The construction drawings are the basis on which the house is built, the "language of the project", which clearly stipulates what kind of building to be built and specifies the shape, size, practice and technical requirements. In addition to more contact with the drawings of this type of work, sometimes it is necessary to combine the entire engineering drawings to see the drawings, in order to intersect and cooperate without error. To this end, you must learn the method of drawing in order to receive the effect of doing more with less. Today I will give you some basic methods of reading pictures.
（01）
Gradual
After getting a drawing, first look at what drawing, then look at what drawing, there should be a master and a secondary.
It is generally carried out in the following order:
1. Carefully read the design instructions, understand the general situation, location, elevation, material requirements, quality standards, construction precautions and some special technical requirements of the building, and form a preliminary impression in thought;
2. Then look at the floor plan, understand the flat shape of the house, the opening room, the depth, the size of the column network, the arrangement and traffic arrangement of various rooms, and the location of doors and windows, form a plane concept for the building, and lay a good foundation for the elevation and sectional drawings;
3. Look at the elevation to understand the orientation of the building, the change of the number of floors and the height of the floor, as well as the requirements of doors, windows, and external decoration;
4. Look at the cross-sectional drawing to roughly understand the elevation changes and indoor conditions of each part of the anatomical surface;
5. Finally, look at the structural drawing to understand the relationship between the floor plan, elevation drawing, section drawing and other architectural drawings and structural drawings, and deepen the understanding of the entire project;
6. In addition, it is also necessary to read the large sample diagram or node diagram referred to in detail according to the index symbols in the floor plan, elevation view, section view, etc., so as to combine thickness and thickness, and the size is intersected.
Only step by step can we understand the design intent and understand the design drawings, that is to say, we should generally do it
First look at the description and then look at the picture, the order is best to be flat and sectioned;
Check the nodes and samples, and read the building structure against each other"
In this way, you can get the effect of doing more with less.
（02）
Remember the dimensions
Although the content of the construction works is various, they are all different shapes and effects through the change of the size of each part.
As the saying goes: "No rules, no square circles", if there is no specific size such as length, width, height, diameter and so on the map, the construction personnel cannot work according to the drawing. However, there are many dimensions on the drawings, and as a specific operator, it is not necessary or possible to remember all the dimensions on the drawings.
However, some of the main dimensions of the building, the specifications, models, positions, quantities, etc. of the main components, must be firmly remembered. This deepens the understanding of the design drawings, facilitates construction operations, and reduces or avoids construction errors.
In general, as to keep in mind some of the following dimensions:
The depth of the opening should be remembered, and the length and width should not be forgotten
Keep in mind the vertical and horizontal axis line, the height of the layer is always high is very important
Structure size to remember, the component model is not wrong
The base size is the key, and the structural strength cannot be less
The beam and column sections are firmly remembered, and the doors and windows should be left well.
（03）
Figure out the relationship
When looking at drawings, it is necessary to understand the interrelationship between each drawing. Because a drawing cannot express in detail the specific dimensions, practices and requirements of each part of a project. It is necessary to use many drawings to express the practices and requirements of a certain part from different aspects.
The practices and requirements of these different parts are the whole picture of a complete building. Therefore, there is a close connection between the drawings of a construction drawing.
When looking at the drawing, it is necessary to take the axis number and position in the plan as the benchmark, so that:"There are drawings in the hand, there are axes in the heart, there are thousands of heads, and everywhere is not offline." This is the basic basis and standard.
The main relationships between drawings, in general, are:
The grid line is the datum and the number should be the same
The elevation should be circled, and the height should be equal
Section to see the location, detail detail index
If the standard diagram is used, the lead line is indicated
Requirements and practices, quickly get the instructions out
Civil engineering and installation, clearance of trenches
Materials and standards, relevant drawings in check
Buildings and structures, before and after to be compared
Therefore, figuring out the relationship between the drawings is an important part of looking at the drawings, and it is the basic measure to find problems and reduce or avoid errors.
（04）
Grab the key
When looking at the construction drawings, as the key that must be grasped in each drawing, only by grasping the key can we grasp the key point and make fewer mistakes. In general, the following aspects should be grasped.
(1) Floor Plan:
Some of the errors that often occur in construction have certain commonalities. For example, "the door is open inside and out, the axis is in the middle of the center, the direction is southeast, northwest, and the wall thickness is one brick and a few bricks." The door has an opening direction in the floor plan, while the window has no opening direction, and you must check the large sample to determine.
Whether the axis is in the center or in the middle of the wall, which layer is in the middle and which layer is in the middle, must be clarified so as not to cause axis errors; so as not to mistakenly treat all the axes as the center line.
The orientation of the house must be clarified, and the compass on the map shall prevail, and the direction on the general floor plan and the general description shall prevail if there is no north arrow. In the general building plan, it should conform to the law of going up north down south, left west right east.
The thickness of the wall in each axis and each part should also be carefully checked, such as which wall is a brick and which wall is half a brick thick, absolutely can not be mistaken.
(2) Elevation:
The elevation dimensions of the openings of doors and windows must be mastered so that errors do not occur when counting poles and reserved window sills.
(3) Cross-sectional view:
Mainly should master the floor elevation, roof elevation. Some also need to grasp the indoor opening, inner door elevation, floor practices, roof insulation and waterproofing practices through cross-sectional drawings.
(4) Structure Diagram:
The main thing should be to grasp the design requirements, specific sizes, positions, articulation relationships between the foundations, walls, beams, columns, plates, and roof systems, as well as the materials used.
（05）
Learn about the features
Industrial buildings to meet a variety of different production process requirements, in the design and construction of different characteristics. Such as acid treatment workshop, the wall, the ground, etc. have acid resistance requirements, it is necessary to take different treatment methods; precision instrument workshop, doors, windows, walls have different dustproof, constant temperature, constant humidity requirements.
Civil buildings also have different characteristics due to different functions. For example, for movie theaters, due to special requirements for acoustics, there are different treatment methods and technical requirements in the ceiling and wall. Therefore, when familiar with each carpentry construction drawing, it is necessary to understand the characteristics and requirements of the project, including the following aspects:
(1) The treatment scheme of the foundation and the technical standards required to be met;
(2) Requirements for the treatment of special parts;
(3) The quality standards of the material or the technical requirements for special materials;
(4) It is necessary to pay attention to the areas that are prone to problems;
(5) Special construction processes such as new processes, new structures, new materials, etc.;
(6) Some technical indicators and special requirements put forward in the design;
(7) Key parts of the structure;
Only by understanding the characteristics of an engineering project can we better and comprehensively understand the design drawings and ensure the special needs of the project.
（06）
Chart comparison
A complete construction drawing, in addition to including various drawings, also includes various forms, which specifically summarize the practices, dimensions, specifications, and models of each sub-project, and are part of the construction drawings.
Common tables in construction drawings are some of the following.
1. The indoor and outdoor practice table mainly explains the specific practices of indoor and outdoor parts, such as how to do outdoor foot tightening, how to do the floor of a room, etc.
2. The door and window table indicates the type of door and window required for all the building, the height and width size (or the size of the hole), and the number of doors and windows of various types.
3. The component table lists the specifications, sizes, models and quantities of various components according to the number and name of the beams, columns and plates required for the project.
4. In various reinforced concrete beams, columns, plates, foundations and other structures, the variety, diameter, specification, size, shape, number of roots and weight of the required reinforcement are required.
When looking at the construction drawings, it is best to first check the various data that you understand when you look at the drawings, and check with the data in the relevant tables, such as completely consistent proof that the drawings and understanding are error-free, such as finding that the model is not correct, the specifications are not consistent, and the number is not equal, you should check it again, further deepen your understanding, improve your understanding of the design drawings, and also find errors in the drawings and tables in time.
（07）
scrupulous
Looking at drawings must be careful, careful, and meticulous. Every data, size, legend, symbol, and every text description in the construction drawings cannot be left alone.
For the parts of the drawings that are not clear or the size is insufficient, they must not rely on their own imagination, estimation, and speculation to construct, otherwise they will be a millimeter and lost.
In addition, a more complex design drawing is often completed by several professional designers, and for various reasons, there may be some contradictions in size.
- If the total size does not match the detail size;
- Large sample, small sample size two;
- The position of the walls and beams on the architectural drawings is misaligned with the structural drawings;
- The total or floor level does not match the notation in the details or structural drawings;
- Due to the negligence of the designer, there are some missing labels and missing parts.
Therefore, the construction personnel must be meticulous when looking at the drawings to find such problems, and then work with the designers to solve them to avoid errors.
（08）
Three combinations
When learning civil construction drawings, we must pay attention to the combination of learning other professional drawings in order to fully and correctly understand the overall picture of the project.
Especially for large-scale projects, there are general layout drawings, earthwork balance drawings, water, heating, electricity, sanitation equipment installation drawings, equipment foundation construction drawings, indoor and outdoor pipelines, pipe trenches, cable drawings, etc. These drawings of various specialties make up a complete overall project. These professional drawings must echo and complement each other.
Therefore, when looking at the civil engineering map, we must pay attention to the combination of three.
1. Combination of architecture and structure
That is, when looking at the architectural drawings, it is necessary to look at the drawings in contrast with the structural drawings.
2. Combination of indoor and outdoor
When looking at the construction drawings of the unit project, it is necessary to look at the general plan accordingly to understand the specific location, direction, environment and absolute elevation of the project in the construction area; at the same time, it is necessary to understand the layout of various outdoor pipelines, as well as the impact on the construction of the project, and understand how to deal with the flood control and drainage problems on the site.
3. Combination of civil engineering and installation
When looking at the civil engineering drawings, it is necessary to look at the installation drawings of the project in combination with the following:
Reserve holes, reserve slots, find out the location and size, and keep them well during construction;
Embedded parts, buried tubes, specifications and quantities are checked well, and do not forget them in time.
It is required that when looking at the civil engineering drawings, we must pay attention to whether the inlets, locations, sizes, elevations and installation drawings of various pipes and ditches intersect; how big the equipment reserved openings should be, what parts should be left behind, and where iron parts or buried pipes should be buried.
（09）
Master the technique
Looking at drawings is the same as engaging in other operations, in addition to proficiency, there are skill problems, the skills of looking at drawings vary from person to person, different, first introduce a few points.
1. When looking at the picture with the note, you should write down the practice and size of the main parts, write down the problems that need to be solved, and look at them one by one, one by one, and solve the difficult problems one by one to deepen the impression.
2, first coarse and then detailed first, first look at all the drawings roughly, roughly form an overall concept, and then look at 2 to 3 times one by one. When looking closely, it is mainly to understand the detailed practices and solve some of the questions raised in the rough look one by one, so as to deepen understanding and deepen memory.
3. Repeatedly compare, find out the law and look at the drawings in general, and then put the relevant drawings together and compare them repeatedly. Find out the inner laws and connections to solidify the understanding of the drawings.
4, mark on the drawing, strengthen the memory in order to see the drawing conveniently, deepen the memory, you can mark the size, description, model, etc. on some drawings to the commonly used drawings, such as marking to the floor plan. This deepens the memory and facilitates the discovery of problems.
（10）
Holistic concept
Through the study of the above steps, an overall concept can be formed for the proposed project, and the characteristics, shape, size, layout and requirements of the building are very clear. With this holistic concept, there is a confidence in the construction of mistakes that can be reduced or avoided. Therefore, when studying drawings, we must not only look at the single sheet without looking at the whole, but be busy with work. Only by forming a holistic concept of the building can the memory and understanding of the project be deepened.