Author: Lu Zhongren (Professor)
▲翠竹
Bamboo painting also has a long history in the mainland. According to legend, the earliest painting of bamboo was Guan Yu in the Three Kingdoms period, and later the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest" in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wang Xianzhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty painted bamboo. The bamboo painter clearly recorded in ancient books is Xiao Yue of the Tang Dynasty.
It is a fact that bamboo paintings appeared in the Tang Dynasty, which is supported by archaeological data. Bamboo paintings have been found in the murals of the tomb of Li Xian, the son of Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, and the murals of Dunhuang. By the late Tang Dynasty, there had been a number of bamboo painters. Such as Li Po, Xu Xi, Li Yu, etc.
During the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties, there were more bamboo painters and works, such as Wentong, Su Shi, Zhao Mengfu, Guan Sheng, Li Jin, Wu Zhen, Ni Zhan, Wang Meng、...... Ming, Qing, modern and contemporary bamboo painters are as bright as a galaxy. Famous such as Wang Fu, Wen Zhengming, Tang Yin, Xu Wei, Fu Shan, Zhu Qi, Shi Tao, Hua Rong, Jin Nong, Zheng Banqiao, Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi, Huang Binhong, Xu Beihong......
There are four main forms of Chinese bamboo painting: ink bamboo, Zhu bamboo, Zhu Mo bamboo, and splashed ink and color bamboo. Of course, with the development of history, bamboo has been used in many other types of painting such as oil paintings, prints, murals, illustrations, New Year paintings, drawings, watercolors, abstract paintings...... are all performing.
As far as the picture of bamboo painting is concerned, there are sunset bamboo, moon bamboo, wind bamboo, rain bamboo, mountain bamboo, waterside bamboo, cliff bamboo, stone bamboo, stream bamboo, empty valley bamboo......
In terms of the combination of bamboo paintings, there are bamboo and pine combinations, bamboo and plum combinations, bamboo orchid combinations, bamboo chrysanthemum combinations, bamboo lotus combinations, bamboo and stone combinations, pine, bamboo and plum combinations, and pine, bamboo, plum and orchid ammonite combinations......
Appreciating bamboo paintings may be more intuitive, more vivid, and more interesting than talking about the theoretical knowledge of bamboo paintings.
▲ dragon bamboo
1, Xu Xi (Five Generations) "Snow Bamboo Picture"
"Snow Bamboo Picture", ink stroke on silk, is one of the representative works of Xu Xi, a painter of the Southern Tang Dynasty of the Five Dynasties, and is now in the Shanghai Museum.
Xu Xi, a native of Nanjing in the Southern Tang Dynasty, is a famous painter who is good at painting bamboo, flowers, birds, birds, fish, cicadas and butterflies, vegetables and fruits, grass and insects, etc., and has created the "ink method". Xu Xi and the famous painter Huang Zhen at that time are equally famous, known as "Xu Huang", there is a history of "Huang Zhen is rich, Xu Xi Yeyi" said, and Xu Xi has a higher status, known as "the ancestor of Jiangnan flower and bird painting".
Liu Daool of the Northern Song Dynasty said in the "Commentary on the Famous Paintings of the Holy Dynasty": "The gods are not wonderful, the prosperity is not wonderful, the gods are wonderful, and there is nothing to do." (Chang is Zhao Chang) Xu Xi is a hermit painter, he has never been an official in his life, Guo Ruoxu called him "Jiangnan Priest", and Shen Kuo called him "Jiangnan Buyi".
Xu Xi often lives in seclusion in the mountains and rivers, walking on the shores of rivers and lakes. The wild life determines the wild style of his painting style. Specifically, Xu Xi's painting style has three points: extensive brushwork and ink; Chic and uninhibited; Wild and fun.
▲ dragon bamboo
Xu Xi's "Snow Bamboo Picture" depicts ancient wood, bamboo and stone in the severe cold of the south of the Yangtze River, triangular composition, local framing, symmetrical brushwork, mainly ink color, clear lines, novel composition, subtle brushwork, and rich layers.
There are several strange rocks on the water's edge of the picture, standing in the forest, there is a dead wood on the left of the strange stone, and there are several piles of snow under the bamboo bushes on the right, which is bleak and cold. The three thick bamboos behind the stone are tall and towering, the bamboo branches are sparse and beautiful, and the bamboo leaves are dense and lush. There are several delicate small bamboos next to the big bamboo. The bamboo in the painting is long and short, thick and thin, straight and curved, full of variety and exquisite.
In front of the bamboo seems to be a lake, bleak and lonely, the artistic conception is desolate and cold, and at the same time, it reveals a vague business in the bleak cold, which is a metaphor for the author's personality sentiment of "bold and expansive, and lofty aspirations". On the bamboo pole on the right side of the big stone in the painting, there are eight characters written upside down in the seal script: "This bamboo price weighs one hundred taels of gold".
2. Wen Tong (Song) "Ink and Bamboo Picture"
▲斑竹
Wen Tong, the word and Ke, a native of Zitong, Sichuan, was ordered to know Huzhou, Zhejiang in his later years, and died before he arrived. Wen Tong is famous for painting bamboo, founded the "Wenhuzhou Bamboo School" of painting bamboo, and put forward the theory that painting should "support things for fun" and "become bamboo in the chest". The great writer Su Shi admired Wen Tong's bamboo paintings so much that he threw himself to the ground, and said in "Three Songs of Bamboo and Painting" in "Three Songs of Bamboo and Painting": "When you can paint bamboo, you don't see anyone when you see bamboo."
He was not alone, but he was left behind. Its body and bamboo, infinitely fresh. Zhuang Zhou has nothing, who knows this contemplation. Po Xian also said in "The Ring Altar Courtyard and Kemo Bamboo Praise": "The wind and rain are seeded, and the hail is proud." Frost root snow festival, under the gold and iron. ”
The "Ink Bamboo Picture" in this article depicts a pole of inverted cliff bamboo, the stem is strong, the knots are hard, the bamboo branches are bent, the bamboo leaves are draped, and the air is relaxed, such as the dragon and the phoenix dance, chic and free, and the god and form are both. In the painting, there is the author's inscription "and can". Ke Jiusi, a great painter and master of bamboo painting in the Yuan Dynasty, framed Wentong's "Ink and Bamboo Drawing" with Su Shi's "Ancient Wood, Bamboo and Stone Drawing" in one volume, named "Ermiao".
3, Su Shi "Xiaoxiang Bamboo and Stone Scroll"
Su Shi, the word Zizhan, the number "Dongpo", a native of Meixian County, Sichuan, the official to the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, Su Shi is a great writer in China, and the Tang and Song Dynasty Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu together called the "four articles of the family", the three Su Temple has a union: "a father and son three words; Four great articles through the ages". He is also one of the "Eight Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties".
Su Shi's poems and Huang Tingjian are collectively called "Su Huang", the words and Xin Qijian are collectively called "Su Xin", and the book is one of the "Four Song Families...... Su Shi, philosophy, history, poetry, words, fu, literature, calligraphy, painting, piano omnipotent, known as "Po Xian". The emergence of Su Shi can be described as a miracle in the history of Chinese culture.
Su Shi's "Xiaoxiang Bamboo and Stone Scroll" is a masterpiece of bamboo painting, and there are countless praisers. Fei Gon of the Southern Song Dynasty said in "Liangxi Manzhi" that Su Shi "made dead wood, bamboo and stone, and sold for thousands of gold." The great philosopher Zhu Xi said in "Bachen Gloss's Family Collection of Dongpo<竹石>": "The old man of Dongpo, the withering exercise after the heroic show, the unswerving posture, the bamboo monarch and Shi Youshu are almost there." ”
The Southern Song Dynasty Ye Xiang inscribed "Xiaoxiang Bamboo and Stone Scroll": "A hundred years of Han ink to leave a true handiwork, should be written Xiaoxiang after the rain." Xia Bang Mo of the Ming Dynasty inscribed this painting: "The ruins of the eastern slope are strange in the world, and the bamboo and stone dots are dyed with Xiaoxiangzi." ”
▲ Phoenix
"Xiaoxiang Bamboo and Stone Scroll" picture: a gentle soil slope nearby, there are two strange stones on the soil slope, there are two green bamboos on both sides of the strange stones, the bamboo pole on the left is vigorous, the bamboo branches are chic, and the bamboo leaves are swaying. The right side is also a delicate green bamboo, the difference is that this bamboo pole is slender, delicate as silk, and there are several bamboo leaves such as butterflies hugging Qiong branches. There is a clump of bamboo branches and bamboo leaves next to the stone under the bamboo, which is dense and lush.
In the foreground of the picture is the vast and distant river, with misty clouds, giving people infinite reverie. Deng Tuo, a famous modern literary and historical master, commented on this painting in "Clouds and Smoke Sitting in Xiaoxiang Painting - Su <潇湘竹石卷>Dongpo's Inscription": "A soil slope, two stones, a few bushes of sparse bamboo, left and right smoke and water clouds and mountains, endless...... The scenery is vast and refreshing, wandering and staring, and I can't bear to leave. ”
Su Shi's "Ink Bamboo Picture" is also very famous, the picture of a bamboo stick, the bamboo branches are sprinkled vigorously, and the bamboo leaves are covered with thick and heavy, which is very rich in ancient charm. The inscription of the author on the painting: "Made in March of the first year of Dongpo Jushi Shaosheng".
4. Pipe Rise (Yuan) "Bamboo and Stone Map"
Guan Sheng (female yuan), the word Zhongji, a native of Wuxing, Zhejiang, is the wife of calligrapher and painter Zhao Mengfu. Zhao Mengfu is a great talent, and Guan Sheng is a talented woman. Both of them are fluent in poetry, calligraphy and painting. Mrs. Guan said in her own orchid painting poem: "Zhao Guancai is high in the willow catkins, and he paints secluded bushes in the crystal palace." (Zhao Guan is Zhao Mengfu and Guan Sheng.) "Willow catkins wind", that is, the Eastern Jin Dynasty talented woman Xie Daoyun compared the flying snow to "catkins rise because of the wind". ）
The two have lived together for 30 years, and they have always respected each other like guests and loved each other. Zhao Mengfu was very satisfied with the life of him and Mrs. Guan, and once wrote in the poem "Book with Shuai Meng": "The mountain wife sings fishing songs to drink, and sings fishing songs with a lot of anger. The wind is quiet in the clouds, and the sky is full of bright moons and cold waves. After Mrs. Guan passed away, Zhao Mengfu neither remarried nor took a concubine.
▲ Xiangfei
In this "Bamboo and Stone Picture", below the picture is a towering strange stone, and the strange rock is steep and stiff, accounting for one-third of the picture. There are several small and tender green bamboos in the lower right corner of the strange stone, and the tenderness of the small bamboo is in sharp contrast with the ancient of the strange stone.
There are two green bamboos behind the stone, one is slightly shorter, flush with the strange stone, the other goes straight to the clouds, the bamboo pole is slender and straight, the bamboo branch is delicate and beautiful, and the bamboo leaves are chic and elegant...... The beauty of the swaying in the whole picture is fascinating.
The bamboo paintings of the pipe sheng are often the bamboo poles slim and elegant, the bamboo branches are sparse and clear, and the bamboo leaves are draped in succession, which is called "Qingzhu Xinhuang", which fully expresses the slender and feminine, beautiful and elegant painting style and characteristics of female painters. Zhao Mengfu said in "The Title of the Pipe Ascending Plum Bamboo Scroll" that her plum and bamboo paintings are "beautiful and beautiful, super easy and dusty......
There is a dark fragrance and sparse shadows. Zhu Yingchen of the Ming Dynasty wrote the poem "Title Guan Zhongji Painting Bamboo": "Mrs. writes bamboo like writing, and does not fall into the path of a painter." ”
5, Ni Zan (Yuan) "Wuzhu Xiushi Picture"
Ni Zhan, the character Yuan Town, the name "Yunlin", has many aliases, and was born in a wealthy family in Wuxi. Ni Zan was a poet and painter in the Yuan Dynasty, and was known as the "Four Yuan Families" along with Huang Gongwang, Wu Jin, and Wang Meng. Ni Zan is an otherworldly hermit with a noble chest. In his later years, he scattered his family wealth, wore yellow crowns, floated in lakes and mountains, recited poems and paintings, and enjoyed antiquities.
He said in "Answer to Zhang Zaozhongshu": "The so-called painter of the servant is just a sloppy brush, not seeking to resemble the form, and chatting to entertain himself." Dong Qichang of the Ming Dynasty said in "Painting Purpose": "Duyun Forest is ancient and natural, and there is only one person after the rice idiot." ("Mi idiot", that is, the Northern Song Dynasty calligrapher Mi Fu.) Therefore, his paintings are also called the "masterpieces" of the highest taste.
Ni Zhan's paintings are generally composed in a "three-stage" style. Near the picture is a slope with several ancient trees, bamboo and stone and pavilions; In the middle of the view, there is a misty river or a floating lake; On the shore of the water are ethereal distant mountains, faintly faint. The elegant and distant artistic conception of Ni painting expresses the painter's lofty and transcendent feelings.
▲凤竹
Ni Zhan's "Wuzhu Xiu Shi Tu" is an ink painting on paper created by him, which is now in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing. In the painting, the lake stone is dyed with thick ink, dark and thick, towering, and the sparse bamboo is reflected around the belt. There are several small bamboos on the left and right sides of the stone, which are beautiful and lovely. Behind the stone is a few tall bamboos, the center with a pen, the bamboo pole is strong straight upward, the bamboo branches are beautiful and sparse, the bamboo leaves come out along the branches, the shades are stacked, and the dust is dashing.
A little farther behind the caryophyllus, there is a tall sycamore, the trunk is tall and straight, towering in the sky; The branches are strong and the leaves are thick. The sycamore and the bamboo and stone set off each other, showing a wonderful Qingyuan artistic conception.
This brush is simple, layered, clean, and sparse. The painter inscribed himself on the painting: "Gao Wu Shu Zhuxi South House, the sound of the May Creek is cold." Zhang Yu, a famous literati and Taoist priest in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote a poem: "Qingtong is a stone under the shade, and the snow has not disappeared." ”
6, Tang Yin (Ming) "Ink Bamboo Fan"
Tang Yin, a native of Suzhou, Jiangsu, the word Bohu, self-named "Liuru Jushi", has many numbers, such as "the master of the peach blossom hermitage", "the history of escaping Zen immortals", known as "the first merry genius in the south of the Yangtze River", and Wen Zhengming, Shen Zhou, Qiu Ying and called the "Ming Four Families", also known as the "Wumen Four Families".
He once tried to solve the Yuan in the countryside, and was deposed because of his innocent involvement in the science field case, and he never became a professional, and made a living by selling calligraphy and paintings, and later converted to Buddhism. Tang Yin's landscapes, figures, flowers, feathers, insects and fish...... None of them can't. Wang Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty said in the "Art Garden Dialect" that Tang Yin's paintings were "delicate and rhymed". Wang Xudeng of the Ming Dynasty said that Tang Yin's painting was "the elegant work of Shiliu and the wonder of painting." Yun Nantian, a Qing Dynasty painting theorist, said that Tang Yin's paintings were "elegant in brush and ink".
The modern painter Wu Hufan said that Tang Yin's painting has "the rhyme of the southern sect to show the bones of the northern sect, as the so-called Yunbai steel, if the finger is soft, the eternal painting garden is strange." (Quoted from Dictionary of Chinese Famous Paintings, pp. 683, 676.) Tang Yin's paintings are known as "literati paintings", and his main artistic styles are gentle, beautiful, meticulous, and beautiful.
Tang Yin's "Ink Bamboo" fan, the bamboo pole is clear, the bamboo branches are beautiful, and the bamboo leaves are sparse. The ink in the picture has shades, the pen has a reverse smoothness, sparse and dense, rich in layers, clear and graceful, elegant and moisturizing. There is an inscription: "The bright moon is half a window shadow, and the breeze is three paths of moss." Signed: "Tang Yin".
The artistic conception of the inscription is quiet and quiet, ethereal, and the wonderful calligraphy, which makes people infinitely fascinated. He also has a lot of bamboo fan paintings, and the inscription poems are also very beautiful, such as the inscription poem on a "Bamboo Fan Surface": "The spring buds are booming with blue baskets, and the dragon and phoenix tail are long on the ground." At the bottom of the pen, look up at the shakuhachi, and the sky is full of bright moon. ”
▲ Xiangfei
7, Zheng Xie (Qing) "Bamboo and Stone Map"
Zheng Xie, Banqiao, a native of Xinghua, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, once served as a county magistrate in Fan County and Wei County in Shandong, and resigned because he was not used to the filth of officialdom, and lived in Yangzhou to sell paintings for a living.
He is one of the "Eight Monsters of Yangzhou", "Three Uniques of Poetry, Calligraphy and Painting", and the Qing Dynasty poet Zhang Weiping said in "Songxuan Essays": "Banqiao has three uniques, painting, poetry, and calligraphy; There are three truths in the three uniques, which are true qi, true meaning, and true fun. "Zheng Banqiao is good at painting pine, bamboo, orchid, plum and stone.
Banqiao's personality is arrogant and upright. His bamboo paintings are vigorous and upright, and they are neat and chic, which is the expression of his personality. This "Bamboo and Stone Map" uses the pen to be thin and hard, strong and refreshing, clear branches and thin knots, spring and autumn colors, sparse and flying, looking forward to affection, and full of fun.
As his own inscription poem said: "A bamboo, an orchid and a stone, there are knots, incense and bones." This "Bamboo and Stone Map" has the author's inscription poem during the Qianlong period, the last two sentences: "The spring breeze and summer rain are full of clear light, and there are more green in autumn and winter." ”
8, Xu Beihong "Ink Bamboo Picture"
▲斑竹
Xu Beihong, a native of Yixing, Jiangsu, is a great painter in modern and modern times, he is omnipotent in landscapes, figures, flowers and birds, and likes to paint horses.
Xu Beihong has studied abroad for many years, and is very accomplished in Western art, and at the same time has a profound study and extensive creative practice of Chinese painting art, which connects ancient and modern, Chinese and Western paintings, and combines the expression and reproduction of Chinese painting and Western painting, freehand and realism.
Xu Beihong has painted a lot of ink bamboo, this ink bamboo is a single piece, very distinctive, the bamboo pole is thick, straight and strong, standing up to the sky; The bamboo joints are distinct, the bamboo branches are beautiful, and the sparse and sparse are swaying; The bamboo leaves are thick and heavy, draped on both sides of the bamboo poles. The whole ink bamboo is both strong and upright, and vibrant.
Editor: Fang Yingxin "White Waves"