The construction industry is one of the pillar industries of the mainland's national economic development, and has played an important role in promoting national economic growth and comprehensive social development. However, there are also occupational disease hazards in many links of the construction industry, which have an impact on the occupational health of employees, and there are many types of occupational disease hazards in the construction industry, the causes are complex, and it is difficult to prevent and protect.
so
What are the common occupational disease hazards and occupational diseases?
Employers and workers
And how to do a good job of protection?
Let's find out with Zhu Jianjun
dust
In the process of building construction, it will involve earthwork construction, block material processing, building demolition, cement and other material mixing, electric welding operations, heat preservation, anti-corrosion, etc., which will produce a large amount of dust, including silica dust, cement dust, welding dust, asbestos dust and other dusts. Long-term inhalation by workers at the construction site may lead to pneumoconiosis.
Silica dust - generated from the following operations: excavators, bulldozers, scrapers, pavers, rollers, pile drivers, borers, stone crushing equipment operations; earthworks, underground works, tunneling and other operations; blasting operations; sandblasting and rust removal operations; Demolition of old buildings.
Cement dust - generated from the following operations: cement loading, unloading, storage and use.
Welding dust - Generated by the following operations: Welding operations.
Asbestos dust - generated from the following operations: thermal insulation engineering, anti-corrosion engineering, insulation engineering operations; Demolition and renovation of old buildings.
Other dusts - from the following operations: wood dust from wood processing; Metal dust is generated by cutting steel bars and aluminum alloys; transport, storage and use of explosives to produce trinitrotoluene dust; Putty powder is used in decoration operations to produce mixed dust; The use of asbestos substitutes produces man-made glass fiber, rock wool, and slag wool dust.
Precautionary measures
Technological innovation, eliminate the process and equipment with serious dust hazards, adopt mechanization, automation or closed isolation operation, take wet operation when the process conditions permit, set up local dust prevention measures, issue and supervise workers to wear dust masks correctly, and do a good job in smoking cessation and tobacco control education.
noise
Large machinery is often used in construction sites, and these machines are prone to produce relatively large noises when they are running, which is called mechanical noise. Fans, fans, air compressors and other equipment can also produce large noise when they are running, which is called aerodynamic noise. Working under noise for a long time can easily damage the hearing of construction personnel, and in severe cases, it may cause noise deafness.
Mechanical noise - the operations that produce this kind of noise mainly include: drilling machines, shield machines, pile drivers, excavators, bulldozers, scrapers, dump trucks, elevators, cranes, concrete mixers, etc.; operations such as concrete crushers, stone crushers, road rollers, pavers, mobile asphalt pavers and surface finishing machines; Concrete vibrating rods, electric circular saws, planing machines, metal cutting machines, electric drills, polishing machines, nail guns and other tools; Loading, unloading, installation, demolition, cleanup, repair and building demolition of structures and formwork.
Aerodynamic noise - the operations that produce this kind of noise mainly include: ventilators, blowers, air compressor riveting guns, generators, etc.; blasting operations; pipeline purging operations, etc.
Precautionary measures
Try to choose low-noise equipment, take measures such as sound insulation, noise reduction, vibration isolation and noise reduction for high-noise equipment, shorten the time for workers to be exposed to noise, and equip workers with ear protectors and anti-noise earplugs.
vibration
Some building construction activities have local vibration and whole body vibration hazards. Long-term hand-transmitted vibration work can lead to hand-to-hand vibration disease.
The vibration of hand tools such as vibrating rods, air drills, nail guns, electric drills, electric saws, grinding wheels, and grinders that produce local vibrations mainly includes excavators, bulldozers, mobile asphalt laying machines, surface finishing machines, pile drivers and other construction machinery and transport vehicle operations.
Precautionary measures
Replace the metal parts of pneumatic tools with plastic or rubber, or add padding to reduce vibration. Excavators, bulldozers and other cabs are equipped with vibration damping facilities. Install anti-vibration handles with hand-held vibrating tools, wear anti-vibration gloves, take turns to work, and pay attention to cold protection and warmth in winter.
high temperature
Most of the construction activities are open-air operations, which are greatly affected by the hot climate in summer, and a few construction activities also have heat sources (such as asphalt equipment, welding, preheating, etc.), so there are different degrees of high temperature hazards in construction activities. The human body works in high temperatures for a long time, sweats profusely, and the metabolism of water and salt is disordered, which can lead to occupational heat stroke.
Precautionary measures
In the high temperature season, the work and rest time should be reasonably adjusted, and the work should be carried out in turns, so as to reduce the labor intensity of laborers, and local ventilation and cooling measures should be taken. Rest rooms with cooling facilities are set up to provide workers with salty and refreshing drinks, conduct occupational health examinations, and promptly transfer out those who find occupational taboos for hot work.
Chemical poisons
In the process of construction, we often come into contact with some chemical poisons that are harmful to the body, which is easy to cause harm to the body, and even acute poisoning or poisoning death.
Mainly: blasting operations produce toxic gases such as nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide; Paint and anti-corrosion operations produce organic vapors such as benzene, toluene, xylene, carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, and metal poisons such as lead, mercury, and chromium; Asphalt smoke is produced by anti-corrosion operations; Coating operations produce formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene, free toluene diisocyanate, lead, mercury, chromium and other metal poisons; Building waterproofing engineering operations produce organic solvents such as asphalt smoke, coal tar, toluene, xylene, asbestos, anionic recycled latex, polyurethane, acrylic resin, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin, polystyrene and other chemicals; asphalt smoke generated by asphalt laying operation on pavement; Welding operations produce manganese, magnesium, chromium, nickel, iron and other metal compounds, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone, etc.; Underground storage tanks, pools and other underground operations produce hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon monoxide and anoxic states.
Precautionary measures
Priority should be given to the selection of non-toxic or low-toxic building materials, as much as possible to strengthen mechanization, automation, closed isolation operations, set up effective ventilation devices, wear effective gas masks (face shields), protective gloves, protective glasses, etc., and be equipped with special guardians.
Confined spaces
Many construction activities have confined space operations, mainly including: drainage pipes, drainage ditches, spiral piles, pile foundation wells, pile well holes, underground pipelines, flues, tunnels, culverts, pits, boxes, closed basements, etc., as well as other places with insufficient ventilation; Installation of equipment such as closed storage tanks. In this working environment, sometimes it is necessary to carry out electric welding or cutting, which requires a large amount of oxygen, resulting in hypoxic suffocation or acute occupational poisoning.
Precautionary measures
Strictly abide by the principle of "ventilation first, then testing, and then operation", strengthen ventilation, wear personal protective equipment that meets the requirements, and provide emergency rescue support. Set up eye-catching safety warning signs, inform operators of the dangers and harmful factors and prevention and control measures in advance, and do not work without a guardian.
Other factors
Many construction activities also include ultraviolet work, ionizing radiation work, high-pressure work, low-pressure work, low-temperature work, high-altitude work, and the influence of biological factors.
◆ Ultraviolet operations mainly include electric welding operations, plateau operations, etc.;
◆ Ionizing radiation operations mainly include: excavation works, underground construction, and operations in areas with high radioactive element background; There may be ionizing radiation operations such as ammonia and its progeny; X-ray and Y-ray ionizing radiation operations exist during X-ray flaw detection and Y-ray flaw detection;
◆ High-pressure operations mainly include diving operations, caisson operations, tunnel operations, etc.;
◆ Low-pressure operations mainly include operations in plateau areas;
◆ Low-temperature operations mainly include winter operations in the north;
◆ High-altitude operations mainly include boom cranes, tower cranes, elevator operations, scaffolding, ladder operations, etc.
Precautionary measures
◆ The workplace that produces ultraviolet rays should be separated from other areas by a baffle, and welders should wear special masks, protective glasses, and long-sleeved and long-pants clothes.
◆ In case of bad weather such as strong winds, heavy snow, heavy rain, and fog, it is forbidden to work at height in the open air, and workers with occupational taboos such as high blood pressure, fear of heights, history of syncope, and heart disease are prohibited from working at height.
◆ Ionizing radiation workplaces should take comprehensive measures such as time protection, distance protection, and shielding protection, and underwater workers should strictly abide by the decompression procedures, and those with contraindications to altitude work are prohibited from working at high altitude.
◆ Low temperature operation should reduce the time of low temperature and cold water operation, and take cold and warm measures. When entering the epidemic area and the source of the epidemic, effective disinfection measures should be taken, and protective clothing and protective masks should be worn.
Reminder
👉 Employers in the construction industry should strengthen occupational health management, control from the source, do a good job in the detection of occupational disease hazards in the workplace and the occupational health examination of workers, and earnestly implement the main responsibility for the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases.
👉 Workers should strictly abide by the operating procedures, actively participate in the occupational health examination and occupational disease prevention and control knowledge training organized by the employer, and do a good job of personal protection. After all, the body is your own, and safety and health are the most important.
Source: Sichuan Construction Release