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The New Rural Collective Economy: Connotation Characteristics, Practice Path, and Development Limits

Abstract:The new rural collective economy is one of the effective carriers for the comprehensive realization of the rural revitalization strategy. Based on the field investigation of several villages in Tianjin, Shandong and Hubei, it is found that there are three main paths for the development of rural collective economic organizations: government-supported, organization-led and market-incentive. In view of this, it is necessary to build effective and effective support policies, clarify the rights and responsibilities of village-level organizations, and formulate incentive mechanisms according to local conditions, so as to help the sustainable development of the new rural collective economy.

Author: Yu Lijuan

Since 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has carried out four batches of pilot projects for the reform of the rural collective property rights system across the country, stipulating that all pilot tasks must be basically completed by October 2020. By the end of 2019, at least 438,000 villages across the country had completed the reform of the rural collective property rights system, clarified assets, defined members, clarified property ownership, and established new rural collective economic organizations. As an important support for the realization of rural economic development and rural revitalization, how to make the new rural collective economic organizations give full play to their potential efficiency, strengthen the collective economy, and enable collective members to enjoy the dividends brought by the reform has become a key task of deepening rural reform when rural revitalization is fully promoted.

1. The connotation and characteristics of the new rural collective economy

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly stated that the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy should consolidate and improve the basic rural management system, deepen the reform of the rural collective property rights system, protect the property rights and interests of farmers, and strengthen the collective economy. Subsequently, the Strategic Plan for Rural Revitalization (2018-2022) issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council established the basic framework for rural revitalization and proposed that the development of a new type of rural collective economy is the foundation of rural revitalization.

The new type of rural collective economy is a concept that is opposed to the traditional rural collective economy. The traditional rural collective economy is an economic organization form in which all cooperatives and members of cooperatives and members bring all the means of production and subsistence to the collective, and are managed, managed, accounted for and distributed by the collectives in a unified manner. With the introduction of the household contract responsibility system, the mainland has implemented a two-tier management system based on household contract management and combining unified and separate management, and the traditional rural collective economy has disappeared with it, and a new type of rural collective economy has gradually emerged in the context of agricultural modernization. However, at present, the academic community has not reached a relatively consistent conclusion on the concept of a new type of rural collective economy. Zhu Youzhi and others pointed out that the new type of rural collective economy is "based on the contract management of household production, under the two-tier management system of combining centralization and decentralization, the members are organized under the principles of voluntariness, mutual benefit, democracy, and equality, diversified cooperative management is practiced in the process of production and exchange, and the distribution system is an ownership economy that combines distribution according to work and distribution according to the factors of production." Cui Chao believes that the property rights of the new rural collective economy are based on collective ownership, and members join voluntarily, risk sharing, and benefit sharing. Li Wengang and others believe that in addition to the consideration of promoting rural economic development and clarifying rural property rights, the new rural collective economy should also be included in the social dimension, combining rejuvenation with the reconstruction of rural society, and exploring the internal connection between the two from the theoretical and practical levels. Based on the existing concepts, the new type of rural collective economy in this paper refers to a new form of economic organization based on the household contract responsibility system, reformed according to the requirements of the modern property rights system, and based on the premise of voluntary cooperation and voluntary association among members, relying on village-level collective units to develop the economy and realize the common prosperity of members.

Although the concept of the new rural collective economy is not consistent, the academic and practical circles have reached a relatively consistent view on its characteristics. Specifically, compared with the traditional rural collective economy, the new rural collective economy shows four major characteristics: First, the property rights structure is clear. The new type of rural collective economy has pioneered the implementation of a new property rights structure that combines collective ownership and individual enjoyment, and further clarified the property rights structure of rural collective assets. In other words, the new type of rural collective economy emphasizes the premise that collective assets are owned by the collective, quantified to members in the form of "shares", and formed by the members voluntarily uniting again in the form of "shares", which not only recognizes collective ownership, but also recognizes the individual shares and powers of members, etc., with the purpose of protecting the rights and interests of members. The second is the marketization of production and operation. The new type of rural collective economy is different from the traditional rural collective economy in the era of planned economy in terms of production and operation, and has moved from "collectivization" to "marketization". First, through the reform of the collective property rights system, the new-type rural collective economy has established the status of a legal person that meets the qualifications of the main body of the market, so that it can freely enter and exit the market, and realize that it can operate independently in accordance with the law, assume responsibility for its own profits and losses, and bear its own risks. Second, the new type of rural collective economic organization can absorb and integrate internal and external factors to activate the driving force of development. Third, it is necessary to adjust the industrial structure in line with changes in the market consumption structure, and to carry out production, operation, and management in accordance with market laws. Fourth, the new rural collective economy adopts a democratic decision-making mechanism of modern participatory management, and the collective members elect member representatives (shareholder representatives) to participate on their behalf. The third is the demutualization of the distribution system. The new rural collective economy is different from the traditional collective economy that implements the egalitarian distribution method, and adopts the method of distributing dividends according to "shares" in the distribution mode. From the perspective of modern enterprise operation, this distribution method conforms to the distribution rules of modern enterprises, which is conducive to protecting the interests of shareholders (collective members) and the stable development of rural collective economy. Fourth, withdraw from the liberalization of power. Generally speaking, once the means of production of the traditional collective economy are shared, they will not be returned, but the new rural collective economy can be withdrawn in equal proportions through the transfer of shares or the recycling of village collective economic organizations.

The New Rural Collective Economy: Connotation Characteristics, Practice Path, and Development Limits

2. The practical path of the development of the new rural collective economy

In recent years, villages in different regions of the country have explored the "localization path" of new rural collective economic development in light of the actual situation. With the help of the opportunity of the China Rural Research Institute of Central China Normal University as a third-party evaluation agency, the author has conducted in-depth investigations in various pilot areas for many times, and summarized and extracted three practical paths for the development of new rural collective economic organizations by analyzing several typical cases of rural collective economic development in Tianjin, Shandong and Hubei.

1. Government-supported path: Take the development of "poverty alleviation and assistance" in Hecun, Hubei Province as an example

In June 2018, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Guiding Opinions on Winning the Three-Year Action to Fight Poverty Alleviation", which pointed out that "formulate and implement a plan for the development and upgrading of villages with weak collective economy in poor areas, and increase collective economic income through channels such as revitalizing collective resources, investing or participating in shares, and quantifying asset returns". Hubei focuses on the goal of "two worries and three guarantees" in poor villages, and explores the support path to help poor households get rid of poverty by strengthening the rural collective economy. Z County, where Hecun is located, mainly adopts the following methods: First, take the reform of the rural collective property rights system as an opportunity to establish a new type of rural collective economic organization on the basis of clarifying the village assets. The second is to promote the development of new rural collective economic organizations through the injection of funds and the introduction of projects, and solve the problems of insufficient primitive accumulation and insufficient stamina for the development of economic organizations. The third is to adopt the development model of "enterprises leading villages" to revitalize the existing and potential resource elements in rural areas and achieve driven development.

Hecun is located in the northwest of Hubei Province, and the terrain is mainly mountainous, which is a national-level poverty-stricken village and a difficult village for poverty alleviation. Under the guidance of the higher authorities, Hecun carried out the reform of the rural collective property rights system, identified 1,865 collective members, and established a new type of rural collective economic organization (joint-stock economic cooperative), and elected 34 member representatives through democratic elections at the village level. In the context of poverty alleviation, the collective economic development of Hecun has benefited from three major practices: First, external funds to the village. Hecun has successively received 800,000 yuan of special funds for poverty alleviation from the superiors, 200,000 yuan from the county education bureau, and 600,000 yuan from the county agricultural bank. The second is the project to the village. The government introduced photovoltaic power generation projects to the village, and although the poverty alleviation project limited the use of the proceeds, the occupation of collective land still increased the income of the village collective economic organization by more than 30,000 yuan. The third is the introduction of development media. In order to help Hecun achieve collective economic income, the government guides the adoption of the "joint-stock economic cooperative + enterprise" model to strengthen the collective economy, on the one hand, the use of land resources to plant and develop the tea industry; On the other hand, with the help of tea industry, the development of rural tourism. In this model, in order to help alleviate poverty, the government actively coordinates seedlings and planning, joint-stock economic cooperatives are responsible for integrating village-level resources (including existing land resources and village assistance funds, etc.) and collaborative planning, while enterprises are responsible for overall planning, operation, sales and taking certain risks. Through this series of measures, the collective income of Hecun Economic Cooperative has jumped from 20,000 yuan in 2018 to more than 30 yuan in 2020.

2. Organization-led path: Take the development of "party organization leadership" in Zhuangcun, Shandong Province as an example

The "Regulations of the Communist Party of China on the Work of Rural Grassroots Organizations" points out that the party's rural grassroots organizations should lead and support rural collective economic organizations and assist in the development of the collective economy in light of actual conditions. At present, Shandong has explored an innovative path for the development of collective economy through cooperatives led by the "Party branch", and Zhuangcun has also adopted this approach in combination with the actual situation, and promoted the development of joint-stock economic cooperatives through professional cooperatives, forming a representative organization-led path.

Zhuangcun is a traditional village located in the central part of Shandong Province, with a registered population of 2,886 people, of which 1,328 are permanent residents, accounting for only 46.02%, and the elderly are the mainstay. In 2017, Zhuangcun established a party organization to lead the fruit and vegetable professional cooperative, with the secretary as the chairman, and absorbed a total of more than 227,000 yuan of shares, of which 70,000 yuan was invested by the village collective, 15,000 yuan by village cadres, and 142,000 yuan by villagers. In 2018, the county carried out the reform of the rural collective property rights system, and Zhuangcun approved the village collective assets of 4,439,626.61 yuan (including 500 yuan of operating assets and 4,439,126.61 yuan of non-operating assets) through the liquidation and verification team, established a new type of rural collective economic organization (joint-stock economic cooperative), and selected the branch secretary as the chairman, established a council and a board of supervisors, and the number of members was 2,668. Since the establishment of joint-stock economic cooperatives, on the one hand, the constraints of "hollowing" villages, "aging" population structure, and "lack of talents" have led to the weak development of joint-stock economic cooperatives; On the other hand, the mature operation of professional cooperatives has squeezed the development space of joint-stock economic cooperatives. Therefore, Zhuangcun has innovated a new path for the development of joint-stock economic cooperatives led by the party branch to lead professional cooperatives in combination with the actual situation. Specifically, Zhuangcun Economic Cooperative has integrated more than 1,000 acres of land and invested it in the fruit and vegetable professional cooperatives led by the party organization for planting fruits and vegetables. Among them, fruit and vegetable professional cooperatives provide unified services such as the purchase of means of production and technical guidance to joint-stock economic cooperatives to minimize expenditures and increase output. In short, by giving full play to the role of the party organization, Zhuangcun promotes the development of joint-stock economic cooperatives and increases the income of rural collective economy. According to statistics, in 2020, Zhuangcun achieved an increase of 750,000 yuan (221,000 yuan for collectives and 529,000 yuan for farmers), and distributed according to the amount of shares.

3. Market incentive path: take the development of "modern enterprise system" in Tianjin Hancun as an example

The "Opinions on Steadily Promoting the Reform of the Rural Collective Property Rights System" clearly conveys that all localities should proceed from reality and explore effective ways to develop the collective economy. Since the reform and opening up, Hancun has relied on Tianjin Automobile Factory to develop automobile supporting industries, set up companies engaged in the production, processing and sales of auto parts, developed the village collective economy, and completed the original accumulation. Around 2004, the village completed the enterprise restructuring, gradually transformed from a single industrial structure to a diversified industrial structure, put forward the general idea of "agriculture is refined, industry is stronger, service industry is bigger, and the construction of a new socialist rural industrial system is accelerated", forming a new industrial development pattern of "one district, four fields, one street, one base" plus capital operation, and building a structure of 7 subsidiaries under Hancun Group Company. The development of rural collective economic organizations in Hancun is based on primitive accumulation, and the peasants have made use of the results of the reform of the rural collective property rights system to establish a modern enterprise system through shareholding cooperation, actively attract external capital, technology, and talents, and realize pure market-oriented operation, forming a market-incentive path.

Hancun is located in the suburbs of a district in Tianjin, with a population of 8,764. In 2017, Hancun carried out the reform of the rural collective property rights system, and with the participation of a third-party accounting firm, a total of 9,140.9 mu of resource assets, 1,780,591,400 yuan of operating assets, and 27,630,200 yuan of non-operating assets were counted. At the same time, a total of 7,921 members were confirmed in the village in the process of defining membership. On this basis, Hancun first straightened out the property rights structure and quantified the collective assets to the members. The village collective economic organization retains a certain proportion of the risk fund from the operating assets at one time, and after the retention, the quantifiable operating assets of 169,156,183 yuan are taken as the total share capital, and 192726 collective shares and 770905 member shares are set up respectively, and the quantified 963631 shares are all invested in the joint stock economic cooperative in a voluntary form. Secondly, the organizational structure of the joint-stock economic cooperative-village group company subsidiary has been straightened out, and the company has been managed and operated by employing professional managers and other forms, forming a situation in which the member congress and the board of directors make joint decisions. Moreover, through the advantages of primitive accumulation, the industrial structure of the village should be improved and the collective economic development of the village should be promoted. Specifically, under the premise of clarifying property rights and straightening out the organizational structure, on the basis of ensuring the stable operation of existing industries, and taking into account the impact of factors such as the construction of new towns and planning adjustments, village collective economic organizations plan industrial transformation and upgrading, improve quality and efficiency in advance to ensure the sustained and stable growth of village-level income. In order to achieve sustainable development, the collective economic organization invested 530 million yuan to purchase 500 acres of industrial land in order to improve the layout of industrial support. In addition, relying on the advantages of the highway, the seedling base of nearly 3,000 acres south of the village road is positioned in accordance with the pastoral complex, and the pastoral economic industrial cluster combining pastoral health care, healthy catering, agricultural experience, experiential education and training, rural tourism and other leisure is planned. In 2019, the village-level income was 192 million yuan, and dividends were distributed according to shares in the following year, and the villagers shared a total of 17.43 million yuan.

3. Comparison of the commonality and heterogeneity of the practice path of the new rural collective economy

Hubei Hecun, Shandong Zhuang Village and Tianjin Hancun have carried out innovative exploration of the development path of rural collective economy in combination with the actual situation, which has promoted the development of rural collective economy and driven the "double income" of rural areas and farmers. Through multi-dimensional comparison, it is found that the three paths have both commonality and heterogeneity, which are summarized and condensed in order to have reference significance for the development of new rural collective economy in various places.

The commonality of the three paths reveals the core characteristics of the "marketability" of the new rural collective economy. First, it has an "open" property rights structure. "The fundamental characteristic of collective property rights is that they are closed, and both the members of the collective and the collective property rights have clear boundaries." However, as some scholars have pointed out, to prevent rural decline and promote rural revitalization, it is necessary to break the closed nature of village communities and enhance the openness to the outside world. On the one hand, it is necessary to clarify the internal property rights structure of the village. Hecun in Hubei, Zhuang in Shandong and Hancun in Tianjin have clarified the village-level property rights structure in combination with the reform of the rural collective property rights system, and formed a property rights structure that combines collective ownership and individual enjoyment. On the other hand, it is necessary to clarify the structure of property rights in the market. The role of the reform of the rural collective property rights system is also that when cooperating with market entities, the amount of collective assets can be clarified in the form of shares. For example, the government-supported Hecun has determined 40% of the shares when cooperating with enterprises, and Zhuangcun has also clarified the property rights of entering the market through the form of shares. The second is to encourage all kinds of subjects in market competition to complement each other's advantages and interdependence. From the perspective of the economic development of the three villages, the adoption of joint investment and participation in operation and other forms shows the breaking of the closure and the construction of openness. Finally, it is necessary to encourage the full flow and exploration of resource elements. In the context of marketization, the rural collective economy has gradually broken down the barriers to the flow of urban and rural resource elements, and promoted the flow of factors through the modes of "grouping" and "grouping". The second is to have a "professional" operation team. On the one hand, the establishment of rural collective economic organizations has formed an organizational structure of "one core and two wings" in the three villages. That is to say, under the leadership of the party organizations, the villagers' committees and the economic organizations have gone hand in hand, each performing its own duties, and the functions of economic development have been initially realized by specialized organizations. On the other hand, the professional division of labor is also reflected in the hiring of a professional team based on professional managers to operate, and the introduction of a modern operation and management model in qualified villages, such as Hancun Village Collective Economic Organizations, to improve management efficiency and market competitiveness through professional managers. The third is the "standardized" distribution and exit mechanism. In contrast to the egalitarian default of informal agreements during the traditional collective economy, the three villages have established distribution and exit mechanisms through formal rules (bylaws) in accordance with legal procedures. As far as the distribution mechanism is concerned, the combination of "distribution according to work" and "dividends according to shares" has been realized, and the method of distribution according to work has been adopted for those who participate in the operation and management of rural collective economic organizations, and dividends have been paid to shareholders (collective members) in the form of share capital.

The differences between the three paths of rural collective economic development are mainly manifested in several aspects. First, from the perspective of development momentum, the development momentum of the government-supported path mainly lies in the inducement of external factors, that is, the government and the social capital introduced by the government to promote its development through joint cooperation and joint development. The organization-led path is to activate the development of the rural collective economy by giving full play to the advantages of the party organization in the absence of resources, incompetent people, and no assistance funds. The market-incentive path promotes its development through the two-way effect of primitive accumulation and fast market returns. Second, from the perspective of the development model, the development model of Hecun is to achieve joint development and operation with enterprises through the use of existing funds and resources to the village, so as to achieve joint investment and shared benefits, and is most closely connected with enterprises. The model of Zhuangcun is relatively simple, and it takes the form of shareholding to achieve development. At present, the development model of Hancun has matured, and the village collective economic organization has developed independently. Third, from the perspective of benefits and risks, Hecun is in the early stage of joint investment, and the income of the primary industry tea has been highlighted, but the income of the tertiary industry tourism has not yet fully emerged, and it is greatly affected by the market, and the risk borne by the river village is relatively large and uncontrollable. Zhuangcun joins the professional cooperatives in the form of shares, and shares the market ties established by the professional cooperatives in the early stage, so the risks they bear are relatively low. At the same time, due to the form of land and fruit tree shares, the income obtained is relatively low. Due to the long-term accumulation of advantages and the practice of daring to innovate and explore, Hancun's industrial layout involves primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and the extension of the industrial chain makes its collective economic organization maintain a high and stable income. In addition, because Hancun operates independently and is closely connected with the market, the business risk is relatively high, but because of its abundant original accumulation and the introduction of professional teams to participate, the business risk of Hancun is relatively high but controllable. In a comprehensive comparison, from the perspective of development prospects, the rural collective economic development path of Zhuangcun is relatively conservative and is in the initial stage of marketization. The rural collective economic development path of Hecun is trying to get out of the initial stage and cooperate with market players, and its development prospects are good. For the development path of rural collective economy in Hancun, it has the highest degree of marketization and the best prospect.

On the whole, although the natural endowment and acquired advantages of the three cases are not consistent, they all explore the path of new rural collective economy based on their own conditions such as location advantages and industrial environment, and form their own unique forms of realization, which have a certain degree of representativeness and popularization. Among them, the government-supported path is suitable for villages with external resources, including villages with government resources and social capital. If there are impoverished villages where external resources have arrived one after another, or villages where capital such as donations from entrepreneurs have been stationed, on the basis of clarifying property rights, resource elements can be integrated to strengthen the collective economy in the form of "government +" or "enterprise +"; The organization-led path is suitable for villages with less external capital but a higher degree of organization, or for villages without external capital, local governments can develop a new type of rural collective economy by cultivating organizations. The market-incentive path is suitable for developed villages with a certain amount of capital, or villages with special locations (such as urban and suburban) to make use of the advantages of characteristic resources to "start their own business" and develop themselves.

The New Rural Collective Economy: Connotation Characteristics, Practice Path, and Development Limits

Fourth, the limit analysis of the path of new rural collective economic development

Reform is the means, development is the goal, and sustainability is the goal. Although the new rural collective economy formed by Hecun, Zhuangcun and Hancun based on different conditions has the characteristics of "marketization", can this "marketization" characteristic completely move towards the direction of pure market operation? Can it bring sustainable dividends to farmers for collective economic development? The author believes that the following factors should be vigilant against different paths of rural collective economic development:

1. Inertial dependence of policy

Specifically, the government-supported path is a mechanism for the state to activate internal factors with externalities in order to achieve a certain goal (such as poverty alleviation or development, etc.), and build a mechanism for the steady growth of village collective economic income. From the perspective of state behavior, the introduction of external funds, resources and other policies is a common medium for it to support the development of rural collective economy, and the state tries to activate and promote the development of villages through this way. However, from an objective point of view, whether the external factors such as funds and resources that embody the will of the state can truly activate the development of rural collective economic organizations are still subject to other factors. Ruhe Village has benefited greatly from policy support in the development process, but it remains to be seen whether the development potential of the village can be successfully activated. Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether the village can develop independently and healthily when the policy is withdrawn, which also reflects that this path is prone to policy-oriented development inertia.

2. Expansion of executive power

The specialized division of labor is one of the important symbols of "marketability" under the market economy, but it is undeniable that the high integration of organizational structure will inhibit the deep division of labor of specialization to a certain extent. As mentioned above, the three case villages have successfully established an organizational structure of "one core and two wings", and implemented it in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Rural Work, which states that "to strengthen the construction of the rural Party, the secretary of the village party organization shall serve as the director of the villagers' committee and the person in charge of the village-level collective economic organization and cooperative economic organization through legal procedures, and promote the cross-appointment of members of the village 'two committees'". However, it is found from practice that in some villages, due to the lack of personnel, the members of the two committees and the members of the collective economic organization have a high degree of overlap, which indicates that the degree of specialization in the division of labor is still insufficient, and most of them are still stuck in the status quo of "three sets of teams and one person", and it also shows that the economic organization may face the risk of expanding administrative power. In addition, practice has proved that the organization-led path can better leverage the collective economic development of the "three nos" type villages, which not only facilitates the organization and management, but also brings about the improvement of governance efficiency. However, with the deepening of marketization, the organization-led path should prevent signs of the expansion of administrative power in a timely manner. In other words, the excessive involvement of administrative power will affect the independent development of the village collective economy, or will inhibit the modern enterprise legal person system, and affect the development of the rural collective economy in the direction of pure marketization.

3. Weakening of decision-making control

Economics believes that the theoretical premise of increasing the output of the rural collective economy should have five elements: clear property rights, property rights incentives, broadening the market, extending the chain and maintaining characteristics. From a practical point of view, on the basis of clear property rights, the three roads are actively attracting and integrating advantageous elements into the rural collective economy, and are breaking through the barriers of industry and geography to achieve the integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, trying to extend the industrial chain and find the characteristics to achieve high-quality and long-term development. In addition to the above-mentioned factors, the author believes that the sustainable development of rural collective economy also needs to combine the theory of control to deconstruct the internal structure of the new rural collective economic organization and explore how shareholders (collective members) influence decision-making. First of all, from the perspective of principal-agent theory, collective members (shareholders) elect member representatives (shareholder representatives) through democratic procedures and mechanisms to form a collective economic member congress (shareholders' congress) as the "highest authority" to make decisions on the development of rural collective economy, and elect a board of supervisors to participate in supervision within the collective economic organization. It can be seen that class members can punish the dereliction of duty of shareholder representatives through election. That is, class members can recall shareholder representatives in the next round of elections. The survey found that the term of office of the new collective economic organization is held every five years, and it is difficult for the lagging power to strike to play a role. Second, the members of the new rural collective economic organizations can supervise them through the board of supervisors. However, practical reasons such as cross-appointment and insufficient ability of supervisors limit the role of the board of supervisors, such as the cross-appointment rate of Zhuangcun is as high as 58.5%. Finally, in market behavior, shareholders can usually "vote with their feet" to punish shareholder representatives and managers. However, according to the survey, although all three villages have set withdrawal clauses, only Hancun is operable. On the one hand, Hancun's share value is relatively high, and shareholders can transfer it to collective members; On the other hand, Hancun has set up a collective unit, which can be withdrawn at any time by the village collective economic organization. However, Zhuangcun and Hecun have a low success rate due to the low share value. In addition, the fact that collective economic organizations do not have collective shares also creates a certain obstacle to the transfer of shares.

On the whole, although the three paths have the characteristics of "marketization" and can freely enter and exit the market, there are still restrictions on their development: first, how to get rid of the booster factors at the right stage and achieve self-development. The second is whether the specialized division of labor within the collective economic organization can be realized in a real sense. The third is how to strengthen the supervision of collective members as shareholders over decision-making and avoid damage to the interests of collective members.

5. Countermeasures and suggestions for sustainable development

The new type of rural collective economy is one of the latest manifestations of the mainland's "public ownership as the mainstay, the common development of the economy under various forms of ownership, distribution according to work as the mainstay, the coexistence of various distribution methods, and the socialist market economic system". At the time of the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization, in the context of the continuous deepening of the reform of the rural collective property rights system, how to break the development limit and realize the sustainable development of the new rural collective economy?

1. Build effective and effective support policies

The development and growth of the rural collective economy requires the help of external policy forces and resource integration in order to effectively aggregate scattered resources and achieve the goal of driving the development of small farmers. The national policy should escort the new rural collective economy, and the effective and powerful policy is not a single project or fund, etc., but the formulation of diversified and rational support policies to meet the policy demands of different villages. On the one hand, it is necessary to construct diversified policies to activate the development of rural collective economic organizations. In the initial stage of development of collective economic organizations, local governments should introduce a large number of supportive policies in response to the actual situation, and promote the transformation of resources into assets and assets into funds, so as to activate the resource elements in rural areas. On the other hand, preferential tax policies should be established to reduce the burden on rural collective economic organizations. Although the new rural collective economy has stripped away public welfare undertakings in the process of operation, it is necessary to set aside a certain proportion of the public welfare fund and provident fund for public welfare undertakings in the distribution. Therefore, it is necessary to construct preferential tax policies to reduce the burden on rural collective economic organizations. In addition, in the process of policy support, it is necessary to grasp three principles: First, the policy must not be "one-size-fits-all" to avoid the development demands that are not suitable for villages. Second, the policy must not be "rushed to the top", and there is an imbalance in support. Third, the policy should be appropriately withdrawn. As the collective economic organizations gradually adapt to the market, have relatively stable incomes and have a certain ability to face risks, the corresponding policies should be withdrawn and used to support other villages in need.

2. Clarify the relationship between the rights and responsibilities of village-level organizations

As mentioned in previous studies, village-level party organizations should play the role of the core of leadership, autonomous organizations should do a good job in management and services, and economic organizations should be responsible for economic development at the village level. The goal of the construction of the ideal village-level organization system is the benign operation relationship between the party organization, the autonomous organization, and the economic organization, which is independent, interdependent, and mutually supervised, and this ideal village-level organization system can also restrain the expansion of administrative power and avoid the problem that the collective economic organization is difficult to develop or stagnates due to administrativeness. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to explore the relationship between party organizations, village committees and village collective economic organizations in more detail, and explain the relationship, responsibilities and functions of the three through normative documents, so as to avoid the behavior of "offside".

3. Develop incentive mechanisms tailored to local conditions

The incentive mechanism adapted to local conditions is the key element to activate the development of the rural collective economy. First, it is conducive to activating the motive force of the leading body to take the lead in developing the collective economy. "The development and growth of the rural collective economy is inseparable from a set of powerful leadership groups and elite 'leaders'." Without a perfect incentive mechanism, the leadership motivation and innovation ability of the leadership team will be reduced to a certain extent. From a practical point of view, the main reason for the lack of leadership motivation and innovation ability of the leadership team lies in the mismatch between workload and treatment. The party branch secretary of Ruzhuang Village wears many hats, but can only receive one salary. In view of this, it is suggested that the development of the rural collective economy should be directly related to the performance appraisal of cadres, and that rewards should be set for the collective economic organizations that have made progress. Second, it is conducive to absorbing "new villagers" to drive social capital back to the village for development. Talent revitalization is one of the keys to rural revitalization, and how to retain village elites, attract new forces into rural areas, and solve the current situation of lack of talents needs to be supported by the establishment of sound incentive policies and guarantee mechanisms. Third, it is conducive to curbing corruption and opportunistic problems arising from the imperfect incentive system and mechanism. A sound incentive mechanism can solve the worries of the personnel of the rural collective economic organizations and avoid the behavior of internal personnel who try to embezzle collective assets due to psychological imbalance.

Fund:This work was financially supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China's general project "Research on the Construction of a Long-term Government Support Mechanism for Land Share Cooperation in Traditional Rural Areas" (No. 15BZZ038);

Original title: New Rural Collective Economy: Connotation Characteristics, Practice Path, and Development Limits: Based on Field Investigations in Tianjin, Shandong, and Hubei

Author: Yu Lijuan, China Rural Research Institute, Central China Normal University

Source: Journal of Rural Economy

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