Zhou Taizu Guo Wei (904–954), courtesy name Wenzhong, was a native of Yaoshan, Xingzhou (present-day Longyao, Hebei). Later Zhou Kaiguo monarch (reigned 951-954) during the Five Dynasties period.
Zhou Taizu Guo Wei (904–954), later Zhou Kaiguo monarch during the Five Dynasties period (reigned 951–954)
Guo Wei came from a humble background, but his courage was outstanding. He assisted Hedong Jiedu in enabling Liu Zhiyuan to establish the Later Han dynasty, and made meritorious contributions to his life, and the tired officials yidu stayed behind and were privy councillors. In the third year of Qianyou (950), the Later Han Emperor Liu Chengyou, disgusted by his ministers, sent people to the capital of Yidu to execute Guo Wei, who then launched a mutiny and attacked Kaifeng to the south to overthrow Later Han. The following year, the emperor was proclaimed Later Zhou, and the era name was Guangshun. During his reign, he advocated frugality, humbly accepted advice, and reformed maladministration, which brought about a turn for the better in the political and economic situation in the northern region.
In the first year of Xiande (954), Guo Wei died of illness at the age of fifty-one. Emperor Wenwuxiao of the Temple, Taizu, was buried in Songling
<h2 class="title-text" > Guo Wei's life</h2>
Tragic childhood
Guo Wei's father, Guo Jian (郭簡), served as the Assassin of Shun prefecture (顺州, in present-day Shunyi County, Beijing) by Li Keyun, the King of Jin, and was later killed by Liu Rengong (劉仁恭), the ruler of Youzhou. Guo Wei was only a few years old at this time, and went to Luzhou with his mother Wang Shi, who unfortunately died on the way. Guo Wei relied on his aunt Han Shi to raise him and became an adult.
Sweet love
Chai Girl saw that this young man was tall and tall, standing in the rain all night without a little tiredness, so she did not hesitate to take the initiative to confess and make a promise to her
After Guo Wei and Lady Chai got married, they relied on the little savings brought by Lady Chai to do business and barely maintain the family's livelihood.
When Guo Wei was a young man, he once went out to borrow a country inn and met Lady Xiuchai, who was dismissed by Tang Mingzong and returned home. Lady Chai was the concubine of Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang, because after Emperor Zhuangzong's death, the new emperor could not accept these former harem beauties, gave them a sum of money, and played a way out of the palace to find a way out. Lady Chai saw that this young man was tall, standing in the rain all night without a little tiredness, and knew that he was a person with his own. Therefore, he did not hesitate to take the initiative to confess and make a promise to him. After Guo Wei and Lady Chai got married, they relied on the little savings brought by Lady Chai to do business and barely maintain the family's livelihood. Lady Chai has not had children, but the eldest brother Chai Shouli has 5 sons, so Lady Chai asked Chai Shouli for a son to pass on to his name, counting as Guo Wei's son, this son is Chai Rong, who was only 6 years old at the time. After Chai Rong came to the Guo family, he followed Guo Wei to learn a good martial art. When he became an adult, he went out to do business and did tea business to subsidize his family.
Heroic Youth
Guo Wei is very burly and brave, Li Jitao admires him very much, and any small mistakes are often accommodated to him
When Guo Wei was eighteen years old, Ze Lu jiedu asked Li Jitao to recruit soldiers, and he went to apply, and Li Jitao took him in as a "tooth soldier" (a personal soldier of the clan commander) when he saw him. Guo Wei is very burly and brave, Li Jitao admires him very much, and any small mistakes are often accommodated to him. Guo Wei is aggressive, likes to gamble, and is good at drinking, but sometimes he also likes to fight unevenly. One day, Guo Wei went to the street again, there was a butcher bullying the market, very stubborn, everyone was very afraid of him, drank a little wine Guo Wei came to this butcher unconvincedly, let him cut the meat, and then look for stubble to scold him, the butcher also knew that Guo Wei was not good, but finally couldn't bear it, he ripped open his clothes and pointed at his stomach and said: "If you have the guts, you can stab him here!" Guo Wei grabbed the knife and stabbed him in the stomach, resulting in the butcher screaming for his life, Guo Wei was arrested and imprisoned, Li Jitao admired his courage and courage, and released him again. Later, Li Jitao was attacked and destroyed by Li Cunxun's troops, and Guo Wei was incorporated into the Later Tang army and joined the pro-army of Emperor Zhuangzong Li Cunxun "Congma Zhi".
Guo Wei righteously killed and bullied the overlords of the city
<h3 class="title-text" > assisted by hou han</h3>
Hou Han
Liu Zhiyuan (895-948), the ancestor of Han Gaozu, was a native of Jinyang (present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi), and a member of the Shatuo clan. Founding Emperor of the Later Han Dynasty (reigned 947–948)
Su Fengji (?) –950), courtesy name Fengji, was a native of Jingzhao Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi). An important minister of the Later Han Dynasty during the Five Dynasties period.
In the twelfth year of Tianfu (947), Liu Zhiyuan declared himself emperor in Shanxi and established the Later Han Dynasty. Soon, Kaifeng was captured and made the capital. Guo Wei helped Liu Zhiyuan claim the title of Emperor Yougong, and was promoted to deputy envoy of the Privy Council, Inspector Situ, and became a general in command of the army. Soon, Liu Zhiyuan, the ancestor of later Han Gaozu, died of illness, and Guo Wei and Su Fengji were ordered to succeed Liu Chengyou as Emperor Yin of Later Han. Guo Weiguan paid homage to the Privy Counsellor and was in charge of the military power of the whole country. At that time, Li Shouzhen was made of the Hezhong Festival, Zhao Sixuan, and Fengxiang were made wang Jingchong rebel one after another. The imperial court repeatedly sent troops to fight, but they did not return.
The Hezhong Festival made Li Shouzhen, the Yongxing Festival made Zhao Sixuan, and the Fengxiang Festival cause Wang Jingchong to rebel one after another
In the first year of Qianyou (948), Liu Chengyou ordered Guo Wei to lead an army. Guo Wei went to the middle of the river and built a fortress, divided his troops to besiege, and Li Shouzhen set himself on fire and died
In the first year of Qianyou (948), Liu Chengyou ordered Guo Wei to lead an army. Guo Wei went to the middle of the river and built a fence and besieged it. Li Shouzhen repeatedly broke through, but they were all defeated, and they held out for a long time, and the food and grass in the city were exhausted. Guo Wei then ordered an attack on all sides, and in one fell swoop attacked the city, and Li Shouzhen set himself on fire and died. Yongxing Zhao Sixuan and Fengxiang Wang Jingchong surrendered one after another, turning the stormy Later Han regime into a safe place. After that, Guo Wei moved to the Northern Expedition, defeated the Khitans, and stayed behind in Fengyi capital with merit, tianxiong army jiedushi envoy, and privy envoy, and the counties of Hebei all listened to Guo Wei's moderation.
< h3 class="title-text" > a nation</h3>
After Liu Chengyou succeeded to the throne,
Wei Renpu (911–969), courtesy name Daoji. A native of Ji County, Weizhou (present-day Weihui City, Henan). Five generations later, zhou to the early northern Song dynasty
His favored courtiers were very suspicious of Guo Wei and other meritorious generals. In the third year of Qianyou (950), Liu Chengyou conspired with his confidant Li Ye to order Ma Jun to command Guo Chongjie to kill Xuanhui's envoys Wang Jun and Guo Wei, and ordered The Zhenning Army to kill Li Hongyi, the commander of the guards' infantry, Wang Yin, in an attempt to eradicate the forces of the former dynasty generals in one fell swoop. Unexpectedly, Li Hongyi secretly expressed the edict to Wang Yin. Wang Yin immediately sent someone to warn Guo Wei of his anxiety. When Guo Wei saw that the matter was urgent, he adopted the strategy of the strategist Wei Renpu and forged an edict, claiming that Liu Chengyou had ordered Guo Wei to kill the generals, which caused the crowd to be indignant, and pushed Guo Wei to raise an army to fight against him, in order to "qing the side of the king".
Guo Wei made a false edict declaring that Liu Chengyou ordered Guo Wei to kill the generals, which caused the crowd to be indignant, and pushed Guo Wei to raise an army to fight in order to "qing jun's side"
When Liu Chengyou saw Guo Wei rebelling, he sent troops to resist. On November 14, the third year of Qianyou (950), Guo Wei led his troops across the river, and Liu Chengyou sent Kaifeng Yin Houyi, Bao Dajun Jiedu to make Zhang Yanchao, and Yan Jinqing, the envoy of Ke Province, to lead troops to resist Guo Wei, and also sent eunuchs to reconnoiter Guo Wei's movements. Xuan Tuo was caught by Guo Weijun, who asked Liu Chengyou to tie Li Ye and the others to the army. Liu Chengyou showed Li Ye and the others the Guo Wei song chapter, and Li Ye and the others all said that Guo Wei's reaction was clear, so he killed all of Guo Wei's family members in Beijing. He ordered that all members of the Guo Wei family be brought to the execution ground, including Guo Wei's infant son. ("New History of the Five Dynasties": "Babies and children are not spared.") ”）
After the Han army was defeated at the Battle of Qilipo, the Hidden Emperor Liu Chengyou was killed by Guo Yunming on his way out. Guo Wei brought troops into Beijing, met with Empress Li (Li Sanniang), made the empress dowager listen to the government, and pretended to support Liu Yun as emperor. Subsequently, he suddenly reported that the Khitan had moved south and led his army north to resist. When passing through Lanzhou, the soldiers mutinied and the yellow robes were added. Guo Wei returned to Bieliang and forced the empress dowager to make her a "supervisor of the state" and seize state politics. In the first year of Guangshun (951), on the first month of ding, Guo Wei was officially called emperor, the state name was Great Zhou, and the capital was Fenjing, which was called Later Zhou in history.
When Guo Wei led his army north through Liaozhou, the soldiers mutinied and the yellow robes were added. Guo Wei returned to Bieliang and forced the empress dowager to make her a "supervisor of the state" and seize state politics
In the first year of Guangshun (951), on the first month of ding, Guo Wei was officially called emperor, the state name was Great Zhou, and the capital was Fenjing, which was called Later Zhou in history
<h3 class="title-text" > governs the country</h3>
After Guo Wei established the state, he worked hard to eliminate the accumulated shortcomings since the end of the Tang Dynasty, reuse talented and virtuous civil servants, and change the ugly image of the military regime since later Liang. He advocated frugality and benevolence for the people, and once said to The Prime Minister Wang Jun: "I am a poor man, and I am fortunate to be the emperor, how dare I be generous and self-reliant to support the sick people!" He not only attached importance to reducing the people's tax burden, but also took the lead in thrifting himself, issued an edict prohibiting all localities from entering the food treasures, and let people smash the treasures and luxury utensils in the palace in public, saying: "Whoever is an emperor, use this in peace!" ”
Emperor Guo Wei
Guo Wei went to Qufu to pay homage to the Temple of Confucius and the tomb of Confucius, and ordered the repair of the Temple of Confucius, prohibited the use of firewood in Confucius to destroy forests, visited the descendants of Confucius, and promoted him to an official, indicating that he would respect the saints and rule the world with Confucianism, laying an ideological foundation for the Zhou Dynasty to govern the country.
During Guo Wei's reign, he was quite successful in reforming the maladministration of the tired dynasty. The additional harshness set up by the Later Han Dynasty and the "envy of the local officials" since the Middle and Tang Dynasties were exempted; some extremely cruel criminal laws of the Later Jin and Later Han Dynasties were abolished; the people and the People of the Later Han Dynasty were "traded privately at once"; and the officials sent by the prefectures were dismissed at the same time; the ban on the extremely harsh salt, wine, and leather of the Tired Dynasty was slightly relaxed; and the number of monks and nuns and monasteries in the capital was abolished. Guo Wei has also taken effective measures to restore agricultural production. Grant unowned land to hundreds of thousands of hungry people in Youzhou who have returned to the Central Plains, and exempt them from differential taxes. The distribution of fields to the current tenants has increased the number of households by more than 30,000. The ownerless wasteland is allowed to be cultivated by the peasants for eternal work, and the enthusiasm of the peasants in production is enhanced.
Guo Wei's governing system is to achieve the goal of unifying China through reform. The reforms he carried out were not only multifaceted, but also had remarkable results. Taken together, they mainly include: advocating economy and frugality; rectifying the discipline of officials; alleviating oppression and exploitation; recruiting displaced people and organizing production; harnessing river disasters and irrigating fertile land; and preparing for reunification and waging a unified war. Guo Wei's political and economic reforms and unification wars have achieved remarkable results.
In addition to reforming and benefiting the people, Guo Wei also paid great attention to frugality and tried to reduce the burden on the people. He lived an unusually frugal life, frugal in food, clothing, shelter and transportation, and issued an edict prohibiting the worship of delicacies and local souvenirs, not to mention treasures. He said to his ministers: "Born in a humble cold, having tasted all the ills of the world, and having experienced the disasters of the country and the family, how can he be an emperor now that he has been pampered and dragged down the people of the world?" He not only did not allow the treasures to enter the palace, but also let people smash dozens of jewels and jade in the palace, luxurious bed stools decorated with gold and silver, and dining utensils made of gold and silver, and smashed them in public on the palace. Guo Wei often said to his attendants, "Those emperors, how can they use such things!" ”
In terms of governing the country, although Guo Wei had some ability, he still humbly and heavily entrusted himself with talented and moral ministers, and used actions to change the ugly image of the military regime since Later Liang, and he said to these talented ministers: "Growing up in the military, he did not understand learning, nor was he proficient in the grand plan of governing the country and the country. ”
Guo Wei's meticulous governance enabled Hou Zhou to show signs of going abroad to become rich and strong in a very short period of time, laying a solid foundation for Zhou Shizong to continue his career.
< h3 class="title-text" > Guo Wei is the only one who voluntarily passes the throne to someone who is not related by blood</h3>
Guo Wei died of illness at the Age of Fifty-one at the Zide Hall in the Fenjing Palace. Emperor Wenwu xiao of the Temple, Taizu. April. Buried in Songling
<h3 class="title-text">
</h3>
In the first month of the first year of Xiande (954), Guo Wei became seriously ill. He himself knew that it would be difficult to recover, so he instructed Chai Rong (later Zhou Shizong) to say, "I can't do it, you hurry up and build a mausoleum for me, and don't let the coffin stay in the palace for too long." The mausoleum must be simple, do not alarm, disturb the people, do not use many craftsmen, do not send palace people to guard the mausoleum, and do not need to erect stone people and stone beasts in front of the mausoleum, as long as they are buried in paper clothes and coffins. After burial, 30 households near the mausoleum can be recruited, their servitude can be spared, and they can be allowed to guard the mausoleum. In front of the mausoleum, a stone stele was erected for me, on which a few words were engraved, saying that I was accustomed to frugality in my life, and the last decree ordered the use of paper to tile the coffin. He also warned King Rong of Jin (i.e., Chai Rong): "When I was in the western expedition from the past, I saw that all eighteen tombs of the Tang Emperors were excavated and stolen, all because the tombs contained many gold and silver treasures, and Emperor Wen of Han was simply buried on the Baling Plains because of his consistent frugality, and the mausoleums are still intact. When you arrive at the annual Cold Food Festival, you can send someone to sweep my tomb, and if you don't send someone, you can also make a remote sacrifice in the capital. However, you will ask people to bury a pair of sword armor each in Hefu (present-day Hejian County, Hebei Province) and Wei Province (southeast of present-day Daming City, Hebei Province), a Tongtianguan Silk Robe in Liaozhou (present-day Puyang County, Henan Province), and a Pingtianguan Gong Dragon Robe in Tokyo. You must not forget this. Then, he enfeoffed the group of ministers and ordered Chai Rong to succeed him, saying: "I see that the literary talents of the world are Fan Qian and Wang Pu, and now that they are listed together as prime ministers, you have a good assistant, and I am blinded when I die." "On the same night (the day of the second birthday), Guo Wei died of illness in the Zide Hall in the Fenjing Palace, at the age of fifty-one. Emperor Wenwu xiao of the Temple, Taizu. April. Buried in Songling.
Emperor Shizong of Zhou (27 October 921 – 27 July 959) was a native of Yaoshan County, Xingzhou (present-day Longyao, Hebei). The second emperor of the Later Zhou Dynasty, a statesman of the Five Dynasties period
<h3 class="title-text" > Guo Wei's achievements</h3>
First, it has reduced the burden on the people
After Guo Wei became emperor, he immediately began to govern the country and carry out reforms to enhance national strength. He has experienced a lot of suffering since he was a child, and he has personally experienced the suffering of the people, so he first reduced the burden of the people. In this regard, Guo Wei mainly did two things, one was to remove the unreasonable cattle rent, and the other was to abolish the camp field work. In the early years, when Zhu Wen conquered Huainan, Zhu Wen gave the tens of thousands of cattle he had captured to the people for use, and then collected cattle rent from the people, and decades later, when the cattle were still collected in the later Zhou, the cattle of that year had long since died. Guo Wei ordered the abolition of this tax, which was both outdated and exhausting. As for the camp field affairs, it was an agricultural production institution directly managed by the Household Department set up in the Central Plains after the late Tang Dynasty, and the peasants to which they belonged were heavily burdened. After Guo Wei abolished the camp and field work, he gave them the original fields, houses, cattle and other agricultural tools used by the people for permanent use. This measure, together with the abolition of cattle rents, has greatly reduced the burden on farmers and promoted the development of production. At the same time, some people suggested that if some good camps were sold, they could get hundreds of thousands of taels of money to enrich the national treasury, but Guo Wei said: "Let the people benefit, just like the country profits, what do you want this money for?" In addition, he issued an edict ordering local officials not to use any excuse to increase taxes on the people, and to abolish all miscellaneous taxes other than the prevailing positive taxes.
Second, the cruel laws of the Later Han Dynasty were mitigated
Guo Wei also issued an edict to alleviate the cruel laws of the Later Han, for example, the Later Han stipulated that those who stole a penny of money should also be executed, and those who were not serious crimes often connected to relatives, and Later Zhou stipulated that felonies that were not rebellious and killing relatives would no longer be related to relatives. In the Later Han Dynasty, liquor and koji (raw materials for making liquor) were monopolized by the state, and all those who were privately bought and sold by people were executed, and the punishment was greatly reduced in the Later Zhou, and specific provisions were made: one or two to one kilogram of cane punishment was eighty, one pound or more to five pounds was sentenced to three years in prison, and more than five pounds was executed. In addition, in the Later Han Dynasty, it was forbidden for private collections to buy and sell cowhide, and those who bought and sold one inch privately would be executed, and the Later Zhou stipulated that only those who had forty acres of land would collect a tax in kind on cowhide, and the rest of the people could buy and sell at will. Guo Wei understands that there are many places where people use cowhide, so he has this regulation for the sake of the people's lives.
Third, strong military ability
After Liu Chengyou (son of the founding emperor Liu Zhiyuan) ascended the throne, Li Shouzhen, together with Zhao Sixuan and Wang Jingchong, launched a rebellion. Liu Chengyou first sent Bai Wenke, Guo Congyi, Chang Si and others to fight. After Bai Wenke, Guo Congyi, Chang Si and others defeated Li Shouzhen, Li Shouzhen retreated to Hezhong City and closed the door without fighting. Bai Wenke, Guo Congyi, Chang Si and others besieged the city from spring to summer, and never attacked the city in the river. Liu Chengyou had no choice but to invite the old marshal Guo Wei.
Zhao Kuangyin followed Guo Wei all the way and reached the river on August 20, 948, in the first year of the Later Han Dynasty (948). First, take a break. He did not persuade Li Shouzhen to surrender, and he did not pretend to be a posture to reprimand or even punish Bai Wenke and others who could not be attacked for a long time to boost the morale of the army, but only took some people and rode around the river city a few times in light clothing. After that, he issued the first order - Chang Si built a village in the south of HezhongCheng, Bai Wenke built a village in the west of HezhongCheng, and Guo Wei led the Chinese army to build a village in the east of HezhongCheng, leaving a vacancy in the north of the city, without people or horses. At the same time, nearly 30,000 people from the five surrounding counties were requisitioned, and a small fortress was built between Sanzhai and Hezhong City to protect the newly built camp. As soon as the order came out, the whole army was in an uproar. In the face of doubt, Guo Wei was silent, and his silence made everyone shut their mouths. One night, Li Shouzhen, who had been trapped in the city for a long time and never showed his head, suddenly led an army to attack, and the unprepared Later Han army was in a panic, so they had to abandon the fortress and retreat to the newly built camp. By the time the Han army regrouped and lined up to prepare to crush the enemy, the enemy was gone. Anger, excitement, fatigue, and the depression that has been accumulating these days have made these fiery soldiers unable to control it any longer.
Guo Wei's second order. The soldiers finally knew why the requisitioned migrant workers had not been sent home, they had to work again to rebuild the fortress that had just been destroyed, and they did not want to idle, what they had done before, and then continue to practice! It's just that they are very strange, it seems that the protagonists of this war are like these hard-working migrant workers, and these soldiers are only the bodyguards of these migrant workers.
After that, as long as the fortress appeared, Li Shouzhen would be impatient, and he would lead the team out of the city regardless of the stakes, no matter what the cost, he must destroy the fortress, and then he could flee back to the city with his men and horses. And so on and
Guo Wei finally issued a third order, ordering all the soldiers to attack Hezhong City. Under the circumstance of strong attack on three sides and release from the north, the city in the river was drummed down. Li Shouzhen carried out his purpose of never surrendering, and after the city was destroyed, the whole family set themselves on fire en masse
Fourth, a simple way of life
Guo Wei's life was extremely frugal, his clothing, food, shelter and transportation were very frugal, and the edict prohibited all localities from entering food and local local products, not to mention treasures. He said to his ministers: "Born in a humble cold, having tasted all the ills of the world, and having experienced the disasters of the country and the family, how can he be an emperor now that he has been pampered and dragged down the people of the world?" He not only did not allow the treasures to enter the palace, but also let people smash dozens of jewels and jade in the palace, luxurious bed stools decorated with gold and silver, and dining utensils made of gold and silver, and smashed them in public on the palace. Guo Wei often said to his attendants, "Those emperors, how can they use such things!"
Fifth, rule the world with Confucianism
Sixth, advocate frugality in funerals and change the previous bad habits of thick burials
Guo Wei was seriously ill. He himself knew that it would be difficult to recover, so he instructed Chai Rong (later Zhou Shizong) to say, "I can't do it, you hurry up and build a mausoleum for me, and don't let the coffin stay in the palace for too long." The mausoleum must be simple, do not alarm, disturb the people, do not use many craftsmen, do not send palace people to guard the mausoleum, and do not need to erect stone people and stone beasts in front of the mausoleum, as long as they are buried in paper clothes and coffins. After burial, 30 households near the mausoleum can be recruited, their servitude can be spared, and they can be allowed to guard the mausoleum. In front of the mausoleum, a stone stele was erected for me, on which a few words were engraved, saying that I was accustomed to frugality in my life, and the last decree ordered the use of paper to tile the coffin. He also warned King Rong of Jin (i.e., Chai Rong): "When I was in the western expedition from the past, I saw that all eighteen tombs of the Tang Emperors were excavated and stolen, all because the tombs contained many gold and silver treasures, and Emperor Wen of Han was simply buried on the Baling Plains because of his consistent frugality, and the mausoleums are still intact. When you arrive at the annual Cold Food Festival, you can send someone to sweep my tomb, and if you don't send someone, you can also make a remote sacrifice in the capital. However, you will ask people to bury a pair of sword armor each in Hefu (present-day Hejian County, Hebei Province) and Wei Province (southeast of present-day Daming City, Hebei Province), a Tongtianguan Silk Robe in Liaozhou (present-day Puyang County, Henan Province), and a Pingtianguan Gong Dragon Robe in Tokyo. You must not forget this. Then, he enfeoffed the group of ministers and ordered Chai Rong to succeed him, saying: "I see that the literary talents of the world are Fan Qian and Wang Pu, and now that they are listed together as prime ministers, you have a good assistant, and I am blinded when I die." ”
Guo Wei was born in a chaotic world, grew up in the army, brave and powerful, bold and negative, slightly familiar with the art of war, good at caring for soldiers, and moved to a high position as a privy councillor with military merit. In the end, backed by military strength, he took the place of the Later Han and replaced it, and was a representative figure of the military dictatorship in the Five Dynasties period.
Guo Wei also implemented some beneficial measures in advocating frugality, severely punishing corrupt officials, and strictly prohibiting the army from disturbing the people, so that the northern society that had been extremely chaotic since the end of the Tang Dynasty began to embark on the road of stability.
Under his meticulous governance, China's long-term war and chaos began to turn to unification, and began to show signs of the people's prosperity and national strength, laying a solid foundation for Zhou Shizong and Zhao Kuangyin's cause.
Guo Wei loved his wife deeply, and after his wife's death, he did not marry another empress, on the one hand, in order to commemorate the forgotten wife, on the other hand, he also saw that Chai Rong was indeed talented, so he passed the throne to his wife and nephew Chai Rong, who was not related by blood. This is unique in Chinese history, and history has proven his choice correct.