an important crystallization of the long historical development of the Mongolian people, occupies an important position in the process of the historical development of the Mongolian people, it is an excellent work of art that reflects the national characteristics and local characteristics, is the essence of steppe culture, is also an important content in the great national art, is a valuable cultural wealth, but also a non-renewable cultural resources.

Source: Baidu Encyclopedia

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