Literature/Character Theory Society
When modern people shout "freedom", what they want to express is usually "freedom of thought" or "freedom of speech", and the sacrifice of the Hungarian poet Petôfi and the fate of Hungary's upheaval and displacement tell us that to talk about political freedom apart from national independence is undoubtedly a matter of seeking fish, and pinning hopes on external forces is tantamount to seeking skin with tigers.
National independence is the foundation of all independence;
National freedom is the prerequisite for all freedom.
In the summer of 1849, in an encounter between the Austro-Russian forces and the Hungarian People's Rebels, a young officer fell in a pool of blood on a rainy night.
He was the greatest poet in Hungarian history, Petofi Sandor.
At the time of the poet's death, he was only twenty-six years old, which was a great youth. The death of Petofi brought great harm to the Hungarian people, who were unwilling to believe or admit this cruel fact, so that in the decades since, many people still claim to have seen Petofi on many occasions.
Chinese's most familiar work with Petofi is his famous proverb poem Freedom and Love:
Life is precious, and love is more expensive.
If it is free, both can be thrown away.
As for his life, the Chinese people do not know much.
Most people only know him as a Hungarian poet, but few know that he is not only a poet, but also a revolutionary fighter, a fighter against foreign aggression and the pursuit of national independence.
Pedofi lived in the era when Hungary was enslaved by the Austrian Empire, and he was born from the bottom of society, his father was a Slavic butcher, and his mother was a Magyar serf.
At that time, the whole territory of Hungary was being ruled by the Austrian Habsburg Dynasty, and the Hungarian nation dominated by the Magyars was long excluded, oppressed and invaded by the surrounding ethnic groups and countries due to different ethnic origins and ethnic differences.
Growing up in such an environment, Petofi has embraced the lofty ambition of saving the country and saving the people from fire and water since childhood, and when he was a teenager, Pei Dofi was intelligent and taciturn, he was not sociable, but he was extremely intelligent, mastered Hungarian, Latin, Slavic and other languages, and began to dabble in literature and art and drama.
As an adult, Petofi became an opera singer, and when he followed the troupe around performing, he began his literary creation while promoting advanced ideas to the masses of the people through the stage, collecting folk songs and using folk songs to create poems.
At the age of twenty-one, Petofi began to work as an assistant editor for a tabloid called Pace Fashion, and at the same time began to unite the progressive youth in the country who pursued national independence to form a progressive organization called "March Youth", during which he wrote a series of political lyric poems, which became Pace's most famous young poet.
Talented and passionate, a rising revolutionary star rose in Hungary, and Petïfi's birth caused a shock in Hungarian society, and his revolutionary poetry was widely sung, and he was idolized by the oppressed people at the bottom and the progressive youth.
In 1848, the European Revolution broke out, and the revolutionary wave that swept through Europe spread to Hungary, which was under the rule of the Austrian Habsburg Dynasty, and on March 15, the Pest (the capital of Hungary) revolted, and the twenty-five-year-old Petőfi was elected as one of the leaders of the uprising.
In the presence of the indignant revolutionary masses, Petëfi recited his famous "National Song" in public, in which he presented to all Hungarians the sharpest soul torture of his time: "Willing to be a free man, or a slave?" ”
In Pedolfi's sharp-edged poetry spread throughout Hungary, in the face of the surging uprising, the Austrian rulers felt a great threat to the reactionary forces in Hungary, and they secretly approached Petofi and tried to win over Petofi with the high-ranking official Houlu.
The Coercion and Seduction of the Austrians certainly did not bring Petofi to his knees, and the young poet even put down his pen and paper, raised his arms, and became a heroic revolutionary soldier.
In the face of the fierce Pace Rebellion, the Emperor of Austria, determined to suppress the Hungarian Revolution once and for all, asked the Russian Empire for help.
Under the joint strangulation of the Austrian and Tsarist armies, the Pest Revolt and the Hungarian Revolution ended in failure, while the poet Petőfi was sacrificed in a bloody battle on a rainy night.
The uprising failed, the poets sacrificed, but the Determination of the Hungarians to pursue national independence did not diminish, in the face of the wave of Hungarian independence movements, the Austrian Empire, which was trapped in internal and external difficulties, finally relented, in order to appease the surging public opinion in Hungary, quell the Hungarian independence movement, maintain Austrian rule in Hungary and the status of the Austrian Emperor in Hungary, in 1867, Austria announced the signing of the "Austria-Hungary Compromise Plan" and established a dual empire.
The O'Ano-Hungarian Compromise granted Hungary partial autonomy, including but not limited to independent administrative jurisdiction, legislative power, judicial power, citizenship and customs powers.
It was a seemingly long-term and fair merger, with Austria and Hungary formally merging at the legal level, but the Hungarians soon discovered that austria was the dominant state in this nominally dualistic empire, growing stronger with the support of the traditional rulers, the Habsburg royal family, while Hungary inevitably became a vassal of Austria, and the autonomy it had acquired began to die in name only.
What made the Hungarians even more alienated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire was that
"If you are not of my race, your heart will be different", this sentence is a precise summary for the Hungarians under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
In 1914, the First World War broke out, and as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the main belligerent, Hungary inevitably became involved in this world war and became cannon fodder for the struggle of the imperialist powers.
In 1918, at the end of World War I, Germany and Austria surrendered, the Habsburgs were expelled, the Austro-Hungarian Empire fell into disintegration, and the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and other national states were established independently.
Nearly seventy years after the sacrifice of the poet Petëfi, Hungary finally achieved full independence.
However, the clouds left by the Austro-Hungarian era still did not dissipate, and in 1920, the Allies signed the post-war Treaty of Trianon with Hungary, which gained recognition of independence from the victorious powers at the cost of ceding more than half of its territory and population.
The great powers united to carve up this ill-fated country.
——End——
The pictures are from the Internet