After the Kazakh Khanate gained political independence, its power grew rapidly, and its nomadic territory continued to expand. By the end of the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate consisted of the Chincha steppe (present-day Aral Sea to the north of Ukraine) and Turkestan in Central Asia (north of the present-day Syr Darya River and the contiguous eastern region), and the Jade Dragon Chijie (downstream of the Amu Darya River to the Aral Sea). By the 1520s, the territory of the Kazakh Khanate included the Syr Darya River Basin to the south, the Seven Rivers region to the southeast, the Eastern Balkhash Lake to the northeast, and the Yuxiank River Basin to the west. At this time, a new page in the history of relations between China (the western region) and the Kazakh khanate was the Weyrat Mongols, at the end of the 16th century, a group of Veyrat Mongols active in the western part of the Mongolian steppe crossed the Altai Mountains and moved into the western region, and then continued westward into the Kazakh steppe, opening the prelude to the Mongol infiltration of the Kazakh steppe and the interaction and influence of the Kazakhs.
The Weyrat Mongols and Kazakhs are both nomadic peoples and live a life of chasing water and grass
Speaking of the Weyrat Mongols, in order to facilitate the understanding of the "two-way superposition" in-law alliance between the Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakh Zhongyuzi, it is necessary to popularize the science here. The so-called Weilat Mongols, that is, the Ming Dynasty's Wa La (the capture of Ming Yingzong in the tumu fort change, the Ming Dynasty's power from prosperity to decline), until the Qing Dynasty period was called Weilat or Erut Mongolia, in terms of geographical scope, it is Moxi Mongolia. The main nomadic areas have changed greatly, from the Mongolian Plateau to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In fact, the Mongols in history consisted of two basic parts, namely the "steppe people" and the "forest people" (the ancestors called Hui Yi Lati), that is, the later eastern Mongolia (that is, the Central Mongolia, represented by Genghis Khan) and the western Mongolia (mainly Verat).
In 1517 (during the reign of Emperor Wuzong of Ming), the situation of the Weyrat Mongols (Wallachians) and the Kazakh Khanate was charted
Weyrat Mongolia is divided into four major divisions: Heshuot (a direct descendant of Genghis Khan's brother, who has long been the leader of the Weyrat Mongol alliance, with the largest nomadic range, north to Tarbahatai, west to Lake Balkhash, south to Urumqi, and is now the main body of Qinghai Mongolia), Choros (i.e., Dzungar, as the name suggests, the ranch is mainly in the Dzungar Basin south of the upper Reaches of the Irtysh River), Durbert (nomadic on the right bank of the middle reaches of the Irtysh River to the upper reaches of the Ishim River), Turbat (formerly nomadic in the Yar region near Tarbahatai, In the 1630s, it moved west to the lower volga river, and returned to the east during the Qianlong Qing Dynasty), and there were also huite and other small departments. Among them, the Dzungars rose strongly in 1676, and its Taiji (that is, the title of the Mongol nobleman, as the tribal leader) Gardan defeated the Weyrat league leader Oziltu Khan, unified the Weyrat Mongol tribes, and established the Dzungar Khanate; in 1680, the Dzungars defeated the Yarkand Khanate in southern Xinjiang and unified the western region (Xinjiang, China). In addition, because in 1635, the leader of the Weirat alliance, Gushi Khan, sent envoys to submit to The Jin Dynasty (that is, the Qing Dynasty), and in 1646, the leaders of the various departments of the Weyrat jointly submitted to the Qing Dynasty (during the Shunzhi Emperor period), so the Weilat Mongols and the Qing Dynasty became a master-subordinate relationship, so it is correct for the historical records to say that Kaldan's confrontation with the Qing Dynasty was a rebellion.
In 1644 (Emperor Ming Chongzhen hanged himself), the situation of the confrontation between the Dzungars and the Kazakh Khanate was map
In the early days, there was constant friction between the Mongols and the Kazakh Khanate, and the overall disadvantage was at a disadvantage. Mainly since the Kazakh Khanate formed its own independent region, the internal division of the Kazakhs has become an important factor hindering the unity and development of the Kazakh nation. Factors such as a fragmented nomadic economy, the lack of an internal market, and the slow formation of towns and cities prevented the Kazakh steppe from forming a unified centralized state. At the same time, the Kazakh Sanyuzi civil strife is frequent, and there is a lack of stable economic and political ties between the various Yuzi, of course, the political ties between the middle and small Yuzi are relatively close, and the independence of the Great Yuzi (not pure nomadic in the Seven Rivers region, there is a certain agricultural civilization) is relatively stronger. It was not until 1680-1718 that the outstanding leader Touk khan unified the Kazakh Sanyuz and formulated the Seven Codes of Law, the Code of Touk, that it was changed and achieved some military victories in the confrontation with the Dzungar Khanate.
The Kazakh Khanate's Sanyuzi Department is roughly in the present day
However, after the death of Toukhan in 1718, Kazakhstan once again fell into a situation of division and division, and the separation of large, medium and small yuzi was finally established. Weakened by internal divisions, the Kazakhs were powerless to resist the military incursions of the Dzungars and the Khanate of Bukhara. In a short time, the territories of the Kazakh Great Yuz and the eastern part of the Middle Yuz fell under the rule of the Dzungars. The submission of the Great Yuz to the Dzungars brought the Mongols' power to Turkestan and Tashkent, and a large number of Kazakhs were forced to flee to the Little Jadez region. The year 1723 also became the "year of great calamity" in the history of the Kazakh Khanate.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Dzungars rose strongly, conquering the Kazakh Khanate in the west, obtaining the eastern territories of Dayuz and Zhongyuzi, attacking the Yarkand Khanate in the south, and driving out the Khalkha tribes in the east
At the same time, Tsarist Russia also intensified its invasion of the Kazakh Khanate from both the west and the north. The first is The Little Jade, which is directly adjacent to Russia, officially became a Russian protectorate in 1731, the result of the long period of seduction of the Kazakhs by Tsarist Russia since Peter the Great, and the result of the internal internal independence of the Kazakhs and the external invasion of the Kazakhs. So by the middle of the 18th century, the unified Kazakh khanate was basically in a state of disintegration. Among them, Xiaoyuzi in the west was completely annexed by Tsarist Russia in 1738, the Great Yuz in the south belonged to the Dzungar Khanate, the eastern part of the central Middle Yuz (i.e., the Jaisanpo region, present-day East Kazakhstan Oblast) was incorporated into the Dzungar Khanate, and the rest was under the "dual control" of Tsarist Russia and the Dzungar Khanate in the western part of China until 1792, when Tsarist Russia occupied Zhongyuzi by force.
In 1734, during the Reign of Qing Yongzheng, the Qing Empire and the Dzungar Khanate agreed on a border, with the left Kazakh being The Middle Yuzi and the right Kazakh being the Great Yuzi
During the "double control" period, the Dzungar Khanate supported the Sultan of Abu Ghaz, who held real power in Zhongyuzi, and Kaldanze Zero Khan (the third great khan of Dzungar, who claimed to have a 300,000-strong army and had defeated the QingYongzheng Dynasty's western expeditions several times) had taken the initiative to marry his daughter to the Abu Ghrain Sultan. In 1751, infighting broke out in the Dzungar Khanate, Tsehy khan and his son Azhan Khan were killed, Azhan Khan's half-brother Lama Darza ascended to the throne, and the defeated Dawaqitaiji (the grandson of the Dzungar general Tsernut Dondobu) and Amir Sanataiji (i.e., the leader of the Huit tribe) defected to their relatives in the west, the Abu Rao Sultan of Zhongyuz, and Abu Gan enthusiastically accepted the two Taiji and married his daughter to Amir Sana (according to the generations, Abu Gan was Amir Sana's uncle), "two-way superposition". The peace and pro further brought the political alliance of the two sides closer. With the support of the Sultan of Abu Ghaz, Dawazi was defeated and won, seizing power in the Dzungar Khanate.
The "Pingding Dzungarl Inscription", which stands on the Mount Ofan on the Zhaosu border in Xinjiang, was personally drafted by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, recording the history of the Dawazi rebellion, and the distant kazakhs
After Dawazi ascended to the throne in 1753, he acted perversely, and because he did not meet the territory that Amir Sana asked for to be given to him, the two turned against each other and went to war. Sultan Abu Rao supported his son-in-law against Dawazi Khan, resulting in the defeat of Dawazi in three battles and the retreat of Bolotara (present-day Bortala, Xinjiang). According to archives preserved by the Omsk authorities, many Dzungar prisoners of war and refugees entered Kazakh Zhongyuzi during this period, becoming another wave of immigration. The following year, however, Amir Sana was defeated by a counterattack by Dawazi and Ulyan's naval forces; Darwazi turned to punishing the Kazakhs. These short, dramatic historical developments also provided an opportunity for the reunification of China's western regions.
After the fall of the Qing Dynasty to Dzungar, all of The Western Mongolia came under its jurisdiction, and Amir Sana was made a double prince by merit
According to the Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, after the defeat in 1754, Amir Sana led more than 4,000 households and more than 20,000 people to the east to submit to the Qing Dynasty "when it was in its heyday". Therefore, the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty "invited" to march westward, and attacked Dawaqi in the spring equinox of 1755. The Dawaqi army was caught between the Qing army and the Abu Zhao army, and soon collapsed, and the Dawaqi army was captured, and the western region was incorporated into the Qing territory from then on. Although Amir Sana was made a double prince and a prince of food, his attempt to regain control of the Western Regions was frustrated. In August 1755, Amir Sana raised the banner of rebellion against the Qing Dynasty on the banks of the Ulungu River, and in March 1756, the Qing army invaded Ili, Amir Sana was defeated, and only 8 people with his retinue fled into Kazakh Zhongyuzi, and the Dzungar Khanate was completely destroyed.
The whole map of the Qing Empire during the Xianfeng period: after the suppression of the Dzungars, the northwest territory was bounded by Lake Balkhash
Although Sultan Abu Rao promised to support his son-in-law Amir Sana by force, the Kazakh and Qing pursuit teams engaged in a frontal armed conflict in Zhongyuzi, with the result that the Kazakhs were defeated. The real struggle made the Abu Rao Sultan realize that it was no longer possible to rely on supporting the remnants of the Dzungar forces to achieve the goal of stabilizing the east, so he went along with the trend and turned to support the Qing Dynasty's action to unify the western region. Since then, the Dzungar forces have disappeared, the Qing army has completely completed the unification of the Western Regions, and also opened a historical chapter in the exchanges between kazakhs and the Qing Dynasty of China, and the traditional kinship between Kazakhs and China (western regions) has been further deepened, laying a cultural foundation for the subsequent Kazakh nation to become a cross-border nation.
Remarks: The next issue of "Kazakh Da, Zhongyuzi and the Qing Dynasty EstablishEd Loose "Clan Relations""